Tobacco use remains the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in both the United States and worldwide. Twin and family studies have demonstrated that both genetic and environmental factors are important contributors to tobacco use behaviors. Understanding how genes, the environment, and their interactions is critical to the development of public health interventions that focus on the reduction of tobacco related morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have examined the transition from adolescent to young adulthood – the time when many individuals are experimenting with and developing patterns of tobacco use. This dissertation thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive set of studies looking at risk for tobacco use behaviors and nicotine dependence using samples of young adults. The first aim is to examine the joint contributions of genetic liability and environmental contexts on tobacco use in adolescence and young adulthood using classical twin study methodologies. The second goal is to identify genetic variants and quantifying genetic risk for tobacco use in young adulthood and examining their interaction with environmental context across development. Accordingly, the thesis is divided up into the following sections: i) reviews of existing literature on genes, environment, and tobacco use; ii) twin studies of genetic and environmental influences on tobacco use behavior phenotypes; iii) prevalence, correlates, and predictors of tobacco use behaviors; iv) genetic analyses of tobacco use behaviors; v) a commentary on the emergence of alternative nicotine delivery systems and its public health impacts; and vi) plans for an internet-based educational intervention seeking to reduce tobacco use (and nicotine dependence) by providing students attending university with information on genetic and environmental risk factors for nicotine dependence.

No description available.

OBJECTIVES: Despite declining tobacco consumption in the U.S., it remains a public health concern. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco consumption, different tobacco products and smoking duration on dental caries risk among different populations. METHODS: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were used in an epidemiological cross-sectional study of a representative sample of U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population to investigate the influence of tobacco use and different tobacco products on caries prevalence among adolescents and adults. The outcomes were DMFT and DFT indices. Data from the Dental Longitudinal Study (DLS), a closed-panel prospective cohort study of oral health and aging, was used in longitudinal design to determine if changes in tobacco use status change the risk of developing new caries in adult men. Caries increment was used as an outcome. In addition, a cross-sectional study, using DLS, evaluated the association between smoking duration and caries prevalence, and to determine if it is mediated by unstimulated saliva flow rate. DMFS was used as an outcome. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted on dental caries outcomes by tobacco use status and product consumption. Multiple regression, GEE, and mediation analyses were conducted controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Active tobacco use was significantly associated with dental caries, with the highest caries prevalence compared to passive or non-use among adolescents and adults (P-value <.0001). Among adolescents, passive tobacco users had higher caries prevalence than non-tobacco users. In the DLS, continuous use, quitting and starting/ restarting tobacco use between examinations were all associated with higher caries increments (p-value <0.01). Smoking duration was significantly associated with caries prevalence as long smoking duration (31- 70 years) had on average 14 more DMFS than nonsmokers (p-value= 0.0002) and USFR may partially mediate this relation by about 8.70%. CONCLUSION: Dental caries was significantly associated with active tobacco use among adolescents and adults. Caries prevalence is also high among adolescents passively exposed to tobacco. In adult men, continuous tobacco use was associated with higher caries increments. Long-term smoking was associated with high caries prevalence and this relation could be partially mediated by unstimulated saliva flow rate. / 2019-09-26T00:00:00Z

