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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analytical calculation model used when dimensioning timber poles used as overhead power line supports / Analytisk beräkningsmodell för att dimensionera trästolpar som används som luftledningsstolpar

Ekängen, Christopher January 2018 (has links)
Overhead power lines are more reliable and cost effective than underground cables when it comes to power transmission. The overhead power lines are often suspended above ground using timber pole supports. As the placement of each support depends upon topography amongst other things the conditions for most of the supports will be different and each pole can be viewed as a unique object. This requires that each support is dimensioned individually. The purpose of the project is to clarify how the dimensioning of a support should be performed. The main objective for the project is to develop an analytical model and simulation tool which can be used to dimension timber pole supports. Octave, a scientific programming language, is used for the simulation tool and to visualize the analytical model for the timber pole supports. The analytical model is validated by a finite element analysis, which is applied using the program ABAQUS/CAE. From the analytical model nomograms, which are diagrams that relate the parameters of the support, can be constructed. A nomogram is another tool that can be used when dimensioning timber supports. Many relevant design aspects are treated in the standard SS-EN 50341 and serves as the basis for the analytical calculation model. The supports can be divided into three main types; tangential supports, where the conductors continue straight at the support, angle supports, where the conductors make an angle at the support, and terminal supports, which are used at the endpoint of the conductors. Loads taken into account are: self-weight of components, wind, ice, conductor tension and maintenance. The loads are combined using a design equation which takes into account the probability of certain events occurring simultaneously using combination factors. Partial safety factors are also used to take into account possible deviations in loads, material or geometry. The failure modes of interest are rupture due to excessive bending loads and buckling due to excessive axial loads in the support legs. In the analytical calculations the timber is considered to be isotropic in accordance with the standard while the timber is modeled both as isotropic and orthotropic in the finite element analysis. The analytical model assumes that the cross-arm, which is the horizontal part of the support, only acts to distribute the load between the legs of the support without providing any extra stability by linking them together. In the finite element analysis the legs of the support are considered both individually and linked together by a cross-arm to test the validity of the assumption. To compare the results from the analytical model with finite element analysis one support of each type; tangential, angular and terminal is selected. An Octave script is written and applied to the selected supports to calculate their necessary dimensions. Based on the calculated dimensions 3D-models are created using PTC Creo Parametric 3.0 which then are imported into ABAQUS/CAE where the supports are subjected to finite element analysis. In addition to using the analytical model directly expressions that can be used to create nomograms for timber supports are also derived. Comparing results from FEM with the analytical model showed that the tangential and angular supports were over-dimensioned while the terminal supports were under-dimensioned in the analytical model. This means that a smaller dimension could be used for the tangential and angular supports. For the terminal support the analytical model needs to be altered so that failure will not occur. Changing the buckling mode for the terminal support in the analytical solution fixed the under-dimensioning issue. The finite element calculations where a cross-arm was used to link the legs of the support together showed no increased stability for buckling but showed lower bending stresses in the support legs. Using an orthotropic material model for the timber did not effect the calculations greatly as the properties in the length direction of the pole were significantly more important than the properties in the perpendicular directions. Dimensioning using nomograms is less accurate, as it only narrows the results down to a timber pole grade rather than a specific diameter. This decrease in accuracy is not cause for concern as the timber poles are ordered by grade and not a specific diameter. Using nomograms can give quick results when it comes to dimensioning. / Luftledningar är mer tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva än markkablar när det kommer till kraftöverföring. För att hålla luftledningar ovan mark används ofta trästolpar. Placeringen av varje stolpe beror bland annat på topografin vilket gör att villkoren för nästan varje stolpe skiljer sig åt. Detta gör att varje stolpe måste dimensioneras individuellt. Projektets syfte är att klargöra på vilket sätt dimensionen för en stolpe ska bestämmas. Det huvudsakliga målet är att utveckla en analytisk modell som kan användas för att dimensionera trästolpar. Octave, ett vetenskapligt programspråk, används för att tillämpa den analytiska modellen på trästolparna. Den analytiska modellen valideras med finit elementanalys, som tillämpas genom användandet av ABAQUS/CAE. Från den analytiska modellen kan också nomogram konstrueras vilket är ett annat sätt att dimensionera stolpar genom att används diagram som relaterar stolparnas parametrar. Många av de relevanta designaspekterna som berör stolpar behandlas i standarden SS-EN 50341 och ligger till grund för den analytiska modellen. Stolparna kan delas in i tre huvudtyper; raklinjestolpar, där ledarna fortsätter rakt vid stolpen, vinkelstolpar, där ledarna avviker med en vinkel, och ändstolpar, som används vid avslut av ledarna. De laster som beaktas är egenvikt hos komponenter, vind, is, spänning i ledare och underhåll. För att kombinera lasterna används en designekvation som tar hänsyn till sannolikheten att vissa händelser sker samtidigt genom att applicera kombinationsfaktorer. Dessutom används partialsäkerhetsfaktorer för att kompensera för eventuella avvikelser i last, material eller geometri. Stolparna dimensioneras mot brott på grund av för hög böjande belastning och knäckning på grund av för hög axialbelastning. I de analytiska beräkningarna antas trä vara ett isotropt material i enlighet med standarden medan det modelleras både som isotropt och ortotropt vid analys med finita elementmetoden. Vidare antas att regeln, den horisontella delen av stolpen, endast fördelar lasten mellan stolpens ben utan att bidra med någon extra stabilitet genom att länka benen samman. För att testa detta antagande modelleras stolpbenen både individuellt och sammanlänkade med en regel vid analys med finita elementmetoden. För att kunna jämföra resultatet från den analytiska modellen med finit elementanalys väljs en stolpe av varje typ; raklinje-, vinkel-, och ändstolpe, ut. Ett skript skrivs i Octave och tillämpas på de utvalda stolparna för att bestämma vilka dimensioner som krävs. Baserat på de beräknade dimensionerna skapas 3D-modeller i PTC Creo Parametric 3.0 vilka sedan importeras till ABAQUS/CAE för analys med finita elementmetoden. Förutom att tillämpa den analytiska modellen direkt härleds uttryck för att kunna generera nomogram. En jämförelse av resultaten från FEM med den analytiska modellen visade att raklinje- och vinkelstolpar blev överdimensionerade medan ändstolpar blev underdimensionerade. Detta innebär att en mindre dimension kan användas för raklinje- och vinkelstolpar. För ändstolpar måste modellen korrigeras för att stolpen ska hålla. Genom att ändra knäckningsfall för ändstolpen i den analytiska modellen löstes problemet med underdimensionering. Beräkningarna i finita elementmetoden där en regel användes för att sammanlänka stolpbenen visade ingen ökad stabilitet för knäckning men böjspänningarna i stolpbenen blev lägre. Att använda en ortotrop materialmodell påverkade inte beräkningarna nämnvärt eftersom egenskaperna i längsriktningen var mycket mer signifikanta än egenskaperna i tvärriktningarna. Vid dimensionering med hjälp av nomogram fås en sämre noggrannhet, eftersom resultatet endast blir en viss stolpklass istället för en specifik diameter. Denna minskade noggrannhet är ingen anledning till oro eftersom trästolparna beställs utifrån klass och inte utifrån specifik diameter. Användandet av nomogram kan ge snabba resultat vid dimensionering.
2

