This Licentiate Thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of some new contributions in applied mathematics directed towards scientific computing in sports engineering. It considers inverse problems of biomechanical simulations with rigid body musculoskeletal systems especially in cross-country skiing. This is a contrast to the main research on cross-country skiing biomechanics, which is based mainly on experimental testing alone. The thesis consists of an introduction and five papers. The introduction motivates the context of the papers and puts them into a more general framework. Two papers (D and E) consider studies of real questions in cross-country skiing, which are modelled and simulated. The results give some interesting indications, concerning these challenging questions, which can be used as a basis for further research. However, the measurements are not accurate enough to give the final answers. Paper C is a simulation study which is more extensive than paper D and E, and is compared to electromyography measurements in the literature. Validation in biomechanical simulations is difficult and reducing mathematical errors is one way of reaching closer to more realistic results. Paper A examines well-posedness for forward dynamics with full muscle dynamics. Moreover, paper B is a technical report which describes the problem formulation and mathematical models and simulation from paper A in more detail. Our new modelling together with the simulations enable new possibilities. This is similar to simulations of applications in other engineering fields, and need in the same way be handled with care in order to achieve reliable results. The results in this thesis indicate that it can be very useful to use mathematical modelling and numerical simulations when describing cross-country skiing biomechanics. Hence, this thesis contributes to the possibility of beginning to use and develop such modelling and simulation techniques also in this context.

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<p>This study investigates the effect of using the different benchmarks stated above to calculate the beta of some Swedish stocks and to form a high risk stock vis-a-vis a low risk stock. The stocks will be combined in different forms (scenarios) i.e. High beta stocks, low beta stocks and a mixture of both high and low beta stocks to form a portfolio of stocks and tested to see the performance level of the individual scenarios.<strong></strong></p>

<p>This Licentiate Thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of some new contributions in applied mathematics directed towards scientific computing in sports engineering. It considers inverse problems of biomechanical simulations with rigid body musculoskeletal systems especially in cross-country skiing. This is a contrast to the main research on cross-country skiing biomechanics, which is based mainly on experimental testing alone. The thesis consists of an introduction and five papers. The introduction motivates the context of the papers and puts them into a more general framework. Two papers (D and E) consider studies of real questions in cross-country skiing, which are modelled and simulated. The results give some interesting indications, concerning these challenging questions, which can be used as a basis for further research. However, the measurements are not accurate enough to give the final answers. Paper C is a simulation study which is more extensive than paper D and E, and is compared to electromyography measurements in the literature. Validation in biomechanical simulations is difficult and reducing mathematical errors is one way of reaching closer to more realistic results. Paper A examines well-posedness for forward dynamics with full muscle dynamics. Moreover, paper B is a technical report which describes the problem formulation and mathematical models and simulation from paper A in more detail. Our new modelling together with the simulations enable new possibilities. This is similar to simulations of applications in other engineering fields, and need in the same way be handled with care in order to achieve reliable results. The results in this thesis indicate that it can be very useful to use mathematical modelling and numerical simulations when describing cross-country skiing biomechanics. Hence, this thesis contributes to the possibility of beginning to use and develop such modelling and simulation techniques also in this context.</p>

<p>Compact Riemann surfaces of genus greater than 1 can be realized as quotient spaces of the hyperbolic plane by the action of Fuchsian groups. The Teichmüller space is the set of all complex structures of Riemann surfaces and the moduli space the set of conformal equivalence classes of Riemann surfaces. For genus greater than two the branch locus of the covering of the moduli space by the Teichmüller space can be identified wi the set of Riemann surfaces admitting non-trivial automorphisms. Here we give the orbifold structure of the branch locus of surfaces of genus 5 by studying the equisymmetric stratification of the branch locus. This gives the orbifold structure of the moduli space.</p><p>We also show that the strata corresponding to surfaces with automorphisms of order 2 and 3 belong to the same connected component for every genus. Further we show that the branch locus is connected with the exception of one isolated point for genera 5 and 6, it is connected for genus 7 and it is connected with the exception of two isolated points for genus 8.</p>

<p>This thesis discusses the mathematical formulation and computational treatment of slow strain rate corrosion tests based on nonlinear finite elements methods. The theory is illustrated by a description of classical small strain elastoplasticity theory as implemented in the Comsol Multiphysics 3.2 software package. The possible extension of the theory to finite strain is briefly addressed. Practical simulations and results regarding the evolution of stresses, strains and geometric deformation are also presented and discussed. Experimental data used in simulation where reported by Onchi, Takeo et al. and published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology in May 2006.</p>

