O trabalho apresenta o estado-da-arte das fachadas-cortina executadas com placas de grês porcelanato, discutindo os principais parâmetros para a elaboração de projetos e produção desta tipologia de revestimentos. Acredita-se ser este um dos primeiros trabalhos acadêmicos elaborados no Brasil sobre o assunto, pretendendo-se contribuir quando da implantação desse sistema no país. Procura-se estabelecer os principais conceitos e definições sobre as fachadas-cortina e fachadas ventiladas, objetivando fundamentar a utilização desses termos que vêm sendo empregados sem precisão pelo meio técnico brasileiro. São abordadas as principais características e propriedades dos componentes, elementos construtivos e dispositivos empregados, como também os principais requisitos a serem considerados quando da elaboração do projeto. São destacadas as vantagens relativas desta tecnologia construtiva quando comparada aos revestimentos tradicionais aderidos, ressaltando-se sua importância como alternativa e potencialidades quando comercializado como um sistema de produção. / This report approaches the state-of-art of the porcelain tiles curtain wall. Both design and installations methods are discussed, including main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. It is believed that this study is one of the first academic studies developed in Brazil concerning this theme, and it is intended to contribute to the implementation of this system in the country. It aims at establishing the main concepts and the definitions on the curtain walls and ventilated facades. The prime objective is to base the correct use of these terms, since they have been used without accuracy by the Brazilian technicians. main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. Several advantages concerning this type of cladding are emphasized when compared with traditional coverings, standing out the comportance of the method as an interesting technology alternative.

A atual problemática da disposição de resíduos eletroeletrônicos estimula a realização de pesquisas visando o reaproveitamento desse tipo de resíduo na fabricação de novos produtos ou na utilização dos mesmos em processos já existentes. O descarte de monitores de computadores e TVs com a tecnologia de tubos de raios catódicos (CRT) não é simples, pois os mesmos contêm metais pesados e há poucas alternativas de reciclagem estabelecidas, o que gera um passivo ambiental ainda sem solução. O CRT corresponde a 80% do peso de um monitor de computador e é constituído por três tipos de vidro, com diferentes composições. A relação aproximada (em % peso) é: 65% painel, 30% funil e 5% pescoço. Entre os diferentes vidros dos quais é fabricado os CRTs, o painel tem altas porcentagens de óxidos de metais alcalino e alcalino-terrosos e assim grande potencial para ser aproveitado como substituto de fritas na formulação de esmaltes cerâmicos. Uma vantagem adicional é o fato de que os metais pesados são estabilizados na forma de óxidos, tendo a mínima dissolução após a sinterização e vitrificação. Neste trabalho as composições químicas do vidro de painel de CRT e da frita foram caracterizadas pela técnica de FRX e ICP-AES. Depois os valores do coeficiente de expansão térmica e a viscosidade como função da temperatura foram calculados usando modelos empíricos que relacionam essas propriedades com a composição química do vidrado, através do software e banco de dados SciGlass®. Substituições parciais de frita por vidro de painel de CRT foram experimentalmente testadas na formulação de um esmalte transparente típico. Suspensões com 10 a 40% em peso de vidro de painel de CRT como substituto da frita tradicional foram preparadas e aplicadas sobre a superfície de substratos de argila conformados por prensagem. Subsequentemente, as placas foram queimadas seguindo um ciclo térmico similar ao utilizado industrialmente. Os valores do coeficiente de expansão térmica foram caracterizados por dilatometria. A viscosidade do esmalte foi medida a temperaturas elevadas (viscosidades baixas). A cor e a transparência dos esmaltes após a queima foram caracterizadas por colorimetria. Em uma análise comparativa, a substituição de 20% em peso de frita por vidro de painel de CRT resultou em revestimentos com propriedades equivalentes as de esmaltes comerciais. / The current problem of disposal of electronic waste stimulates research aiming at the reuse of this type of waste in the manufacture of new products or existing processes. The disposal of computer monitors and televisions based on the technology of cathode ray tube (CRT) is not simple, since they contain heavy metals and there are few recycling alternatives nearby the consumer center, generating an unsolved environmental liability. The CRT corresponds to approximately 85 wt% of a computer monitor, and is composed by three silicate glasses with different compositions, in the approximate proportions (wt%): 65% panel, 30% funnel and 5% neck glass. Among the different glasses of which the CRT\'s are made, the panel has higher percentages of alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, which thus give them potential to be used as frits substitute in the formulation of ceramic glazes. An additional advantage is the fact that these heavy metals are stabilized in the form of oxides, presenting minimal dissolution after sintering and vitrification. In the present work, the chemical compositions of a CRT\'s panel glass and glaze frits were characterized by XRF and ICP-AES. Then, the value of thermal expansion coefficients and viscosity were calculated as a function of temperature using empirical models that relate such properties with the glass chemical composition, aided by the SciGlass software. The partial replacement of frits for CRT\'s panel glass was experimentally tested in the composition of a typical transparent ceramic glaze. Aqueous suspensions containing 10 to 40 wt% of CRT\'s panel glass as a substitute for the traditional frit were prepared and applied on the surface of substrates formerly obtained by pressing a clay raw material into plates. Subsequently, the plates were fired following a thermal treatment similar to the used industrially. The resulting thermal expansion coefficients were characterized by dilatometry. The glaze viscosity was measured at high temperatures (low viscosities). The color and transparency of the glazes after firing were characterized by colorimetry. In a comparative analysis, the substitution of 20 wt% of frit by CRT\'s panel glass resulted in ceramic tiles with properties equivalent to those of the commercial glazes.

