Assessing trends in forest ecosystems requires a thorough understanding of a benchmark or condition against which changes can be measured. Timber cruise information is a valuable source of baseline data, and has potential to be used in monitoring the effectiveness of management actions taken to maintain biodiversity and other societal values during and after harvesting. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of using these data as baseline information in FREP (Forest and Range Evaluation Program) Stand Level Biodiversity (SLB) assessments. Using three different data sources (timber cruise data, FREP pre-harvest data, and FREP post-harvest data), I conducted a pre- and post-harvest survey and evaluated trends in indicators within and across seven cutblocks. Mean densities for live and standing dead trees by diameter class, total live and dead trees, functional snags, large trees, tree species composition, coarse woody debris, and a number of qualitative indicators were analyzed. Results indicate that similarities exist between several characteristics within the timber cruise and pre- and post-harvest FREP data. For example, there was substantial overlap between stand structural characteristics assessed by the three methods. However, some discrepancies were identified. Large trees (live, dead and live and dead combined) were evident in very small numbers in the timber cruise and data were not consistent with pre-harvest FREP data. The number of tree species identified in FREP data was generally lower than timber cruise data, with the species absent in the FREP data generally being recorded as rare in the timber cruise. Some important stand structural attributes are not collected under the current timber cruise protocol. This research has identified some possible limitations of using timber cruise statistics as baseline information for FREP SLB monitoring. Forests are dynamic, rare forest elements may be misrepresented in all three samples, and some potentially valuable data are currently missing from timber cruise statistics. However, the opportunities that timber cruise data provide as a provincial baseline dataset are immense, and further exploration and study could identify ways to improve the compatibility, efficiency, and utility of these data in FREP Stand Level Biodiversity monitoring.

No description available.

No description available.

Assessing trends in forest ecosystems requires a thorough understanding of a benchmark or condition against which changes can be measured. Timber cruise information is a valuable source of baseline data, and has potential to be used in monitoring the effectiveness of management actions taken to maintain biodiversity and other societal values during and after harvesting. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of using these data as baseline information in FREP (Forest and Range Evaluation Program) Stand Level Biodiversity (SLB) assessments. Using three different data sources (timber cruise data, FREP pre-harvest data, and FREP post-harvest data), I conducted a pre- and post-harvest survey and evaluated trends in indicators within and across seven cutblocks. Mean densities for live and standing dead trees by diameter class, total live and dead trees, functional snags, large trees, tree species composition, coarse woody debris, and a number of qualitative indicators were analyzed. Results indicate that similarities exist between several characteristics within the timber cruise and pre- and post-harvest FREP data. For example, there was substantial overlap between stand structural characteristics assessed by the three methods. However, some discrepancies were identified. Large trees (live, dead and live and dead combined) were evident in very small numbers in the timber cruise and data were not consistent with pre-harvest FREP data. The number of tree species identified in FREP data was generally lower than timber cruise data, with the species absent in the FREP data generally being recorded as rare in the timber cruise. Some important stand structural attributes are not collected under the current timber cruise protocol. This research has identified some possible limitations of using timber cruise statistics as baseline information for FREP SLB monitoring. Forests are dynamic, rare forest elements may be misrepresented in all three samples, and some potentially valuable data are currently missing from timber cruise statistics. However, the opportunities that timber cruise data provide as a provincial baseline dataset are immense, and further exploration and study could identify ways to improve the compatibility, efficiency, and utility of these data in FREP Stand Level Biodiversity monitoring.

The seafaring people of Madura, situated off the northeastern coast of Java, are one of the leading maritime groups in the Indonesian archipelago. They have played a major role in indigenous shipping, and since the second half of the nineteenth century their importance in this field has been second only to that of the Bugis and Makassarese. With their strong maritime orientation and outward economy, the coastal Madurese contrast strongly with the agricultural orientation of their near neighbours, the Javanese and the Balinese. The first part of this thesis presents the Madurese in historical context vis-his the Javanese and the maritime groups of Sulawesi. It then considers the various historical and cultural-ecological factors which predisposed the coastal Madurese toward seafaring as a livelihood, and which enabled them to eclipse their former rivals along the north coast of Java. The main seafaring centres of Madura during the twentieth century are identified, with these being in three distinct locations: the northwest coast, the southwest coast, and the eastern islands of Madura. Special attention is paid to the two major commodities carried by traditional Madurese vessels, salt and cattle, leading up to a more detailed consideration of the major transport commodity from the 1960s until the present, timber. The second part of thesis focuses on the role of the Madurese in the Java Sea timber trade. A key aspect of this account is the struggle between timber importers and the state. The legal aspects of the movement of timber are explained, along with their economic significance for importers and vessel operators, and the changing degree of compliance with the law from the early 1970s to the much stricter enforcement after the mid-1990s. From the late 1990s until 2003 the focus becomes closer to reveal the inner workings of the timber trade, with special attention paid to the rise of 'wild' ports on the isolated north coast of Madura, as well as the difficulties faced by many Madurese vessel operators after the ethnic conflict in Central Kalimantan in 2001. The profitability and risks of the perahu operators and timber traders are explained, and career profiles of several prominent individuals are presented. The study ranges widely in its setting, including maritime villages around Madura, perahu ports in Java, and timber ports in Kalimantan. It concludes that the traditional approach to business of the Madurese is no longer appropriate, and that diversification and change of approach are now necessary. The maritime entrepreneurs of East Madura have in this respect been more successful than their counterparts in West Madura, and it is suggested that this difference is linked to historical differences between the two areas.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-129). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-136). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1999. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-129). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.) in Forestry--University of Maine, 2004. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-76).

Diss.--Landwirtschaftliche hochschule, Berlin. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur": p. 72-74.