INTRODUCTION: E-cigarettes have emerged as the most commonly used tobacco or nicotine products among youth in the United States (US), and usage with other products (dual use) is not well understood. This study assessed dual use and identified associated factors of usage in school-going youth in the high tobacco burdened region of rural Appalachian Tennessee. METHODS: Two waves of data for the same cohort of students were collected in 2014 (Wave 1) and 2016 (Wave 2). Dual use of e-cigarettes with any other tobacco product was the dependent variable. The independent variables consisted of exposure to tobacco use at home, home smoking rules, smoking inside the vehicle, attitudes toward smoking, exposure to tobacco industry marketing/promotion, and peer/family pressure. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the prevalence of dual use and delineate factors associated with usage. RESULTS: Dual use increased from 13.3% in Wave 1 to 18.6% in Wave 2. Results of logistic regression show that exposure to tobacco industry marketing/promotion was significantly associated with dual use in the two waves, odds ratio (OR) = 4.18 (confidence interval [CI] = 1.69-10.38) and OR = 4.43 (CI = 2.03-9.67), respectively. While allowing smoking inside the vehicles, sometimes, significantly increased dual use in Wave 1 (OR = 3.18 [CI = 1.19-8.48]), exposure to tobacco use at home (OR = 2.94 [1.24-6.97]), and peer/family pressure (OR = 2.92 [1.87-7.19]) increased usage in Wave 2. CONCLUSION: The increasing trend in dual use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products among youth in Appalachia Tennessee suggests a critical need for comprehensive tobacco control programs to avert exacerbating disparities in tobacco use and tobacco-related diseases in the US.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Analyses of tobacco products and their usage are well-researched and have implications in analytical chemistry, forensic science, toxicology, and medicine. As such, analytical methods must be developed to extract compounds of interest from tobacco products and biological specimens in order to determine tobacco exposure. In 2009, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. released a line of dissolvable tobacco products that are marketed as a smoking alternative. The dissolvables were extracted and prepared by ultrasonic extractions, derivatization, and headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) with analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that the compounds present are nicotine, flavoring compounds, humectants and binders. Humectant concentrations vary among different tobacco types depending on the intended use. Humectants were quantified in various tobacco types by GC and “splitting” the column flow between a flame ionization detector (FID) and an MS using a microfluidic splitter in order to gain advantage from the MS’s selectivity. The results demonstrated excellent correlation between FID and MS and show that MS provides a higher level of selectivity and ensures peak purity. Chemometrics was also used to distinguish products by tobacco type. Hair is a common type of evidence in forensic investigations, and it is often subjected to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. Preliminary data was gathered on potential “lifestyle” markers for smoking status as well as any indications of subject age, gender, or race by investigating the organic “waste” produced during a mtDNA extraction procedure. The normally discarded organic fractions were analyzed by GC-MS and various lipids and fatty acids were detected. At this point, a total vaporization-SPME (TV-SPME) method was theorized, developed, and optimized for the specific determination of nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine. The theory of TV-SPME is to completely vaporize an organic extract which will eliminate the partitioning between the sample and the headspace, thereby simplifying the thermodynamic equilibrium. Parameters such as sample volume, incubation temperature, and extraction time were optimized to achieve the maximum analyte signal. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a statistical model that is very useful in predicting and determining optimum values for variables to ensure the ideal response. RSM was used to optimize the technique of TV-SPME for the analysis of nicotine and cotinine. Lastly, quantitation of nicotine and cotinine in human hair typically requires large sample sizes and extensive extraction procedures. Hence, a method using small sample sizes and a simple alkaline digestion followed by TV-SPME-GC-MS has been developed. Hair samples were collected from anonymous volunteers and nicotine and cotinine were identified and quantitated in the hair of tobacco users.

The thesis deals with regulation of tobacco products advertising and its impact on selected media houses in the Czech Republic. First part of the thesis is dedicated to the history of smoking, to tobacco advertising in general and to description of negative effects on human health. Major tobacco companies present in the Czech market since 1993 are introduced. Moreover legislative development in the area of tobacco advertising which took place in three phases between years 1995 - 2004 is described. Part of the thesis focuses also on the context of the ban on tobacco advertising on the EU level, which became effective as of July 2005. Second part of the thesis deals with impact analysis of increasing tobacco regulation on selected Czech media. As for the television broadcasters, the Czech Television and TV NOVA are analyzed. For printed media, the impact is depicted on the case of newspapers Mladá fronta Dnes and Lidové noviny. Significant part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of advertising data and to the description of changes in the marketing and communication strategies of four biggest tobacco holdings, including the analysis of how they have addressed the issue of limited communication opportunities and how they have overcome the ban of tobacco products advertising. Separate chapter is...

The topicality of this issue increases proportionally with increasing consumption of tobacco products, especially in certain age and social groups. Revenue from excise taxes on tobacco products is growing partly due to the ever-increasing consumption of tobacco products and also due to a gradual increase in taxes. The theoretical part will deal with tax theory, the theory of general government revenue and expenditure and the negative consequences caused by the consumption of tobacco products. The practical part will analyze the evolution of consumption of tobacco products, the development of revenues from excise taxes on tobacco products, development costs incurred in removing the negative consequences of tobacco consumption and the like. The aim of this work is the processing of the material on the development of tobacco consumption and evaluation of revenue and expenses resulting from the consumption of tobacco products, including the negative consequences, which will be proposed for their elimination.

