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As a psychotherapist working in the field of eating disorders, I have a long-standing interest in accessing the subjective expertise of a wider group of sufferers, including what it is like and what it means to suffer from anorexia, the factors that help to support recovery and the role psychotherapy plays in contributing towards the recovery process. This study provides a timely addition to the literature on the nature and role of psychotherapy as a treatment for anorexia. Studies that explore the sufferer’s understanding and experience of developing anorexia are extremely limited and a gap exists in examining the role of psychotherapy from the recipient’s position and the ways in which psychotherapy supports an individual's recovery process. However, as this thesis demonstrates, people who have suffered and recovered from anorexia hold valuable information on the factors that support recovery and their expertise as recipients of psychotherapy has much to teach clinicians and researchers in the field of eating disorders. The theoretical foundation of this study conceptualises experience in relation to its narration. I recruited twelve participants drawn from across Scotland who provided narrative data during a focus group and a semi structured individual interview. Participants provided experiential accounts on developing anorexia, on recovery and the role of psychotherapy in their recovery process. A phenomenological approach to data analysis was deployed using Smith et al’s (2009) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as a methodological guide. Drawing upon an IPA methodology I identified a number of central themes. Within accounts of developing anorexia, themes relating to interpersonal attachment, trauma and/or identity played a central role in the illness beliefs and experiences of participants. Within accounts of recovery, participants offered two main framings. The first defined recovery as an achievable completion point, signally the end of illness. The second defined recovery as an on-going process concerned more with the management of anorexia than the elimination of it. Factors that support recovery included those that are integral to the individual participant as well as those that are made available by their environment. In accounts of the role of psychotherapy, a number of common factors across participants’ experiences of psychotherapy were identified spanning support, learning and action factors. In addition, the quality of the therapeutic relationship with the psychotherapist played a crucial role in supporting the recovery process. I argue that participant beliefs about and experiences of recovery directly relate to their understandings and perceptions about what precipitated anorexia. Recovery took place when changes could be made in relation to these significant themes and psychotherapy was most effective when it addressed these issues as part of the psychotherapy process. The findings from this study point to the importance of working with the subjective understandings and beliefs sufferers have about their illness experience as a key objective within psychotherapy practice. They also underline the significance of a strong therapeutic relationship as a key component of the recovery process.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Cancer, the second most common cause of death in the United States, is a collection of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. The main treatment for cancer is chemotherapy, which generally kills fast growing cells nonspecifically and has many side effects. A different type of cancer treatment, called targeted therapy, aims to avoid general toxicity by using drugs that block the activity of specific gene products, usually encoded by oncogenes, which have been shown to drive tumor growth. To date, targeted therapies, alone or in combination with chemotherapies, have mainly been successful in rare subsets of patients with tumors addicted to single oncogenes. This has created a rationale to mainly treat patients with an oncogene-addiction (such as those carrying mutated or overexpressed kinases) with targeted therapies like erlotinib and trastuzumab, which inhibit human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), respectively. Here, evidence is provided that targeted therapies are also effective in tumors that are dependent on multiple growth factors - a phenomenon that is called combinatorial ligand addiction. Specifically, it is shown that ligands that bind the EGFR family and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR/MET) can activate protein kinase B (PKB/ AKT) across a broad set of cancer cell lines, suggesting that ligand signaling is redundant and widespread. It is also shown that ErbB ligands have distinct signaling dynamics and strengths, which provides a rationale for investigating each component of the ErbB signaling network. Using a systematic approach, we found that ErbB3 is an imp01tant therapeutic target even though it is not overexpressed and lacks kinase activity. Furthermore, it is shown that cell lines with and without known oncogene-addiction express autocrine ligands and have improved growth inhibition with drug combinations that include autocrine ligand-blocking antibodies. This research demonstrates that combinatorial ligand addiction creates a new rationale for therapeutic combinations to improve efficacy and prevent resistance in cancer cells that are treated with current targeted drugs. / 2031-01-01

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Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Kinesiology and Health Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-112). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR32006

Bakgrund: Depression och ångest är två vanliga folksjukdomar. Omkring 350 miljoner människor globalt beräknas vara drabbade av depression. Var fjärde människa upplever någon gång under sitt liv ångest. Depression och ångest orsakar tillsammans ett stort vårdbehov i Sverige och i övriga delar av världen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva alternativ behandling vid depression och ångest hos vuxna samt att granska datainsamlingsmetoden i litteraturstudiens ingående artiklar. Metod: En litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Efter sökningar i PubMed och Cinahl identifierades 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Dessa artiklar granskades utifrån föreliggande studies syfte och frågeställningar, och utgör resultatet i föreliggande studie. Huvudresultat: Huvudresultatet i denna litteraturstudie visade att det fanns fyra former av alternativ behandling. Dessa var Yoga, Mindfulness, Akupunktur samt Växter, kosttillskott och naturopatisk vård. Vid granskning av metodologiska aspekten framkom att enkäter använts i majoriteten av studierna. Även en semistrukturerad intervju kunde ses som datainsamlingsmetod. Slutsats: Föreliggande studies resultat visar att det finns fyra olika alternativa behandlingsformer som kan ha positiv effekt på depression och-/eller ångest. Dessa är; Yoga, Mindfulness, Akupunktur samt Växter, kosttillskott och naturopatisk vård. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i vårdandet av patienter med depression och ångest. Det bör finnas ett intresse hos sjuksköterskan att ha kunskap om alternativ behandling, detta för att bland annat kunna optimera patientens omvårdnad och egenvård. Dock behövs mer forskning inom området alternativ behandling. / Background: Depression and anxiety are two common diseases. About 350 million people globally are calcuated to be affected by depression. Every fourth person will experience anxiety sometime in their lifes. Depression and anxiety cause together a large demand for care in Sweden and in other parts of the world. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe alternative therapies in adults with depression and anxiety and to examine the data acquisitions of the articles. Method: A literature review with descriptive design. After searching in the databases PubMed and Cinahl, 14 research articles were identified. These articles were examined by the aim and the issues, and compose the result of the present study. Results: The main result of this literature review showed four forms of alternative therapies. These were Yoga, Mindfulness, Acupuncture and Plants, supplements and naturopathic care. The examination of the methodological aspect showed that questionnaires were used in the majority of the studies. Also a semi-structured interview could be seen to collect data. Conclusion: The present study results show that there are four different forms of alternative therapies that can have a positivt effect on depression and-/or anxiety. These are; Yoga, Mindfulness, Acupuncture and Plants, supplements and naturopathic care. The nurse have an important role in caring of patients with depression and anxiety. Therefor the nurse should have an interest in the knowledge of alternative therapies, to optimate caring and self-care for patients. There’s a need of more research in the area of alternative therapies.