O trabalho apresenta o estado-da-arte das fachadas-cortina executadas com placas de grês porcelanato, discutindo os principais parâmetros para a elaboração de projetos e produção desta tipologia de revestimentos. Acredita-se ser este um dos primeiros trabalhos acadêmicos elaborados no Brasil sobre o assunto, pretendendo-se contribuir quando da implantação desse sistema no país. Procura-se estabelecer os principais conceitos e definições sobre as fachadas-cortina e fachadas ventiladas, objetivando fundamentar a utilização desses termos que vêm sendo empregados sem precisão pelo meio técnico brasileiro. São abordadas as principais características e propriedades dos componentes, elementos construtivos e dispositivos empregados, como também os principais requisitos a serem considerados quando da elaboração do projeto. São destacadas as vantagens relativas desta tecnologia construtiva quando comparada aos revestimentos tradicionais aderidos, ressaltando-se sua importância como alternativa e potencialidades quando comercializado como um sistema de produção. / This report approaches the state-of-art of the porcelain tiles curtain wall. Both design and installations methods are discussed, including main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. It is believed that this study is one of the first academic studies developed in Brazil concerning this theme, and it is intended to contribute to the implementation of this system in the country. It aims at establishing the main concepts and the definitions on the curtain walls and ventilated facades. The prime objective is to base the correct use of these terms, since they have been used without accuracy by the Brazilian technicians. main features and properties of the components, elements and devices necessary. Main requirements considered to the design process are also take into consideration. Several advantages concerning this type of cladding are emphasized when compared with traditional coverings, standing out the comportance of the method as an interesting technology alternative.

The extent of agricultural drainage has created concern for its potential undesirable effects on surface water quality. Land applications of liquid manure on tile drain fields have the potential to transport solutes and bacteria to the drains following precipitation or irrigation events and many times are directly sent to a surface water body, and have been documented as a source of contamination of surface waters. This study determined the potential for and magnitude of E. coli and solute migration to tile drains through the soil profile. Water from subsurface drains was analyzed for chemical and bacterial composition following tracer applications. Two sites were selected for the study to determine transport at large (field) and small (plot) scales. At the large-scale site, both tracers, bacteria (E. coli and Total Coliform) and Amino-G (a conservative tracer), were used to monitor the speed of transport from the surface to the tile drain following liquid manure applications, tracer applications and additionally precipitation events. The concentrations of E. coli were monitored every hour for 76 days during the spring. Both tracers, bacteria and Amino-G, were detected in the tile drainage shortly after precipitation events. The peak concentration of E. coli was observed to be 1.2 x 10⁶ CFU/l00mL. These elevated concentrations of E. coli might be attributed to the characteristics of the soil, high organic matter and well-structured clay soils. Both the rapid breakthrough of tracer to the tile drain and the peaks of tile water temperature during precipitation events provided evidence of macropore flow. Antecedent soil moisture and warmer temperatures appeared to provide ideal conditions for bacteria growth. The small-scale study site was selected for a more focused study. The purpose of this site was to quantify more accurately the percent mass of surface applied tracer that was transported to the tile drain, allowing mass balance calculations. Experiments were conducted during the summer to control the rate and total amount of irrigation. Amino-G readings were taken every 10 seconds for 125 hours of continuous irrigation. Tracer applications were conducted at runoff and non-runoff conditions. Both types of tracer applications had Amino-G breakthrough in less than 10 minutes after initiation of irrigation. Tracer applied at runoff rates resulted in 4 to 17 times more total tracer mass migrating to the tile drain than when applied at non-runoff rates. The total mass of Amino-G migrating to the tile drain during non-runoff conditions depended on the total volume of applied tracer, regardless of the tracer concentration. For an application of 5.6 mm at 12 mg/L, 5.7% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain, whereas for an application of 1.9 mm at 27.7 mg/L only 2.8% of the total applied tracer migrated to the tile drain. Tile flow response to irrigation experiments appeared to be governed by soil moisture. Lysimeter samples were taken continuously every 4-8 hours until the 94th hour after tracer application. Tile water concentrations were consistently greater than concentrations found in the deeper suction lysimeters at corresponding times, providing further evidence of preferential flow. E. coli transported through the soil and into the drains were demonstrated to be event-driven by precipitation events and irrigation events. In addition, the characteristics of this type of soil - the high clay content, the well-defined structure, the high level of organic matter and rich biological activity has been known to enhance the preferential pathways and transport processes in the soil profile, resulting in rapid transport of surface applied solutes and effluents to tile drains. / Graduation date: 2003