Objective. To examine alternative tobacco product (ATP) use and associated factors among middle school students in Appalachian Tennessee. Method. Data (2015– 2016; N=573) from school-based tobacco surveys in 11 middle schools in Appalachian Tennessee were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression model described factors associated with ATP use. Results. More than one-tenth (13.2%) of participants have ever used ATPs. Approximately 9%, 7%, 6%, and 2% of participants have ever used e-cigarettes, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and little cigars or cigarillos, respectively. The following were significantly associated with ever use of ATPs: believing tobacco users have more friends, owning tobacco-branded item(s), living with a tobacco user, having ever smoked cigarettes, and living in homes where smoking is allowed. Conclusion. More than one in 10 of participants have ever used at least one ATP, and association with desirable objects and situations may promote ATP use. Interventions should seek to reduce these positive images and make all tobacco products unappealing.

The thesis studies the consumption of tobacco as a specific cultural phenomenon owing to the fact that since a tobacco plant has been brought to Europe; its use has spread over other continents and has rooted in many developed civilizations. From the theoretical standpoint, the thesis argues that as cultures are not constant entities, the same applies for public opinions regarding tobacco, from the firm belief that tobacco has positive effects on our health to the stigmatization of tobacco. The paper has four parts. First three parts discuss smoking in marketing communication and further identifies key topics; the final part presents the semiotic analysis of tobacco advertising from the selected periodicals printed (from newspapers and magazines) in the former Czechoslovakia from twenties to fifties of the twentieth century. The main objective is to specify both verbal and visual motives that ad makers used to use in order to create ideological implications of their ads (decoding symbols and interpretation of their meanings). Further, the thesis describes the former advertising style for tobacco products ( brands, targeting, products). The methodology of the work is partly based on the work of Jan Stern (2005, Latent meaning of advertisement text), further some of his terms are being applied in...

This thesis is concerned with a comparison of excise duty on tobacco products in the Czech Republic and the member countries of the European Union. Its aim is to find groups of countries with similar indicators, to explore the similarities between these countries and to try to identify the possible effects that may cause differences. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part is focused on the characteristics of excise duties and primarily on excise duty on tobacco products. It deals with European Commission directives and minimum excise rates. The practical part deals with selected indicators related to excise duty on tobacco products. These indicators are excise duty on tobacco products as percentage of GDP and percentage of total taxation, specific excise per 1 000 cigarettes as percentage of WAP and excise yield in EUR per 1 000 cigarettes of the WAP. The last indicator is cigarettes consumption per capita, which is not included in the analysis. Data is processed by cluster analysis for the years 2003 and 2014 in computer software STATISTICA 12. The task of cluster analysis is to find groups of countries which are similar. The results of cluster analysis are described in the next chapters. The differences of the individual clusters and the possible influences that these differences may have caused are also described in the last chapters.

This diploma thesis deals with smoking school-based preventive programmes. The main aim of the thesis is to find out whether selected primary schools in the Czech Republic use and implement addictological preventive programmes and specific smoking preventive programmes. The work is based on theoretical background dealing with the phenomenon of smoking, its aetiology, its consequences, prevention, school prevention of risk behaviour and its importance in school education plans or school prevention methodologist as a one of the key actors in school prevention. Another aim is to clarify the use of smoking school-based preventive programmes, its provider, and how school prevention methodologist subjectively evaluates these programmes. A questionnaire was created for data collection, which was provided to all primary schools (or school prevention methodologist) in Prague, which are listed in the register of the Ministry of Education. The results of the research have shown that most of schools had an addictological prevention programme in their current or lasting school plan, nearly half of respondents confirmed realization of a smoking school-based preventive programme. It has been found that a large part of schools has smoking school-based preventive programmes implemented by themselves or with a help...

The thesis describes and analyzes the excise tax on tobacco products and the relevant market in the Czech Republic. Changes of the excise tax on tobacco products in the Czech Republic and their impacts on the public finance, on sales of tobacco products, and on illegal market trading these products are analyzed as well as effects of government regulation on the tobacco products market. The thesis concludes that increasing excise taxes, due to the Peltzman effect, may lead to originally unintended consequences which are in the contradiction to arguments in favor of the tax increase. Distortions on the tobacco products' market make the efficient regulation difficult.

Цель работы: разработка концепции эффективной системы учета и отслеживания продукции, основанной на применении блокчейн-технологии, в связи c изменениями в маркировке табачной продукции. Задачи работы: - изучить принципы блокчейн технологий; - изучить принципы «smart-контракта» технологии; - рассмотреть преимущества и недостатки технологии; - разработать smart-контракт; - оценить экономическую эффективность проекта. Объект исследования – блокчейн-технологии. Предмет исследования - процесс маркировки продукции. В первой главе приведен обзор теоретического материала по технологии блокчейн. Вторая глава посвящена разработке методики использования «smart-контракта» при маркировке табачной продукции. В третьей главе рассмотрено применение смарт - контракта для конкретного бизнес-процесса. Результаты работы: практическим результатом работы является концепция умного контракта, который существенно упростит процесс, а также позволит маркировать продукцию и контролировать сбыт. / The main objective is to develop the concept of effective system accounting and product tracking, based on using of blockchain system, due to changes in the labeling of tobacco products. Tasks of this research: - to examine principles of technology blockchain system - to examine principles of “Smart contract” technology - to consider the advantages and disadvantages of technology -to develop a smart contract - to examine the economical efficient of this project The object of this research is block-technology. The subject of the study is the process of labeling products. The first chapter provides an overview of theoretical material of blockchain technology. The second chapter is devoted to developing a methodology of using a "smart contract" for the labeling of tobacco products. The third chapter deals with the application of a smart contract for a particular business process The result of this Project: the practical result of the work is the concept of a smart contract, which will greatly simplify the process and will also allow to label products and control sales.