Neste trabalho foi realizado uma comparação entre três tipos de alvos (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cilíndrico e U-Ni placa) para a produção de 99Mo por fissão do 235U. Para isso foram desenvolvidas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas. Também foram realizados experimentos para se validar as metodologias de cálculo termo-hidráulica e neutrônica utilizadas neste trabalho. Para os cálculos neutrônicos foram utilizados os programas NJOY99.0, AMPX-II e HAMMERTECHNION, para geração das seções de choque, e os programas SCALE 6.0 e CITATION para os cálculos tridimensionais dos núcleos, queima do combustível e produção de 99Mo. Para os cálculos termo-hidráulicos foram utilizados os programas MTRCRIEAR1 e ANSYS CFX para calcular as variáveis térmicas e hidráulicas dos dispositivos de irradiação e compará-las a limites e critérios de projeto estabelecidos. Primeiro foram realizadas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas para o reator IEA-R1 com os alvos de UAl2-Al (10 miniplacas). As análises demonstraram que a atividade total obtida para o 99Mo nas miniplacas não atende à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros (450 Ci/semana) e que nenhum limite de projeto termo-hidráulico é ultrapassado. Em seguida foram realizados os mesmos cálculos para os três tipos de alvo no Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB). As análises neutrônicas demonstraram que os três alvos podem atender à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros. As análises termo-hidráulicos demonstram que será necessário uma velocidade mínima no dispositivo de irradiação de 7 m/s para o UAl2, de 8 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni cilíndrico e de 9 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni placa para que nenhum limite de projeto seja ultrapassado. Foram realizados experimentos em uma bancada de aferição de vazão para se validar a metodologia de cálculo termo-hidráulico. Os experimentos realizados para se validar os cálculos neutrônicos foram feitos no reator IPEN/MB-01. Todos os experimentos foram simulados com as metodologias acima descritas e os resultados comparados entre si. Os resultados das simulações apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais. / In this work neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses were made to compare three types of targets (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cylindrical and U-Ni plate) used for the production of 99Mo by fission of 235U. Some experiments were conducted to validate the neutronic and thermal-hydraulics methodologies used in this work. For the neutronic calculations the computational programs NJOY99.0, AMPX-II and HAMMERTECHNION were used to generate the cross sections. SCALE 6.0 and CITATION computational programs were used for three-dimensional calculations of the reactor cores, fuel burning and the production of 99Mo. The computational programs MTRCR-IEAR1 and ANSYS CFX were used to calculate the thermal and hydraulic parameters of the irradiation devices and for comparing them to limits and design criteria. First were performed neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyzes for the reactor IEA-R1 with the targets of UAl2-Al (10 miniplates). Analyses have shown that the total activity obtained for 99Mo on the miniplates does not meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals (450 Ci/week) and that no limit of thermo-hydraulic design is overtaken. Next, the same calculations were performed for the three target types in Multipurpose Brazilian Reactor (MBR). The neutronic analyzes demonstrated that the three targets meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals. The thermal hydraulic analysis shows that a minimum speed of 7 m/s for the target UAl2-Al, 8 m/s for the cylindrical target U-Ni and 9 m/s for the target U-Ni plate will be necessary in the irradiation device to not exceed the design limits. Were performed experiments using a test bench for validate the methodologies for the thermal-hydraulic calculation. The experiments performed to validate the neutronic calculations were made in the reactor IPEN/MB-01. All experiments were simulated with the methodologies described above and the results compared. The simulations results showed good agreement with experimental results.

