Zvýšená konzumace fermentovaných mléčných výrobků v posledních letech vede k zavádění nových výrobků na trh. Funkční a probiotické produkty jsou v dnešní době také hojně rozšířeny. Cílem diplomové práce bylo posoudit mikrobiální kvalitu komerčních jogurtů a nefarmakologických probiotických výrobků. Bylo zkoumáno 24 vzorků jogurtů a 8 vzorků probiotických mléčných výrobků. Pozornornost byla zaměřena zvláště na kvantifikaci mikroorganismů v jednotlivých výrobcích a na sledování viability buněk. Většina mléčných produktů obsahovala počty odpovídající minimální požadované hodnotě 1x107cfu/ml. Nicméně byly objeveny produkty, které neobsahovaly živé bakterie nebo obsahovaly jen jejich menší množství. To platí zejména pro běžné jogurty. Probiotické mléčné výrobky v zásadě obsahovaly větší množství bakterií než jogurty, protože je u nich navíc požadováno 1x106cfu/ml minimálního množství specifických bakterií jiných než jogurtových startovacích kultur. Isoláty z fermentovaných mléčných výrobků byly identifikovány jako Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus spp. Isoláty byly poté rozlišeny na jednotlivé kmeny pomocí RAPD použitím tří různých primerů. Byla zjištěna velká různorodost mezi kmeny rodu Lactobacillus spp. používaných různými podniky.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is molecular diagnostic method which allows the identification of lactic acid bacteria used in food industry. In this work species-specific PCR primers (targeted on highly conserved 16S rDNA region) were used for identification of bacteria of species Streptoccocus thermophilus in 10 randomly commercially accessible fermented milk products and for identification of species Streptococcus thermophilus in 25 lyophilisates collected in Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms Laktoflora (CCDM, Tábor, Czech Republic). The PCR products (968 bp) were detected using electrophoresis in 1,2 % agarose gel. Bacterial DNA was isolated from crude cell lysates by magnetic carriers P(HEMA co GMA) containing carboxyl groups. DNA was reversibly bind on their surface in the presence of high concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride. Phenol extraction of DNA was used as control. Streptococcus thermophilus strains were identificated using PCR in all analysed samples.

Les modèles de Markov d’ordre 2 (HMM2) sont des modèles stochastiques qui ont démontré leur efficacité dans l’exploration de séquences génomiques. Cette thèse explore l’intérêt de modèles de différents types (M1M2, M2M2, M2M0) ainsi que leur couplage à des méthodes combinatoires pour segmenter les génomes bactériens sans connaissances a priori du contenu génétique. Ces approches ont été appliquées à deux modèles bactériens afin d’en valider la robustesse : Streptomyces coelicolor et Streptococcus thermophilus. Ces espèces bactériennes présentent des caractéristiques génomiques très distinctes (composition, taille du génome) en lien avec leur écosystème spécifique : le sol pour les S. coelicolor et le milieu lait pour S. thermophilus / Second-order Hidden Markov Models (HMM2) are stochastic processes with a high efficiency in exploring bacterial genome sequences. Different types of HMM2 (M1M2, M2M2, M2M0) combined to combinatorial methods were developed in a new approach to discriminate genomic regions without a priori knowledge on their genetic content. This approach was applied on two bacterial models in order to validate its achievements: Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptococcus thermophilus. These bacterial species exhibit distinct genomic traits (base composition, global genome size) in relation with their ecological niche: soil for S. coelicolor and dairy products for S. thermophilus. In S. coelicolor, a first HMM2 architecture allowed the detection of short discrete DNA heterogeneities (5-16 nucleotides in size), mostly localized in intergenic regions. The application of the method on a biologically known gene set, the SigR regulon (involved in oxidative stress response), proved the efficiency in identifying bacterial promoters. S. coelicolor shows a complex regulatory network (up to 12% of the genes may be involved in gene regulation) with more than 60 sigma factors, involved in initiation of transcription. A classification method coupled to a searching algorithm (i.e. R’MES) was developed to automatically extract the box1-spacer-box2 composite DNA motifs, structure corresponding to the typical bacterial promoter -35/-10 boxes. Among the 814 DNA motifs described for the whole S. coelicolor genome, those of sigma factors (B, WhiG) could be retrieved from the crude data. We could show that this method could be generalized by applying it successfully in a preliminary attempt to the genome of Bacillus subtilis