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-12T10:59:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lídia Acyole de Souza Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2077316 bytes, checksum: 5eea16fff9905118a6f898af61a05176 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-12T11:00:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lídia Acyole de Souza Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2077316 bytes, checksum: 5eea16fff9905118a6f898af61a05176 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T11:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lídia Acyole de Souza Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 2077316 bytes, checksum: 5eea16fff9905118a6f898af61a05176 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / Smoking is considered a public health issue and has registered decline in their prevalence in recent years. However, many young people still experience various forms of tobacco consumption making them vulnerable to initiation and therefore the addition. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of experimentation and use of electronic cigarettes and shisha, and sociodemographic associations. Methodology: Observational, analytical cross-quantitative study, with university from an institution in Anapolis, Goias, Brazil. Data were collected between November 2015 to February 2016 in all classrooms of Odontology, Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Physical Education, Law and Civil Engineering, and up yourth year of medical school. Sampling was probabilistic by clusters and for the sample calculation was used the equation of finite populations. For data collection it was used a sociodemographic record, an economic classification record, and structured interview form. The inclusion criteria was being more than 18 yars old and be present at the university on the collect day. We excluded those who did not complete the informed consent form. The data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0, and the chi-squared test followed by multiple comparison test (post-hoc) was used to cheking the association between variables. The significance valued was set at 5%. was realized still a multivariate binary regression. Results: 1539 students were enrolled, with a mean age of 21.3 ± 3.6. The prevalence of electronic cigarette experimentation was 241 (15.66%) and shisha 521 (33.9%). As to current use, 11 (5.7%) reported weekly usage of the electronic cigarette and 23 (5.3%) of hookahs. Experimentation of the electronic cigarette was significantly associated with male sex, economic class level A and smokers. Experimentation of shisha was higher significantly in women (51.4%), under 21 (59.9%), middle-class young people (46.8%) among nonsmokers students (87.9%) and others experienced tobacco products (52.4%). Conclusion: The prevalence of experimentation and currente use of electronic cigarette (15.66% and 5.7%) and sisha (33.9% and 5.3%) are highconsidering mainly the characteristics of the products and the vulnerability faced by university students. The factors associated with experimentation show that the tobacco industry has managed to popularize other ways of tobacco use among this group. / O tabagismo é considerado um problema de saúde publica e tem registrado queda em sua prevalência nos últimos anos. Entretanto, uma grande quantidade de jovens ainda experimenta diversas formas de consumo do tabaco tornando-os vulneráveis à iniciação e, consequentemente, à dependência. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a prevalência de experimentação e uso do cigarro eletrônico e narguilé, e suas associações sociodemográficas. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal analítico de abordagem quantitativa, com universitários de uma instituição de ensino superior em Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil. A coleta ocorreu entre os meses de Novembro 2015 a Fevereiro de 2016 em todas as turmas dos cursos de Odontologia, Fisioterapia, Farmácia, Educação Física, Direito e Engenharia Civil, e até 8º período de Medicina. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se uma ficha sócio demográfica, um questionário de classificação econômica, e formullário de entrevista estruturada. O critério de inclusão foi ser maior de 18 anos e estar em atividade na universidade no dia da coleta, foram excluídos aqueles que não preencheram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados foram analisados com auxilio do programa SPSS 23.0, e o teste qui quadrado seguido do teste de múltiplas comparações (Post-Hoc) foi utilizado para verificar associação entre as variáveis. O valor de significância foi fixado em 5%. Realizou-se ainda uma análise multivariada de regressão binária. Resultados: Foram incluídos 1539 alunos, com média de idade de 21,3 ± 3,6. A prevalência de experimentação de cigarro eletrônico foi de 15,66% (241) e narguilé de 33,9% (521). Quanto ao uso atual, 5,7% (11) afirmaram uso semanal do cigarro eletrônico e 5,3% (23) de narguilé. A experimentação do cigarro eletrônico esteve associada de forma significativa ao sexo masculino, classe econômica nível A e tabagistas. A experimentação de narguilé foi maior de forma significativa em mulheres (51,4%), menores de 21 anos (59,9%), jovens de classe média (46,8%), entre alunos não tabagistas (87,9%) e que experimentaram outros derivados de tabaco (52,4%). Conclusão: As prevalências de experimentação e uso de cigarro eletrônico (15,66% e 5,7%) e narguilé (33,9% e 5,3%) são altas, principalmente considerando as características dos produtos e a fase de vulnerabilidade sofrida por universitários. Os fatores associados a experimentação mostram que a indústria do cigarro tem conseguido populaziar outras formas de consumo do tabaco entre este grupo.

This master thesis focuses on application of tracking and tracing technologies in the tobacco industry. As per Directive 2014/40/EU, overall trackability and traceability will be an obligation for all unit packs of tobacco products. The reason for this is the fight against the black market. The thesis analyses the current track and trace technologies, evaluates the important points of the Directive and describes tobacco market specifications. The core is to propose a specific technology for this objective and to summarise essential features of the system. In addition, a technology called Codentify is described in detail, as it has the potential to fulfil the legislative demands.