Neste trabalho foi realizado uma comparação entre três tipos de alvos (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cilíndrico e U-Ni placa) para a produção de 99Mo por fissão do 235U. Para isso foram desenvolvidas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas. Também foram realizados experimentos para se validar as metodologias de cálculo termo-hidráulica e neutrônica utilizadas neste trabalho. Para os cálculos neutrônicos foram utilizados os programas NJOY99.0, AMPX-II e HAMMERTECHNION, para geração das seções de choque, e os programas SCALE 6.0 e CITATION para os cálculos tridimensionais dos núcleos, queima do combustível e produção de 99Mo. Para os cálculos termo-hidráulicos foram utilizados os programas MTRCRIEAR1 e ANSYS CFX para calcular as variáveis térmicas e hidráulicas dos dispositivos de irradiação e compará-las a limites e critérios de projeto estabelecidos. Primeiro foram realizadas análises neutrônicas e termo-hidráulicas para o reator IEA-R1 com os alvos de UAl2-Al (10 miniplacas). As análises demonstraram que a atividade total obtida para o 99Mo nas miniplacas não atende à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros (450 Ci/semana) e que nenhum limite de projeto termo-hidráulico é ultrapassado. Em seguida foram realizados os mesmos cálculos para os três tipos de alvo no Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB). As análises neutrônicas demonstraram que os três alvos podem atender à demanda dos hospitais brasileiros. As análises termo-hidráulicos demonstram que será necessário uma velocidade mínima no dispositivo de irradiação de 7 m/s para o UAl2, de 8 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni cilíndrico e de 9 m/s para o alvo de U-Ni placa para que nenhum limite de projeto seja ultrapassado. Foram realizados experimentos em uma bancada de aferição de vazão para se validar a metodologia de cálculo termo-hidráulico. Os experimentos realizados para se validar os cálculos neutrônicos foram feitos no reator IPEN/MB-01. Todos os experimentos foram simulados com as metodologias acima descritas e os resultados comparados entre si. Os resultados das simulações apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais. / In this work neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyses were made to compare three types of targets (UAl2-Al, U-Ni cylindrical and U-Ni plate) used for the production of 99Mo by fission of 235U. Some experiments were conducted to validate the neutronic and thermal-hydraulics methodologies used in this work. For the neutronic calculations the computational programs NJOY99.0, AMPX-II and HAMMERTECHNION were used to generate the cross sections. SCALE 6.0 and CITATION computational programs were used for three-dimensional calculations of the reactor cores, fuel burning and the production of 99Mo. The computational programs MTRCR-IEAR1 and ANSYS CFX were used to calculate the thermal and hydraulic parameters of the irradiation devices and for comparing them to limits and design criteria. First were performed neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analyzes for the reactor IEA-R1 with the targets of UAl2-Al (10 miniplates). Analyses have shown that the total activity obtained for 99Mo on the miniplates does not meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals (450 Ci/week) and that no limit of thermo-hydraulic design is overtaken. Next, the same calculations were performed for the three target types in Multipurpose Brazilian Reactor (MBR). The neutronic analyzes demonstrated that the three targets meet the demand of Brazilian hospitals. The thermal hydraulic analysis shows that a minimum speed of 7 m/s for the target UAl2-Al, 8 m/s for the cylindrical target U-Ni and 9 m/s for the target U-Ni plate will be necessary in the irradiation device to not exceed the design limits. Were performed experiments using a test bench for validate the methodologies for the thermal-hydraulic calculation. The experiments performed to validate the neutronic calculations were made in the reactor IPEN/MB-01. All experiments were simulated with the methodologies described above and the results compared. The simulations results showed good agreement with experimental results.