A possibilidade de se obter um produto com grande aceitabilidade nacional, principalmente voltado ao público infantil, com propriedades microbiológicas, nutricionais, físico-químicas e organolépticas ótimas associadas aos benefícios creditados aos probióticos é bastante promissora. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 isolados e em co-cultura, em queijo tipo petit-suisse processado com a adição de Streptococcus thermophilus como cultura starter, sobre as características do produto, ao longo do seu armazenamento refrigerado. Quatro tratamentos de queijo petit-suisse foram estudados (em triplicata): T1 (controle - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04) e T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) e armazenados a 4±1ºC. Foram avaliados parâmetros microbiológicos (população de probióticos, starter e contaminantes), de textura, físico-químicos e sensoriais (aceitabilidade). As análises sensoriais foram realizadas após 7 e 14 dias e as demais análises, após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento dos produtos a 4±1oC. As populações dos probióticos estiveram sempre superiores ao mínimo recomendado para um alimento probiótico, tendo variado de 7,22 a 7,60 log UFC/g e de 8,56 a 8,72 log UFC/g durante o armazenamento, para L. acidophilus e B. animalis subsp. lactis, respectivamente. A cultura starter apresentou populações entre 9,20 e 9,61 log UFC/g no mesmo período. As populações máximas para coliformes totais, bolores e leveduras foram de 2,79 e 3,60 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Os valores de pH diminuíram ao longo do armazenamento, devido à atividade dos microrganismos acidificantes presentes. A umidade variou entre 67,16% e 70,26% no mesmo período. Todos os queijos apresentaram queda na dureza e adesividade ao longo do armazenamento. Na análise sensorial, o queijo T4, com a co-cultura, revelou uma aceitabilidade significativamente maior em todos os atributos avaliados (p<0,05). Após 14 dias de armazenamento, o queijo T3 apresentou uma aceitabilidade significativamente inferior aos demais (p<0,05). A suplementação de queijo petit-suisse T4 com Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04 em co-cultura com a cultura starter resultou em um produto com excelente potencial comercial, tendo apresentado características sensoriais, microbiológicas e de textura bastante vantajosas. / The possibility of obtaining a product with wide acceptability in Brazil, and which is mainly targeted at children and has excellent microbiological, nutritional, physical-chemical and organoleptic properties associated with the benefits ascribed to probiotic microorganisms is rather promising. Thus, the aim of the present work was to examine the influence of the probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04, isolated and in co-culture, on the characteristics of petit-suisse cheese produced with the addition of Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter culture, throughout the period of refrigerated storage. Four petit-suisse cheese trials were studied (in triplicates): T1 (control - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04) and T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) and stored at 4±1ºC. Microbiological (population of probiotic bacteria, of the starter and of contaminants), instrumental texture, physical-chemical and sensory (acceptability test) parameters were evaluated. The sensory evaluation was carried out after 7 and 14 days of storage of the products at 4±1ºC, and further analyses were carried out after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The populations of the probiotics always remained above the minimum level recommended for a probiotic food, having varied between 7.22 and 7.60 log CFU/g, and between 8.72 and 8.56 log CFU/g during storage, respectively, for L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis. The starter culture presented populations between 9.20 and 9.61 log CFU/g in the same period. Coliforms, yeasts and molds presented maximum populations of, respectively, 2.79 and 3.60 log CFU/g. The pH values decreased throughout storage, due to the activity of the acidifying microorganisms present. The moisture ranged from 67.16% up to 70.26% in the same period. All the cheeses studied presented a decrease in hardness and adhesiveness throughout storage. Both after 7 and 14 days, cheese T4 presented the highest sensory acceptance for all attributes evaluated and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). After 14 days of storage, cheese T3 presented the lowest acceptance and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). The supplementation of petit-suisse cheese T4 with both L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis in coculture with a starter culture resulted in a product with excellent market potential, as it presented favorable sensory, microbiological and texture features.

