Abstract The purpose of this article is to gain insight in the South African tobacco industry, its influence on the community and the role of anti-tobacco campaigns. This is done by conducting an empirical investigation of the attitudes and behaviour of smokers and non-smokers regarding the national government campaigns against tobacco products. Consequently, it will contribute in determining the efficiency of the anti-tobacco campaigns as well as the effect of the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 12 of 1999) on smokers and non-smokers. It is postulated that by applying the principles of marketing (demarketing and remarketing) it could contribute significantly in influencing smoking behaviour amongst South Africans.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Community Health. / Tobacco is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Smoking rates in South Africa have been increasing over the past decade. The promotion of health by targeting anti smoking campaigns at school going children is a common strategy throughout the world. The aim of this study was to examines the extent and nature of cigarette smoking in high schools in Greater Johannesburg in 1994, in order to inform health promotion programmes dealing with tobacco contro / IT2018

acase@tulane.edu / Conventional cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, yet one in five people continue to smoke. Recently, electronic cigarettes have become the most popular alternative tobacco product among adults and the most popular tobacco product of any kind among middle and high school students. However, the full health consequences of electronic cigarette use remain unclear, particularly with respect to the vascular system. The majority of tobacco product-related pathologies possess a vascular component, and it is imperative to determine whether electronic cigarettes pose the same vascular risk. This study examined the effects of electronic cigarette aerosol on vascular cell viability and function in primary human vascular cell lines. The parameters tested were cell viability, DNA damage, generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, the type of cell death induced, migration, proliferation, and vascular network formation and growth. The results indicate that commercial electronic cigarette aerosol reduces endothelial cell viability, causes DNA breaks, generates reactive oxygen species, and induces endothelial cell death through both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways. Further, the non-apoptotic pathway is dependent on oxidative stress and can be prevented with anti-oxidant therapy. An analysis of electronic cigarette components revealed that flavoring compounds, nicotine, and the vegetable glycerol/propylene glycol electronic cigarette liquid base are all capable of modulating vascular cell response. The flavoring compounds 2,3-butanedione and 2,3-pentanedione are capable of inducing cell death in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells in a cell type and compound dependent fashion. These two compounds were also shown to inhibit endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Vegetable glycerol/propylene glycol electronic cigarette base with or without nicotine was shown to have a positive effect on endothelial cell viability, a negative effect on smooth muscle cell viability, and modulate endothelial cell proliferation and network formation. No formation of electronic cigarette aerosol was found to alter endothelial cell migration. Taken together, these results indicate that electronic cigarette aerosol may be safer than conventional cigarette smoke, but it is by no means safe. Additional research and careful regulatory controls are needed as these products are poised to become the leading tobacco product for future generations. / 1 / Chastain Aalis Anderson

International trade in tobacco products, and tobacco is one of the largest markets employing countless people around the world. Beginning tobacco trade kolumbovské date back to the time in which it was in Europe excluding potatoes and tomatoes and imported tobacco, which began to be used as a panacea. Extension of tobacco around the world helped not only the nicotine addiction that has become a hallmark of social status, but especially its medicinal properties. Since tobacco consumption grew rapidly, people began to suffer from illnesses caused by his smoking. For this reason the tobacco classified as harmful to health and began to develop the first restriction and regulation. An example might be restrictions on tobacco promotion, or their total ban. Regarding the appearance of tobacco products, subject to certain rules that determine what can and can not appear on the packaging. Among the mandatory items include the composition of a tobacco product and text or picture health warnings. Tobacco products have a significant impact on the fiscal policy of the state, which indirectly affects their final price. Tobacco products is imposed many taxes and customs duties. The biggest influence on the retail price of tobacco products has a special consumption tax, the consequences of which are given in the literature search. The last chapter of the literary work is concerned with the volume of export and import of tobacco products to / from the EU and the countries with the highest consumption of cigarettes.

Making tobacco products associated with lower risks available to smokers who would otherwise continue smoking is recognized as an important strategy towards addressing smoking-related harm. Predicting use behavior is an important major component of product risk assessment. In this context, risk perception is a possible factor driving tobacco product uptake and use. As prior to market launch real-world actual product use cannot be observed, assessing risk perception can provide predictive information. Considering the lack of suitable validated self-report instruments, the development of a new instrument was undertaken to quantify perceived risks of tobacco and nicotine-containing products by adult smokers, former smokers and never-smokers. Initial items were constructed based on a literature review, focus groups and expert opinion. Data for scale formation and assessment were obtained through two successive US-based web surveys (n=2020 and 1640 completers, respectively). Psychometric evaluation was based on Rasch Measurement Theory and Classical Test Theory. Psychometric evaluation supported the formation of an 18-item Perceived Health Risk scale and a 7-item Perceived Addiction Risk scale: item response option thresholds were ordered correctly for all items; item locations in each scale were spread out (coverage range 75-87%); scale reliability was supported by high person separation indices > 0.93, Cronbach's alpha > 0.98 and Corrected Item-Total Correlations > 0.88; and no differential item functioning was present. Construct validity evaluations met expectations through inter-scale correlations and findings from known-group comparisons. The Perceived Risk Instrument is a psychometrically robust instrument applicable for general and personal risk perception measurement, for use in different types of products (including cigarettes, nicotine replacement therapy, potential Modified Risk Tobacco Products), and for different status groups (i.e., current smokers with and without intention to quit, former smokers, never smokers).