Large coal-fired power stations are designed to be run predominantly at full load and optimum conditions. The behaviour of plants, operating at low load and varying conditions, is getting more and more attention due to the introduction of variable renewable generation on the grid. Consequently, the need for a fully transient high-fidelity system based model has grown, as this will enable one to study the behaviour of plants under such non-ideal conditions. This report details the development of a feedwater heater, deaerator and turbine component for such a high-fidelity transient system model using the Flownex Simulation Environment, a onedimensional thermohydraulic network solver. The components have been modelled all with the aim of using minimal design input data. The feedwater heater component model includes transient effects and thermodynamic relations to represent aspects such as heater performance, level control and transient inertia. In determining the heat transfer characteristics, the model makes use of plant-performance data and correlates the amount of heat transfer by using the feedwater mass flow as the load indicating parameter. This approach eliminates the need for specific geometrical details to calculate the effective heat transfer area. The level control is modelled by using a level representation built from using heat exchanger design methods. The turbine component is modelled by using Fuls’ Semi-Ellipse law or the pressure drop modelling and Ray’s semi-empirical method for the efficiency modelling. The model also contains transient effects, which include thermal inertia due to the shaft and casing, and rotational inertia due to the shaft. The deaerator component is modelled by adapting the model presented by Banda, and modifying the model to work under various conditions. This involved using curve fit methods in Flownex to use input data to model the pressure drop over the main condensate valve. Each of the mentioned components was validated and verified with plant data and finally packaged into a compound component which is a component consisting of a subnetwork in Flownex. These compound components further contain design inputs which are easily accessible by the user. The component models were integrated into larger networks in which various scenarios can be run. A short transient scenario was run on the low-pressure feedwater train of a specific power station. The scenario involved a turbine trip where the bled steam valves for the heaters were closed suddenly. The speed of the valves closing was however unknown and after closing the valves in approximately 10 seconds, results agreed relatively well with plant data. This illustrated the short transient capabilities of the feedwater heater component model. The three component models (feedwater heater, turbine and deaerator) were finally integrated into a regenerative Rankine cycle and was set up using minimal design data. The boiler, condenser and condensate pump were set as boundary conditions in the network but all extraction points for the network were connected. Steady-state results were obtained for various load cases and the main temperature, flow and pressure results were compared. Results agree well with plant data, even at low load conditions

Auf dem Gebiet der mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen und Nutzfahrzeuge zeigen aktuelle Arbeiten weltweit ein verstärktes Interesse an leistungsverzweigten Antriebskonzepten auf Basis elektrischer und hydraulischer Hybridlösungen. Die Kombination beider Technologien verspricht wartungsarme, energieeffiziente Antriebssyteme mit hoher Steuer- und Regelbarbeit sowie hoher Kraftdichte. Die primär erzeugte mechanische Antriebsleistung der Wärmekraftmaschine kann meist für die Arbeitsprozesse und zur Versorgung zugehöriger Hilfsfunktionen nicht direkt verwendet werden. Diese muss je nach Anforderungen gewandelt bzw. angepasst oder bedarfsgerecht mittels zusätzlichen, wiederaufladbaren Speichern bereitgestellt werden. Solche hybriden Lösungsansätze führen jedoch gegenüber konventionellen Antrieben zu einer steigenden Komplexität sowie einem erhöhten technischen Aufwand. Nach dem Stand der Technik erfolgt die Erzeugung hydraulischer und elektrischer Leistung mit Hilfe mindestens dreier Komponenten: Verbrennungsmotor, Hydraulikpumpe und Generator. Für künftige antriebstechnische Innovationen ist daher aus funktionellen und energetischen Gründen ein einfaches, preiswertes Primäraggregat zur gleichzeitigen, bedarfsgerechten Bereitstellung hydraulischer und elektrischer Leistung wünschenswert, welches unnötige Umwandlungsverluste vermeidet und zusätzlich Kosten spart. Das Forschungsprojekt „Theoretische Grundlagen zur Verknüpfung von thermohydraulischer und thermoelektrischer Leistungswandlung in einem Aggregat – Thermohydraulischer Lineargenerator“ befasst sich mit einer belastbaren Abschätzung der technischen Realisierbarkeit und des technischen Aufwands eines derartigen neuen Antriebskonzeptes mit frei wählbarer Bereitstellung hydraulischer und elektrischer Leistung auf Basis des Freikolbenprinzips. Die grundlegenden Untersuchungen widmen sich der Kopplung zweier unterschiedlicher Leistungswandlungen, einer stabilen Prozessführung sowie der Analyse und Bewertung der physikalischen Prozessgrößen in Bezug auf eine zukünftige Auslegung eines Prototyps. Der Beitrag erklärt das Grundkonzept, zeigt den aktuellen Stand des Projekts auf und stellt die zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt vorliegenden Ergebnisse vor.

