Orientador: Tânia Márcia Costa / Resumo: Os caranguejos chama-maré fazem parte de uma complexa rede de interações comportamentais. Os machos utilizam de múltiplos sinais para corte e atração de fêmeas ou para interações agonísticas com outros machos. Entre estes, estão a construção de estruturas sedimentares e mudanças na coloração corporal. Embora estudos tenham mostrado as funções comportamentais destes sinais, pouco se sabe de seus efeitos em resposta aos fatores ambientais, como por exemplo, a temperatura. Nós investigamos se a coloração, ou as estruturas sedimentares, as “cúpulas”, construídas pelos machos de Leptuca letptodactyla podem auxiliar na termorregulação. Em campo, a contagem de cúpulas, a temperatura das camadas internas das tocas, a temperatura corporal e o comportamento dos machos construtores e não construtores de cúpulas foram avaliados, assim como a taxa de aquecimento dos machos de diferentes padrões de cor sob a radiação incidente. Através da análise digital de imagens, diferentes métricas de cor foram utilizadas para quantificar como a coloração dos caranguejos altera de acordo com a temperatura corporal, ou entre construtores e não construtores de cúpulas. As cúpulas foram diretamente relacionadas com o aumento da temperatura do solo. As tocas com cúpulas apresentaram temperaturas mais amenas nas camadas superficiais (até 20 mm) do que as tocas sem cúpulas. Em relação a coloração, machos construtores tiveram menos tons de verde e maior brilho (%) em suas carapaças, enquanto apresentaram quel... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The main contribution of this thesis is the implementation of manufacturing constraints in shape and topology optimization. Fabrication limitations related to the casting process are formulated as mathematical constraints and introduced in the optimization algorithm. In addition, based on the same theoretical and modelization tools, we propose a novel formulation for multi-phase optimization problems, which can be extended to the optimization of structures with functionally-graded properties. A key ingredient for the mathematical formulation of most problems throughout our work is the notion of the signed distance function to a domain. This work is divided into three parts. The rst part is bibliographical and contains the necessary background material for the understanding of the thesis' main core. It includes the rst two chapters. Chapter 1 provides a synopsis of shape and topology optimization methods and emphasizes the combination of shape sensitivity analysis and the level-set method for tracking a shape's boundary. In Chapter 2 we give a short description of the casting process, from which all our manufacturing constraints derive. We explain how industrial designers account for these limitations and propose a strategy to incorporate them in shape and topology optimization algorithms. The second part is about the mathematical formulation of manufacturing constraints. It starts with Chapter 3, where the control of thickness is discussed. Based on the signed distance function, we formulate three constraints to ensure a maximum and minimm feature size, as well as a minimal distance between structural members. Then, in Chapter 4, we propose ways to handle molding direction constraints and combine them with thickness constraints. Finally, a thermal constraint coming from the solidi cation of cast parts is treated in Chapter 5 using several thermal models. Multi-phase optimization is discussed in the third part. The general problem of shape and topology optimization using multiple phases is presented in detail in Chapter 6. A "smoothed-interface" approach, based again on the signed distance function, is proposed to avoid numerical di culties related to classical "sharp-interface" problems and a shape derivative is calculated. An extension of this novel formulation to general types of material properties' gradation is shown in the Appendix A.