The aim of this study is to examine the technology of the relatively deteriorated historic tile, brick and mortar samples of Sivas G&ouml / k Medrese and Tokat G&ouml / k Medrese. Their main deterioration factors were analyzed mainly as salt weathering. It was examined in detail, and the possible desalination methods were discussed. For this purpose, the studies were carried out with a field survey and laboratory experiments on the two sites. Documentation of visual decay forms of Tokat G&ouml / k Medrese were done with AutoCAD. The density and porosities of tile body and mortar samples were determined by using RILEM standards. The pore size distributions of tile and mortar samples were examined by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. Modulus of elasticity of tile body and mortar samples was determined and compared with the other Seljuk building materials. Mineralogical compositions of the tile body and glaze, adhesive tile mortars of Sivas G&ouml / kmedrese and Tokat G&ouml / kmedrese were analyzed with X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Their microstructure and chemical compositions were determined by using Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The salts were determined for various methods such as spot tests and XRD analyses. The possible treatment methods of salt crystallization were discussed according to the properties of the examined samples. One of the most essential causes of decay factor was salt crystallization for the two buildings which causes detachment and loss of tiles. The deteriorations were distributed over the upper and lower sides of the wall which were close to the dampness zones from the roof and above ground. The experiments proved different kinds of salts such as thenardite, sylvite, halite, natrite, nitratine and niter coming from the ground and the restoration materials such as cement based mortars. The relative humidity of the environments was compared with that of salt characteristics. It was proved that the tiles were adversely affected from salt crystallization. The best desalination method was discussed. Advection method by using poultices was based on the transformation of ions through the flowing moisture. The most prominent characteristic of the poultices must have smaller pore size distribution than original salty materials. The pore size distributions of the tiles and gypsum mortars were determined to compare and chosen the best poultice from the literature. It was concluded that kaolin-sand-based poultices having known properties was the best one as considering the pore size distribution of the tiles and mortars. The study on material properties and desalination process was expected to help different monuments having salt problem.

M. Tech. Industrial Engineering. / Discusses the objective of this research is to develop a scheduling model that can maximize manufacturing system performance in Cameroon tile manufacturing industries.This research is aimed at achieving the following specific objectives. a. Evaluate scheduling model available and their impact on ceramic tile manufacturing industries in Cameroon. b. Develop a simple and efficient production scheduling model and also propose an approach of reacting to disruptions, i.e. whether to reschedule or not. c. Evaluate the performance of the model on different tile manufacturing industries lay-outs in Cameroon and also test it in a selected South African tile manufacturing industry for validation purpose.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται και παρουσιάζεται μια μεγάλη βιομηχανική μονάδα παραγωγής κεραμιδιών. Ειδική μελέτη εκπονείται για το βιομηχανικό φούρνο μεγάλης κλίμακας, για τον οποίο παρουσιάζονται μαθηματικά μοντέλα που εξομοιώνουν τη λειτουργία του. Ολόκληρη η παραγωγική διαδικασία εξομοιώνεται σε ένα τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο σε περιβάλλον SIMIO. Στη συνέχεια μελετάται η συμπεριφορά του μοντέλου σε διάφορες καταστάσεις λειτουργίας, εξάγονται συμπεράσματα από αυτό και δίνονται παραδείγματα της χρηστικότητας της συγκεκριμένης εξομοίωσης για βελτίωση σε θέματα που αφορούν την οργάνωση της παραγωγής. / In the present thesis a large industrial plant of tiles production is being studied and presented. Special study is prepared for the industrial large scale oven for whom are presented mathematical models which simulate its operation. The entire production process is simulated in a three-dimensional model in the environment of SIMIO. Then we study the behavior of the model in different modes, draw conclusions from it, and give examples of the utility of this simulation for improvement in matters concerning the organization of production.