Les opérations de maintenance des routes en conditions hivernales sur réseaux routiers constituent un enjeu important pour maintenir l’offre de mobilité en situation dégradée. Elles génèrent des coûts d’exploitation directs et indirects élevés, liés en particulier à l’utilisation intensive de fondants routiers. Par ailleurs, leur impact environnemental doit être pris en considération. Nous étudions ici une structure de chaussée non soumise à ce type d’astreinte, grâce à la présence d’une couche de liaison drainante dans laquelle circule un fluide chaud, permettant ainsi d’éviter le dépôt de neige ou la formation de glace en surface. Dans le cadre d’une démarche en faveur de l’emploi d’énergie renouvelable, un tel dispositif pourrait permettre de récupérer l’énergie thermique disponible en surface de chaussée en période chaude, de l’acheminer vers un lieu de stockage (ex : géothermie) et de l’utiliser en période froide. Nous étudions ici la fonction d’échangeur de chaleur entre le fluide et la chaussée, la fonction de stockage externe à la chaussée n’étant pas abordée hormis dans la revue bibliographique. La structure de chaussée considérée comporte trois couches d’enrobés. La couche de roulement et la couche de base sont constituées de matériaux classiquement utilisés dans les chaussées, à base de liants hydrocarbonés. Le matériau de la couche de liaison possède une porosité supérieure à 20%. La structure de chaussée est supposée avoir un dévers de l’ordre de 2%. Une chaussée expérimentale instrumentée a été mise en oeuvre pour recueillir des grandeurs thermo-physiques de la chaussée. Un modèle thermo-hydrique 2D est d2veloppé numériquement pour calculer la distribution de température dans le corps de chaussée lorsque l’on injecte un fluide à température d’entrée donnée, en haut de dévers. Les paramètres du modèle sont identifiés à partir des données expérimentales recueillies sous diverses sollicitations climatiques. On analyse dans un premier temps la sensibilité de la distribution de température en surface de chaussée aux différents paramètres du modèle (conductivité hydraulique, dévers, conductivités thermiques, chaleurs massiques), afin d’optimiser les procédures nécessaires au contrôle sous contraintes de températures positives en tout point. Dans une deuxième partie, des données expérimentales recueillies durant une période estivale d’un mois ont servi à valider le modèle thermique 1D. Une maquette de laboratoire a également permis d’identifier des paramètres en milieu saturé et non saturé. La dernière partie de thèse est consacrée au calcul des quantités énergétiques récupérables pendant la période estivale à l’aide des données de la réglEmentation thermique RT2012. Elles sont comparées aux quantités énergétiques de chauffage nécessaires pendant la période hivernale en s’appuyant sur des données de la RT2012 et des données de la Direction Interdépartementale des Routes Massif (DIR MC) ; l’objectif final étant de déterminer les performances énergétiques du système. / Winter maintenance operations for road networks are an important issue for maintaining the mobility in degraded situations, but generate high direct and indirect exploitation costs, particularly related to the intensive use of road de-icing and environmental impact. We study a road structure free of this penalty, thanks to a bonding drainage asphalt layer, circulated by a hot fluid, to prevent the deposition of snow or ice formation on the road surface. As part of an integrated vision of promoting the use of renewable energy, such device could be used to recuperate the thermal energy available in the road surface during the hot period, to transport it to a storage location (e.g. geothermal) and use it during cold period. We study here the heat exchanger function between the fluid and the road, the external storage function to the road being not addressed. The considered pavement structure has three asphalt layers.The bearing layer and the base layer are formed of conventional materials with hydrocarbon-based binders. The material of the bonding layer has a porosity of 20% and based on the use of a binder resistant to a prolonged circulation of the coolant. The road structure is assumed to have a slope of about 2 to 3%. An instrumented experimental road is implemented to collect data on the thermo-hydraulic response of the pavement structure. A thermo-hydraulic 2D model is designed to simulate the temperature field in the road structure when the fluid is injected at the upslope side of the road with a target temperature. This model is calibrated from experimental data collected on the experimental road subjected to meteorological solicitations. Initially, the sensibility of the distribution of the surface temperature of the road toward various model parameters (hydraulic conductivity, transversal slope, thermal conductivities, heat capacities) is analysed, in order to study the optimization of control procedures allowing to keep positive the road surface temperature at any point (e.g. determination of the minimum fluid injection temperature, under given meteorological data). In a second time, pavement thermal parameters is identified using control optimal method in order to validated unidimensionnel thermal model applied on July experimental data. In third time, hydraulic model is validated experimentaly using a laboratory mockup in saturated and unsaturated conditions. In a fourth time, thermo-hydraulic bidimensionnal model is validated numerically using mesured data of experimental pavement. Finally, harvest energy in summer period using thermal reglementation RT2012 data and heating energy in winter period using RT2012 and Massif Interdepartmental Road Direction (DIR MC) are calculated in order to evaluate system performance.