A possibilidade de se obter um produto com grande aceitabilidade nacional, principalmente voltado ao público infantil, com propriedades microbiológicas, nutricionais, físico-químicas e organolépticas ótimas associadas aos benefícios creditados aos probióticos é bastante promissora. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 isolados e em co-cultura, em queijo tipo petit-suisse processado com a adição de Streptococcus thermophilus como cultura starter, sobre as características do produto, ao longo do seu armazenamento refrigerado. Quatro tratamentos de queijo petit-suisse foram estudados (em triplicata): T1 (controle - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04) e T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) e armazenados a 4±1ºC. Foram avaliados parâmetros microbiológicos (população de probióticos, starter e contaminantes), de textura, físico-químicos e sensoriais (aceitabilidade). As análises sensoriais foram realizadas após 7 e 14 dias e as demais análises, após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento dos produtos a 4±1oC. As populações dos probióticos estiveram sempre superiores ao mínimo recomendado para um alimento probiótico, tendo variado de 7,22 a 7,60 log UFC/g e de 8,56 a 8,72 log UFC/g durante o armazenamento, para L. acidophilus e B. animalis subsp. lactis, respectivamente. A cultura starter apresentou populações entre 9,20 e 9,61 log UFC/g no mesmo período. As populações máximas para coliformes totais, bolores e leveduras foram de 2,79 e 3,60 log UFC/g, respectivamente. Os valores de pH diminuíram ao longo do armazenamento, devido à atividade dos microrganismos acidificantes presentes. A umidade variou entre 67,16% e 70,26% no mesmo período. Todos os queijos apresentaram queda na dureza e adesividade ao longo do armazenamento. Na análise sensorial, o queijo T4, com a co-cultura, revelou uma aceitabilidade significativamente maior em todos os atributos avaliados (p<0,05). Após 14 dias de armazenamento, o queijo T3 apresentou uma aceitabilidade significativamente inferior aos demais (p<0,05). A suplementação de queijo petit-suisse T4 com Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e B. animalis subsp. lactis BL04 em co-cultura com a cultura starter resultou em um produto com excelente potencial comercial, tendo apresentado características sensoriais, microbiológicas e de textura bastante vantajosas. / The possibility of obtaining a product with wide acceptability in Brazil, and which is mainly targeted at children and has excellent microbiological, nutritional, physical-chemical and organoleptic properties associated with the benefits ascribed to probiotic microorganisms is rather promising. Thus, the aim of the present work was to examine the influence of the probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04, isolated and in co-culture, on the characteristics of petit-suisse cheese produced with the addition of Streptococcus thermophilus as a starter culture, throughout the period of refrigerated storage. Four petit-suisse cheese trials were studied (in triplicates): T1 (control - Streptococcus thermophilus ST), T2 (ST + Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5), T3 (ST + Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04) and T4 (ST + La-5 + BL04) and stored at 4±1ºC. Microbiological (population of probiotic bacteria, of the starter and of contaminants), instrumental texture, physical-chemical and sensory (acceptability test) parameters were evaluated. The sensory evaluation was carried out after 7 and 14 days of storage of the products at 4±1ºC, and further analyses were carried out after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The populations of the probiotics always remained above the minimum level recommended for a probiotic food, having varied between 7.22 and 7.60 log CFU/g, and between 8.72 and 8.56 log CFU/g during storage, respectively, for L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis. The starter culture presented populations between 9.20 and 9.61 log CFU/g in the same period. Coliforms, yeasts and molds presented maximum populations of, respectively, 2.79 and 3.60 log CFU/g. The pH values decreased throughout storage, due to the activity of the acidifying microorganisms present. The moisture ranged from 67.16% up to 70.26% in the same period. All the cheeses studied presented a decrease in hardness and adhesiveness throughout storage. Both after 7 and 14 days, cheese T4 presented the highest sensory acceptance for all attributes evaluated and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). After 14 days of storage, cheese T3 presented the lowest acceptance and differed significantly from the other cheeses (p<0.05). The supplementation of petit-suisse cheese T4 with both L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis in coculture with a starter culture resulted in a product with excellent market potential, as it presented favorable sensory, microbiological and texture features.