Este estudo apresenta uma proposta de captação de energia solar através de células fotovoltaicas sobre telhas de zinco. Na maioria dos projetos existentes de sistemas fotovoltaicos, a implementação de módulos fotovoltaicos necessitam da adequação dos telhados e da estrutura para acomodá-los. Neste estudo a fixação será diretamente na telha, sem a necessidade de estruturas que alterem o telhado. Foi analisado a forma mais adequada de inserção das células fotovoltaicas sobre a telha, avaliando aspectos de layout, robustez, facilidade de implantação e de melhor captação de energia. Um protótipo no telhado foi construído com a captação direta de dados do mesmo. Foram produzidas estruturas, chamadas de calhas fotovoltaicas. Estas podem se encaixar na maior parte dos telhados existentes de zinco, sem a necessidade de inserção de estruturas para sua fixação. As calhas fotovoltaicas são módulos bem menores que os covencionais, podendo ser construídos de acordo com a potência desejada, com altura e largura necessários. Com a calhas fotovoltaicas produzidas, foram analisados sua performance através de coleta dos dados de tensão. Os resultados foram analisados relacionando-os com as quatro estações do ano, sendo obtidos resultados do tempo de produção de energia, o horário de inicialização e término de produção fotovoltaica. A estrutura da calha fotovoltaica foi avaliada com a análises de possibilidades de alterações ao longo dos testes. As calhas fotovoltaicas podem ser construidas de acordo com a potência requerida com somente a adição de novas calhas, sem a necessidade de alteração do telhado existente. O estudo apresentou resultados satisfatórios, analisando que ao longo de um ano a estrutura da calha não sofreu alterações e as medições de tensão se mantiveram constantes, sendo estes estudo realizado nas quatro estações do ano, sujeito as mais diversas intempéries. / This study presents a proposal for collecting solar energy through photovoltaic cells on roofs of zinc. Most of the existing projects of photovoltaic systems, the implementation of PV modules require the suitability of roofs and structure to accommodate them. In this study will be directly fixing the tile without the need to change the roof structures. It was considered the most appropriate form of integration of photovoltaic cells on the tile, evaluating aspects of layout, robustness, ease of deployment and improved energy harvesting. A prototype was built on the roof with direct capture the same data. structures were produced, called photovoltaic rails. These can fit in most existing zinc roofs without requiring insertion structures for fixing. The photovoltaic modules rails are much smaller than the covencionais, may be constructed in accordance with the desired power, with height and width needed. With photovoltaic rails produced were analyzed performance through collection voltage data. The results were analyzed relating them to the four seasons, and obtained energy production time results, the start and end time of photovoltaic production. The structure of the photovoltaic trough was assessed with the analysis of changes of possibilities in the tests. Photovoltaic rails can be built according to the power required with only the addition of new rails without the need for modification of the existing roof. The study showed satisfactory results, analyzing that over a year trough structure has not changed and voltage measurements remained constant, and these study conducted in the four seasons of the year, subject to the various weather.

Este estudo apresenta uma proposta de captação de energia solar através de células fotovoltaicas sobre telhas de zinco. Na maioria dos projetos existentes de sistemas fotovoltaicos, a implementação de módulos fotovoltaicos necessitam da adequação dos telhados e da estrutura para acomodá-los. Neste estudo a fixação será diretamente na telha, sem a necessidade de estruturas que alterem o telhado. Foi analisado a forma mais adequada de inserção das células fotovoltaicas sobre a telha, avaliando aspectos de layout, robustez, facilidade de implantação e de melhor captação de energia. Um protótipo no telhado foi construído com a captação direta de dados do mesmo. Foram produzidas estruturas, chamadas de calhas fotovoltaicas. Estas podem se encaixar na maior parte dos telhados existentes de zinco, sem a necessidade de inserção de estruturas para sua fixação. As calhas fotovoltaicas são módulos bem menores que os covencionais, podendo ser construídos de acordo com a potência desejada, com altura e largura necessários. Com a calhas fotovoltaicas produzidas, foram analisados sua performance através de coleta dos dados de tensão. Os resultados foram analisados relacionando-os com as quatro estações do ano, sendo obtidos resultados do tempo de produção de energia, o horário de inicialização e término de produção fotovoltaica. A estrutura da calha fotovoltaica foi avaliada com a análises de possibilidades de alterações ao longo dos testes. As calhas fotovoltaicas podem ser construidas de acordo com a potência requerida com somente a adição de novas calhas, sem a necessidade de alteração do telhado existente. O estudo apresentou resultados satisfatórios, analisando que ao longo de um ano a estrutura da calha não sofreu alterações e as medições de tensão se mantiveram constantes, sendo