La maîtrise de la demande en climatisation des bâtiments tertiaires peut contribuer à la limitation du réchauffement climatique à 2°C. Les réseaux de froid urbain sont une solution pour répondre à cette demande avec une haute efficacité énergétique. Une conduite performante est cependant essentielle pour maintenir et augmenter leurs avantages compétitifs. L'objectif de la thèse est de contribuer à la construction d'un outil d'aide à la conduite journalière des réseaux de froid. La difficulté réside à deux niveaux : la diversité des décisions et la complexité des phénomènes physiques sous-jacents. L'originalité est de proposer une méthodologie pour aider au pilotage des groupes frigorifiques, des tours aéroréfrigérantes, de la pression différentielle et de la répartition de puissance entre des centrales de production aux performances variables. La méthodologie développée est appliquée au réseau de froid de Paris-Bercy exploité par Climespace. Tout d'abord, un modèle intégrant une représentation physique des centrales de production, du réseau de distribution et des sous-stations, est développé. En particulier, un modèle de type semi-empirique, paramétrable sur des mesures, est modifié pour calculer les performances non-nominales des groupes frigorifiques centrifuges. La validation du modèle complet est réalisée sur un jeu de données indépendant de l'identification. Ensuite, le modèle est exploité pour rechercher une conduite optimisée à partir d'un modèle de prévision de la demande. La méthode proposée est séquentielle : résolution a priori des optimisations locales puis génération de modèles quadratiques de centrales servant à déterminer la répartition optimale. La pression différentielle est minimisée à partir de l'identification, par simulation, de la sous-station défavorisée. Enfin, la réduction de la consommation électrique est évaluée sur une semaine d'été. / Cooling demand management of commercial buildings can contribute to limit global warming below 2°C. District cooling is an energy-efficient option. However, improving operational performance is of great importance to ensure and increase its competitive advantages. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of a decision-support tool for daily operation of district cooling networks. Challenges lie at two levels: diversity of decisions to be taken and complexity of physical phenomena involved. The original aspect of our work is to propose a methodology to improve chillers and cooling towers control, differential pressure management and dispatching between production plants with variable efficiency. Our developments are applied to the district cooling of Paris-Bercy, operated by Climespace. First; a model featuring a physical description of chilled-water production plants, distribution network and buildings substations, is developed. In particular, a semi-empirical model with identified parameters is modified to compute non-nominal characteristics of centrifugal chillers. The system model is validated against an independent dataset. Then, the model is used to find optimized controls from cooling loads forecast. The proposed methodology is sequential: pre-computation of optimal set-points at plant level and then generation of quadratic plant models to solve the dispatching optimization problem at each time step. Differential pressure is minimized with a simulation-based tracking of the critical substation. To conclude, electricity consumption reduction with optimized controls is evaluated during a summer week.