<p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka om en kortare period av motiverande samtal (MI) kunde påverka livskvaliteten positivt hos en arbetande population. De tre frågeställningarna var: Kan en kort period av MI förändra livskvaliteten positivt? Vilka eventuella effekter har en kortare period av MI på livskvaliteten? Finns det några skillnader i eventuell förändring av livskvalitet mellan kön, ålder samt utbildningsnivå?</p><p>Metod</p><p>Studien bestod av två MI-samtal med tre veckors mellanrum, samt en enkätundersökning som genomfördes före och efter samtalsperioden. Ett företag kontaktades och deltagarna rekryterades genom information på företagets intranät. 25 anmälda bildade MI-gruppen och därefter efterfrågades kontrollgruppsdeltagare via mail, 23 anställda bildade kontrollgruppen. Företaget hade sedan många år tillbaka haft ett nära samarbete med företagshälsovården. En redan framtagen livskvalitetsenkät, SF-36, användes tillsammans med en egen kompletterande enkät om kön, ålder och utbildning. Enkätsvaren kodades om och analyserades enligt manualen för SF-36. Därefter utfördes statistiska tester för att få fram eventuella skillnader inom och mellan grupperna. Det totala bortfallet blev fyra personer från kontrollgruppen, resultatet beräknades utifrån 19 deltagare i kontrollgruppen och 25 deltagare från MI-gruppen.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Resultaten visade att en kortare period av MI inte kunde förändra livskvaliteten och att det inte heller fanns någon signifikant skillnad i livskvalitet mellan grupperna. Vi tror att det bland annat kan bero på det tidigare hälsoarbetet på företaget. Däremot kunde en signifikant förbättring av den mentala hälsan inom MI-gruppen konstateras som en effekt. Det fanns inga skillnader i förändring av livskvalitet mellan kön, ålder och utbildningsnivå.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Slutsatsen blev att signifikanta resultat på livskvaliteten inte går att uppnå på så kort tidsperiod som studien avsåg. Utifrån de givna tidsramarna var studiens modell hanterbar och kunde ändå uppvisa resultat i form av en förbättring av mental hälsa hos MI-gruppen.</p>

This thesis discusses the mathematical formulation and computational treatment of slow strain rate corrosion tests based on nonlinear finite elements methods. The theory is illustrated by a description of classical small strain elastoplasticity theory as implemented in the Comsol Multiphysics 3.2 software package. The possible extension of the theory to finite strain is briefly addressed. Practical simulations and results regarding the evolution of stresses, strains and geometric deformation are also presented and discussed. Experimental data used in simulation where reported by Onchi, Takeo et al. and published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology in May 2006.

There is strong empirical support for behavioral parent training (BPT) as an intervention for children with externalizing behavior problems (EBP). However, there is a lack of studies that have investigated the effectiveness of BPT in routine care. Furthermore, most families in need of service do not gain access to it. Another issue of concern is that a sizable portion of children who take part in BPT does not show clinical significant improvement. With regard to behavioral teacher training (BTT) for students with EBP, there is a paucity of intervention trials using randomized design. The training procedures have rarely been standardized, which have resulted in interventions that are dependent upon heavy involvement of external consultants. To improve the accessibility to service for students with EBP, intervention models that are feasible for typical school personnel need to be developed. Study I investigated the effects of BPT in routine care. The participants were randomized to BPT with full practitioner support (BPT-P), self-administered BPT with minimal practitioner support (BPT-S), or a waitlist control group (WL). The study showed that BPT implemented by briefly trained social service employees (BPT-P) resulted in at least as large effects as previous efficacy studies. PMT-S also showed significant effects compared to the WL, but was less effective than PMT-P. Improvements in child behaviors were mediated by improved parenting behaviors. Study II investigated the effects of an enhanced version of the BPT-program from study I. The program targeted families with risk factors for non-response that were referred to service within the social services. The results showed strong intervention effects on child EBP and parent anxiety/depression for enhanced BPT compared to regular BPT. Study III used a randomized design to evaluate the effects of a standardized and feasible BTT program. At both posttest and follow-up, significant effects favoring the BTT-group over the active control group were found on student EBP, teacher behavior management, and peer problems. The study also showed that the effect on student EBP was mediated by change in teacher behavior management.