estes estudo realizado nas quatro estações do ano, sujeito as mais diversas intempéries. / This study presents a proposal for collecting solar energy through photovoltaic cells on roofs of zinc. Most of the existing projects of photovoltaic systems, the implementation of PV modules require the suitability of roofs and structure to accommodate them. In this study will be directly fixing the tile without the need to change the roof structures. It was considered the most appropriate form of integration of photovoltaic cells on the tile, evaluating aspects of layout, robustness, ease of deployment and improved energy harvesting. A prototype was built on the roof with direct capture the same data. structures were produced, called photovoltaic rails. These can fit in most existing zinc roofs without requiring insertion structures for fixing. The photovoltaic modules rails are much smaller than the covencionais, may be constructed in accordance with the desired power, with height and width needed. With photovoltaic rails produced were analyzed performance through collection voltage data. The results were analyzed relating them to the four seasons, and obtained energy production time results, the start and end time of photovoltaic production. The structure of the photovoltaic trough was assessed with the analysis of changes of possibilities in the tests. Photovoltaic rails can be built according to the power required with only the addition of new rails without the need for modification of the existing roof. The study showed satisfactory results, analyzing that over a year trough structure has not changed and voltage measurements remained constant, and these study conducted in the four seasons of the year, subject to the various weather.

O resíduo proveniente das cinzas da incineração de aparas de couro (CIAC) é constituído basicamente por óxido de cromo, silício, ferro e alumínio. Este resíduo é classificado segundo NBR 10004/2004 como sendo Classe I – Perigoso. A disposição de forma inadequada deste resíduo contribui no aumento do passivo ambiental nas regiões próximas à industria calçadista. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu na caracterização física e química e no beneficiamento do material para a recuperação do óxido de cromo como um mineral industrial aplicável na produção de pigmento cerâmico que poderá ser usado na coloração de revestimentos cerâmicos. As técnicas empregadas para caracterização foram: distribuição dos tamanhos de partículas por difração de raios laser, difração de raios-X (DRX), análise elementar por espectrometria de absorção atômica (EAA), análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e avaliação colorimétrica de refletância, usando o sistema colorimétrico CIE L*a*b. O beneficiamento foi conduzido por cominuição em moinho de bolas e separação granulométrica pelos processos de peneiramento e ciclonagem, combinados. Posteriormente foi realizado o tratamento térmico do material na temperatura de 1000oC para conferir estabilidade térmica e melhorar a cristalinidade do material, sendo esta etapa uma das principais na obtenção do pigmento. Amostras constituídas por resíduo (CIAC) bruto e beneficiado e um padrão comercial à base de óxido de cromo foram aplicadas na coloração de esmaltes cerâmicos com posterior aplicação em revestimentos cerâmicos. Os resultados demonstram que a metodologia aplicada no tratamento do resíduo permitiu a concentração do óxido de cromo com melhorias nas propriedades colorimétricas. O tratamento térmico do resíduo CIAC mostrou-se adequado, obtendo-se pigmentos com variações de cor do verde ao marrom em esmaltes cerâmicos. O estudo demonstrou a possibilidade de imobilização do íon cromo contido no resíduo em uma matriz vítrea de peças cerâmicas. / The ashes of leather shaving incineration (ALSI) are constituted basically by chromium oxide, silica, iron and aluminum. This residue is classified accordingly to NBR 10004/2004 as class I–dangerous. The huge volumes produced by this residue contribute for environmental problems nearby the footwear industry. The aim of this work was to proceed the physical and chemical characterization of the ALSI and to process the material to develop a pigment to be applied in ceramic tiles. The techniques applied for material characterization were: particle size distribution, X - ray diffraction (DRX), elemental analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry (AA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and colorimetric analyses by the color system CIE L*a*b. The ALSI processing was carried out by comminution in a ball mill and particle size separation in cyclones. The thermal treatment of the material was carried out at 1000oC. The samples formed by the raw ALSI, processed ALSI, and a commercial chromium oxide were used to color the vitreous enamel and applied to ceramics tiles. The results demonstrate that the method applied in the treatment of residue allowed the concentration of chromium oxide, improving the colorimetric properties. The thermal treatment of the ALSI provided good results, allowing obtaining pigments with the color green to brown that can be used in ceramics glazes. Through this study it was demonstrated that it is possible do proceed the immobilization of ion chromium contained in the waste into a glass matrix in ceramic tiles.