As crescentes exigências sobre o desempenho de sistemas de bombeamento multifásico combinadas aos aspectos relacionados com a maior disponibilidade operacional desses sistemas, bem como as futuras condições de funcionamento atingindo pressões perto de 150 bar, destacam a importância de desenvolver modelos matemáticos precisos para prever o comportamento do desempenho nestes equipamentos. Nesta tese foi aperfeiçoado o modelo termo-hidráulico de uma bomba multifásica de tipo duplo parafuso desenvolvido por Nakashima (2005) e foram incluídos os efeitos da abertura gradual da última câmara, recirculação de líquido entre a sucção e descarga, transferência de calor através do liner e expansão térmica. Uma vez fornecidos os dados geométricos da bomba e as suas condições de operação, é possível calcular os parâmetros de desempenho mais importantes, como: eficiência volumétrica, vazão de sucção e refluxo, potência consumida e distribuição de pressão e temperatura. As equações implementadas foram desenvolvidas a partir dos balanços de massa e energia nas câmaras, tendo em conta a geometria da bomba e a variação das fendas durante sua operação. As rotinas e métodos necessários para a sua solução numérica foram implementadas utilizando programação orientada a objetos (C++). Os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo aperfeiçoado foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura e uma boa concordância foi encontrada na faixa de até 95 % FVG, nos casos estudados, para bombas com e sem tecnologia de recirculação. Devido à complexidade dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos durante a operação da bomba, o impacto de cada um dos efeitos incorporados nos cálculos do modelo foi avaliado e discutido individualmente. Assim, foi demonstrada a grande influencia da recirculação, da abertura gradual da câmara de descarga e da expansão térmica nos cálculos dos parâmetros de operação mais importantes da bomba. Além disso, a transferência de calor pode ser considerada desprezível, já que seu valor é baixo quando comparado com a potência fornecida pela bomba e, portanto, não influencia os balanços de energia que determinam os estados termodinâmicos das câmaras. No entanto, esse efeito é necessário para calcular a distribuição de temperatura da bomba e a expansão térmica nos parafusos e no liner. / The increasing requirements about the performance of multiphase pumping systems combined with those related to a higher operational availability of such systems, as well as future operating conditions with pressure increase at about 150 bar, highlights the importance of developing accurate mathematical models to predict the performance behavior of these equipments. In this thesis it was improved the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a twin screw multiphase pump developed by Nakashima (2005), and were included the effects of the gradual opening of the last chamber, fluid recirculation between suction and discharge of the pump, heat transfer though the liner, thermal expansion and different working fluids (water-air and oil-gas). Giving pump geometry and operational conditions, it is possible to calculate the most important pump parameters performance, such as, volumetric efficiency, suction flow, back-flow, power consumption and pressure and temperature distribution. The model equations were developed based on mass and energy balances in the chambers taking into account the pump geometry and the clearance variation due to operation. Its implementation was made in C++. The results obtained by the new model were compared with experimental data of the bibliography, and a good accuracy was found in it with values till 95% GVF for the studied cases, with and without recirculation technology. Due to the physical phenomenon complexity related with the pump operation, the impact of each effect in the model calculations was evaluated and discussed separately. So, it was demonstrated the importance of the recirculation, the gradual opening of the last chamber and the thermal expansion in the calculation of the most important pump operation parameters. However, the heat transfer can be neglected, because its value is very low when compared with the pump power supply, and therefore, it does not influence the energy balances that determine thermodynamic state in the chambers. However, this effect is necessary to calculate the temperature distribution along the pump and the thermal expansion in the screws and the liner.