The Diploma Thesis deals with the regulation of the tobacco market. The first part is dedicated to the theoretical view on regulation. It describes the historical development of the different points of view on regulation within economic schools, then it characterizes different types of market failure and within those it shows possible solutions in form of regulatory measures. The second part of the diploma thesis deals with tobacco and tobacco products market. In this chapter the current situation on the market is analyzed and some trends are derived, the chapter also deals with the largest producers of tobacco products nowadays. The last chapter deals with current tobacco control legislation. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and current European tobacco control legislation are looked at in detail and there is a comparison conducted of the level of tobacco market regulation in different parts of the world. The last part of the thesis delivers the evaluation of the level to which the current tobacco regulation is in line with the economic theory of regulation.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the excise duty on tobacco products in the Czech Republic since 1993 up to the present time, especially the development of rates and revenues. Excise duty is imposed on tobacco products in the Czech Republic and also in the other European Union countries. Harmonisation efforts in the European Union and also fiscal need of Czech Republic cause frequent changes in tobacco excise duty rates, which conduces not only to change of tax collection, but can also bring some other related effects. In the theoretical part I first characterize the tax theory with a detailed focus on excise duty on tobacco products. Subsequently I define the meaning of excise duty on tobacco products, the principles and the mechanisms of the tax collection. In the practical part of the thesis I aim at analyse the evolution of the legal framework that affects excise duty on tobacco products and significantly affects the thesis in other sections. Further, I analyse the relationship between the rate of excise duty on tobacco products and tax collection and find out that the higher rate of excise duty not always led to higher tax yields. Finally I assess the effectiveness of the increase of excise duty on tobacco products and its impact on the consumption of tobacco products, illegal market and the public budgets.

This diploma thesis allows getting complex summary about important aspects of tax theory with special focus on excise taxes. The thesis is an analysis of excise tax on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products in the Czech Republic in the years 2000-2015. The analysis includes an assessment of the impact of rates increase of specific excise taxes on the state budget, the consumption of selected products and the number of detected tax evasions. The thesis demonstrated a positive correlation between the increase in excise taxes and revenues from alcoholic beverages and tobacco products. Increasing rates but also leads to a decrease in consumption of these products and has an impact on the number of detected cases of tax evasions in the area of excise taxes.

From 1st January 2014 the Czech Republic has to fullfil new minimum rates of excise duty on tobacco products according to requirements of the European Union. The aim of my thesis is to analyze the current state of tax policy on tobacco taxation and design the future rates with regard to the current structure of the consumption of tobacco products. The first chapter concerns mainly to the Czech legislation, the system of taxation of tobacco products, defines the basic concepts and principles, the second chapter focuses on the development and requirements of European secondary law governing the taxation of tobacco products, which is the means for the harmonization of excise duties in the European Union. There is some space given to the development of the rates of excise duty on tobacco products and revenues of this tax, including their evaluation. The final analysis compares alternatives of the tax rates as they could be set from 2014 following the development of the future exchange rate according to the Ministry of Finance forecasts and at different rates of value added tax.

Tobacco as subject of excise tax Abstract The subject of my work is the excise duty on tobacco products and tobacco in all its forms. Tobacco is a very specific product in terms of taxation in comparison with other products taxed by excise duty. Whether it is the issue of labeling tobacco products, filing tax returns, or the method of packaging and price regulation, in all these areas, the administration of excise duty on tobacco products is a completely separate piece of legislation, which differs significantly from the administration of other excise duties. All these institutes are analyzed in detail, including consideration of the relevant case law of administrative courts. Complementary to tax regulation of tobacco products is the excise duty on raw tobacco, which is a new type of excise duty (which is not harmonized by European Union law). A novelty in the field of excise duties across the European Union but also globally is the tax on heated tobacco products, which has been enshrined in all legal systems in recent years. The aim of my work is a thorough analysis of all the above areas. Also due to the reason that in the Czech Republic, the excise duty on tobacco products and tobacco has not yet been the subject of one comprehensive publication. In the area of tobacco product legislation, I will...