The subject of this diploma thesis is anti-smoking legislation in the Czech republic. This diploma thesis results from contemporary legislative changes regarding health protection against using the tobacco products. I described history of smoking and smoking bans, actualy activ and prepared legislation regulating using the tobacco product, offenses and misdemeanors, definitions, conections of smoking bans and human rights and liberties, legislation of the European Union and some european states. In the introduction I explain my view on the actual anti-smoking legislation in the Czech republic. I try to delineate, which problems actual legislation brings and which defictis has. The first chapter explains attitude of the society to smoking during the time, we can see, that smoking began being "normal" quite fast, and states did not reduce it at all. The second part compares human liberty and right to health. Next chapters contain actual legislation in the Czech republic - offenses, advertising and especially current change of act editing packaging and warning. I explain terms and definitions, commitmens to the EU and international organisations. One chapter also brings two planed changes of the czech anti-smoking legislations - there are one completely new law and one sectional change of the current...

With the entry into force of the Second Tobacco Products Directive1 (hereinafter TPD), new labelling requirements for tobacco products are being introduced for ensuring greater protection of public health. Notably, the TPD harmonises minimum requirements of the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and its Guidelines, consisting of pictorial warnings and information about the harmful effects of smoking (Article 9 and 10 TPD), covering 65% of the tobacco package2, but also provides the possibility for Member States to introduce further more stringent measures (Article 24(2) TPD). Only brand names in a standard font are allowed to be displayed on a package with neutral colour without any trademarks.3 This thesis is specifically concerned with the effect of the TPD’s new labelling requirements (plain packaging) on the intellectual property rights (trademark rights) of the tobacco manufacturers. The justifications for the new limitations are considered from a broader EU perspective and from an Intellectual Property law one. The paper reflects on the character of protection that there is no deprivation nor expropriation of property, but a mere control of use and that the right conferred upon registration of a mark is ius excludenti alios and not a right to use. These justifications are based on examination of case law, legislation provisions and it is relied on the surveys approved by the WHO and made post-implementation of plain packaging in Australia. However, it is suggested that the use of trademarks has become an indispensable part of the economic reality and through plain packaging the trademark proprietors’ interests are being undermined. Consequently, it is argued that the new regime is oppressive towards the interests of the trademark proprietors and is not the most effective for attaining the public health objective, by drawing upon sociological and economical research. Finally, the thesis criticises a plain packaging regime as being detrimental to trademark owners and its potential spillover effect to other industries, the risk of increase of illicit trade and counterfeits, which will cause a whole area of intellectual property to become redundant.

Title of the Master's Thesis: Tobacco Products Regulation Abstract: The submitted diploma thesis focuses on the issue of tobacco products regulation. The aim of the work is to analyse substantive law governing tobacco products in all its aspects so that the work provides a comprehensive overview of substantive law with regards to tobacco product's "life cycle", from production to consumer. The first chapter describes the methodology and existing literature, providing the reader with an overview of key sources on which it was possible to base the writing of the work. The second chapter deals with historical developments and applicable law at the European and international level. The following chapters deal with the individual aspects of tobacco product's regulation. Chapter 3 deals in great detail with the regulation of the product itself (i.e. product layout, content and ingredients, requirements for its packaging, and requirements for traceability and traceability of products). In the Czech Republic relatively benevolent regulation of tobacco products advertising is covered in Chapter 4. The issue of restrictions on use and sale of tobacco products can be found in Chapter 5, including the recently introduced ban on smoking in restaurants, bars, cafes and similar premises. To provide full overview, the last...

Background/Objectives: The first objective of this study is to assess the relationship between cigarette access and smoking behavior in 15-17 year old students. The second objective of this study is to assess the relationship between media and smoking behavior in those students. The third objective of this study is to observe whether the smoking rate will increase if subjects have both access and exposure to the tobacco product. I propose to use the youth survey data to test the impact of exposure to smoking-related media messages and the difficulty of acquiring tobacco products. I hypothesize that there is positive relationship among youth access to tobacco products, exposure to tobacco ads/promotions on social networking sites and active smoking. Methods: I examined National Youth Tobacco Survey data from 2014 and a total number of 1293 subjects as a secondary analysis. Results: The students with one or more than one method of accessing tobacco had higher odds compared to students with no access (OR = 70.12; 95% CI: 47.71–103.07; p < 0.0001 for only one method; OR = 240.22; 95% CI: 160.25–360.09; p < 0.0001 for more than one method). Moreover, the association between exposure to tobacco ads via internet, newspaper, point stores and movies/TV and smoking behavior was significant at both moderate and heavy exposure levels (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.08–1.92; p = 0.014 for moderate exposure group; OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.26–2.62; p = 0.002 for heavy exposure group). The multivariable model, which shows the effect of the combination of these two factors, it states access to tobacco products was significantly positively associated with an increased smoking rate (OR = 69.06; 95% CI: 47.03-101.40; p < 0.001 for only one access group; OR = 241.78; 95% CI: 160.49–364.22; p < 0.001 for more than 1 access group). However, the severity of media exposure was not significantly associated with the increased odds of cigarette smoking among adolescents (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.80-1.62; p = 0.470 for moderate exposure group; OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.81–2.40; p = 0.227 for heavy exposure group). Conclusion: I provided further evidence that exposure to tobacco messages and have access to tobacco products can increase the smoking rates among youth. These findings could be a result of better diagnosis and reporting, but the increase may also be due to other risk factors in the population. These findings may have implications for further and more aggressive counseling for teenagers. These effects should be further explored in a larger population of adolescents. Intervention methods should be designed to help the public understand the benefits of reducing adolescent’s exposures to tobacco smoke. / Epidemiology

Masters thesis will provide insight into specifics of marketing of tobacco products which is heavily influenced by tobacco advertising regulation. The newest adopted regulation on the European Union level is Tobacco Product Directive 2014/40/EU which comes into force July 2016. The directive will substantiously influence current marketing of tobacco products. Masters thesis will also introduce legal changes covered by the directive, research its possible impacts on the tobacco market and propose new solutions for relevant parts of tobacco marketing mix.