Dans les dernierès années la politique des entreprises s'est concentrée sur la recherche de solutions industrielles plus écologiques pour réduire l'impact sur l'environnement et l'énergie consommée. La tendance s’est élargie aux machines stationnaires dans l'automatisation industrielle. Il inclut la technologie d’entraînement pour contrôler le mouvement séquentiel de plusieurs axes dans les presses à injecter. La conception des systèmes se focalise sur une approche conduisant à l’amélioration du rendement énergétique aussi bien que l’augmentation de la pression de service, la réduction de cycle de la machine et l’amélioration de sa répétabilité. Toutes ces exigences ont poussé la technologie d’entraînement à se développer en augmentant l'intérêt pour les modules électromécaniques et électro-hydrostatiques (EHM). Dans cette thèse, une solution innovatrice d'EHM est proposée qui associe un convertisseur, un servomoteur AC brushless et la pompe à palettes Parker. En détail, l'intérêt de recherche concerne le développement d'un modèle à niveau système de la pompe à palette. L'objectif principal est de permettre l'évaluation des pertes d'énergie de la pompe et la performance de module pendant des phases spécifiques du cycle de la machine : accélération, dépressurisation et phase de maintien de la pression. Premièrement analysée au moyen de l'approche analytique, la dynamique est alors évaluée par des modèles plus avancés basés sur le prototypage virtuel construit dans l'environnement LMS-AMESim. Les avantages concernant la prévision des performances du module EHM et sur l’évaluation des paramètres fondamentaux inconnus (comme la compressibilité du fluide et le contenu d’air dans le fluide) sont montrés par comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux obtenus dans le laboratoire. Les phénomènes de la cavitation et d’aération sont aussi pris en compte pendant les phases d'accélération et des modèles sont ainsi développés pour prévoir les conditions de fonctionnement qui promeuvent ces phénomènes. La consommation d'énergie de l'EHM est alors analysée au moyen des modèles thermo-hydrauliques capables de déterminer les échanges de chaleur entre les composants de module et l'environnement. / In last years companies’ policy has been focusing on research of more eco-friendly solutions in order to reduce the environmental impact and the consumed energy. The trend has been affecting the stationary machinery in the industrial automation too. It includes the drive technology for motion control in the injection moulding machines. The design studies concern energy efficiency improvement, as well as increased service pressure, shorter cycle time and repeatability over a long period of time. All these requirements have led the drive technology to evolve by increasing the interest for the electro-mechanical and electro-hydrostatic modules (EHM). In this thesis an innovative solution of EHM is proposed that associates industrial inverter, AC brushless servo motor and fixed-displacement low-noise Parker vane pump. In detail, the research interest concerns the development of a system level model of the vane pump. The main objective is to enable assessing the pump energy losses and full module performance in specific phase of machine’s cycle: acceleration, depressurisation and holding pressure phases. Firstly analysed by means of analytical approach, dynamics are then evaluated through more advanced models based on virtual prototyping built in LMS-AMESim environment. The advantages on predicting the EHM performance and on estimating the unknown fundamental parameters (e.g. Bulk Modulus and fluid air content) are showed through comparison with experimental results obtained in laboratory. The cavitation/aeration phenomena are also taken into account during acceleration transients and models are thus developed in order to predict the operating conditions which promote these phenomena. Energy behaviour of the EHM is then analysed by means of thermal hydraulic models able to determine the heat exchanges between module components and environment.

[pt] A dissertação apresenta um estudo da resolução de problemas de acoplamento termo-hidráulico através do uso técnicas numéricas. O estudo tem por objetivo a validação de implementações de efeitos de gradientes de temperatura no fluxo de umidade. Para isto utiliza-se o programa UNSATCHEM- 2D que simula o fluxo bidimensional de umidade em meios de saturação variável, transporte de calor, transporte de CO2 e transporte de solutos. O programa desenvolvido por Simunek e Suarez (1993), possui código aberto (escrito em Fortran 77), onde as equações governantes de fluxo e transporte de calor são resolvidas por elementos finitos. A partir do programa UNSATCHEM-2D, foram realizadas implementações no código a fim de permitir o acoplamento parcial (staggered) do fluxo de umidade e o fluxo de calor que reproduz o fenômeno descrito por de Vries (1958). Paralelamente, desenvolveram-se mudanças no programa MTool(Tecgraf/PUC- Rio), utilizado como pré- e pós-processador. Posteriormente, foram validadas as implementações realizadas no programa comparando-se os resultados da solução numérica com resultados experimentais a partir de um ensaio de coluna (Bach, 1989), com resultados considerados satisfatórios. Finalizando, são apresentadas simulações com fontes de calor interna e externa paralelamente com o emprego de condições de contorno atmosféricas que simulam coberturas de resíduos de minério. / [en] The dissertation presents a study of the resolution of thermo-hydraulic coupling problems, through the use of numerical techniques. The study has the objective the implementations validation of the temperature gradients effects in the moisture flux. For this, the program UNSATCHEM-2D is used to simulate the flow of water in mediums of variable saturation to two dimensions, transport of heat, transport of CO2 and solute transport. The program developed by Simunek and Suarez (1993), has open code (written in Fortran 77), where the governing equations of flow and transport of heat are solved for the method of the finite elements. Starting from the original program UNSATCHEM-2D, alterations were carried out in the code in order to allow the partial coupling (staggered) of moisture flow and heat flow as described by de Vries (1958). In parallel, changes were developed in the software MTool (Tecgraf/PUC-Rio), used as pre- and posprocessor. Later, the modifications carried out in the program were validated by the comparison of the numeric solution results with experimental results starting from a column test (Bach, 1989), with acceptable results. Concluding, simulations are presented with internal and external sources of heat together with the use of atmospheric boundary conditions, one that simulates covers for mining wastes.