Modelo teórico-experimental de deterioração de postes de madeira aplicado ao Estado de São Paulo / Theoretical-experimental model of timber pole deterioration applied to the State of São Paulo

Freitas, Roberto Ramos de 30 September 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo teórico e experimental de avaliação da degradação em postes de madeira utilizados em redes de energia elétrica. Com base em ampla revisão bibliográfica, de dados climáticos de várias cidades do Estado de São Paulo e resultados de ensaios de perfuração controlada realizadas em campo, em vários municípios do Estado de São Paulo, apresenta um modelo de apodrecimento de madeira em contato com o solo, identificando quais as cidades são mais e menos agressivas à madeira nestas condições, propondo a simplificação deste modelo, facilitando sua utilização na previsão da vida útil de madeiras em contato com o solo, predizendo o grau de deterioração destes. O modelo proposto se mostrou bastante adequado, dando uma boa previsão da deterioração de postes nas diversas regiões do Estado. / The purpose of this paper is the theoretical and experimental study of evaluation of timber deterioration in used poles in nets of electric energy. Basing on ample bibliographical reviews of climatic data of some cities in the State of São Paulo and results of controlled perforation testing done in field, in some cities of the State of São Paulo, it presents a model of timber decay in contact with the ground, identifying which cities are more aggressive or less aggressive to the wood in these conditions, proposing the simplification of this model, facilitating its use in the forecast of the timber service life in contact with the ground, predicting the degree of deterioration in them. The proposed model proved to be sufficiently adequate giving a good forecast of the pole deterioration in several regions of the State.
3

Modelo teórico-experimental de deterioração de postes de madeira aplicado ao Estado de São Paulo / Theoretical-experimental model of timber pole deterioration applied to the State of São Paulo

Roberto Ramos de Freitas 30 September 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo teórico e experimental de avaliação da degradação em postes de madeira utilizados em redes de energia elétrica. Com base em ampla revisão bibliográfica, de dados climáticos de várias cidades do Estado de São Paulo e resultados de ensaios de perfuração controlada realizadas em campo, em vários municípios do Estado de São Paulo, apresenta um modelo de apodrecimento de madeira em contato com o solo, identificando quais as cidades são mais e menos agressivas à madeira nestas condições, propondo a simplificação deste modelo, facilitando sua utilização na previsão da vida útil de madeiras em contato com o solo, predizendo o grau de deterioração destes. O modelo proposto se mostrou bastante adequado, dando uma boa previsão da deterioração de postes nas diversas regiões do Estado. / The purpose of this paper is the theoretical and experimental study of evaluation of timber deterioration in used poles in nets of electric energy. Basing on ample bibliographical reviews of climatic data of some cities in the State of São Paulo and results of controlled perforation testing done in field, in some cities of the State of São Paulo, it presents a model of timber decay in contact with the ground, identifying which cities are more aggressive or less aggressive to the wood in these conditions, proposing the simplification of this model, facilitating its use in the forecast of the timber service life in contact with the ground, predicting the degree of deterioration in them. The proposed model proved to be sufficiently adequate giving a good forecast of the pole deterioration in several regions of the State.

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