As crescentes exigências sobre o desempenho de sistemas de bombeamento multifásico combinadas aos aspectos relacionados com a maior disponibilidade operacional desses sistemas, bem como as futuras condições de funcionamento atingindo pressões perto de 150 bar, destacam a importância de desenvolver modelos matemáticos precisos para prever o comportamento do desempenho nestes equipamentos. Nesta tese foi aperfeiçoado o modelo termo-hidráulico de uma bomba multifásica de tipo duplo parafuso desenvolvido por Nakashima (2005) e foram incluídos os efeitos da abertura gradual da última câmara, recirculação de líquido entre a sucção e descarga, transferência de calor através do liner e expansão térmica. Uma vez fornecidos os dados geométricos da bomba e as suas condições de operação, é possível calcular os parâmetros de desempenho mais importantes, como: eficiência volumétrica, vazão de sucção e refluxo, potência consumida e distribuição de pressão e temperatura. As equações implementadas foram desenvolvidas a partir dos balanços de massa e energia nas câmaras, tendo em conta a geometria da bomba e a variação das fendas durante sua operação. As rotinas e métodos necessários para a sua solução numérica foram implementadas utilizando programação orientada a objetos (C++). Os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo aperfeiçoado foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura e uma boa concordância foi encontrada na faixa de até 95 % FVG, nos casos estudados, para bombas com e sem tecnologia de recirculação. Devido à complexidade dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos durante a operação da bomba, o impacto de cada um dos efeitos incorporados nos cálculos do modelo foi avaliado e discutido individualmente. Assim, foi demonstrada a grande influencia da recirculação, da abertura gradual da câmara de descarga e da expansão térmica nos cálculos dos parâmetros de operação mais importantes da bomba. Além disso, a transferência de calor pode ser considerada desprezível, já que seu valor é baixo quando comparado com a potência fornecida pela bomba e, portanto, não influencia os balanços de energia que determinam os estados termodinâmicos das câmaras. No entanto, esse efeito é necessário para calcular a distribuição de temperatura da bomba e a expansão térmica nos parafusos e no liner. / The increasing requirements about the performance of multiphase pumping systems combined with those related to a higher operational availability of such systems, as well as future operating conditions with pressure increase at about 150 bar, highlights the importance of developing accurate mathematical models to predict the performance behavior of these equipments. In this thesis it was improved the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a twin screw multiphase pump developed by Nakashima (2005), and were included the effects of the gradual opening of the last chamber, fluid recirculation between suction and discharge of the pump, heat transfer though the liner, thermal expansion and different working fluids (water-air and oil-gas). Giving pump geometry and operational conditions, it is possible to calculate the most important pump parameters performance, such as, volumetric efficiency, suction flow, back-flow, power consumption and pressure and temperature distribution. The model equations were developed based on mass and energy balances in the chambers taking into account the pump geometry and the clearance variation due to operation. Its implementation was made in C++. The results obtained by the new model were compared with experimental data of the bibliography, and a good accuracy was found in it with values till 95% GVF for the studied cases, with and without recirculation technology. Due to the physical phenomenon complexity related with the pump operation, the impact of each effect in the model calculations was evaluated and discussed separately. So, it was demonstrated the importance of the recirculation, the gradual opening of the last chamber and the thermal expansion in the calculation of the most important pump operation parameters. However, the heat transfer can be neglected, because its value is very low when compared with the pump power supply, and therefore, it does not influence the energy balances that determine thermodynamic state in the chambers. However, this effect is necessary to calculate the temperature distribution along the pump and the thermal expansion in the screws and the liner.