Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T17:10:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Michelly-1.pdf: 1003558 bytes, checksum: f7289e1224355e7fb4cda6571653c74c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-23T18:33:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Michelly-1.pdf: 1003558 bytes, checksum: f7289e1224355e7fb4cda6571653c74c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-23T18:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Michelly-1.pdf: 1003558 bytes, checksum: f7289e1224355e7fb4cda6571653c74c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In order to evaluate the quality and quantity of tree species planted in the cities of MS: Cassilândia (CA) and Paranaíba (PA), with the lowest PIB; Chapadão South (CH) and Costa Rica (CO), with higher PIB a survey of tree species present in 30 blocks of each of these cities was done. Trees were identified and recorded information such as: plant health; planting site; pruning; trees under power lines, tree size, position on the sidewalk; origin; outer root condition and existence of sidewalks. Shannon’s diversity index and Pielou’s evenness index was calculated. To analyze the structural and floristic similarity, the Jaccard and Morisita’s indexes was employed. Found 3180 individuals belonging to 100 species of 40 families, with CA, CH, CO and PA had 838, 1130, 657 and 555 individuals respectively. Shannon’s index was 2.08 overall. Jaccard’s index was 45%, cities with higher PIB and a lower PIB were more similar to each other. Morisita’s similarity index showed structural similarity between cities, ranging between 0.82 and 0.99. About the position on the sidewalk, the cities with the highest PIB had a number of trees above and below expectations at the curb and center, respectively. Otherwise, cities with the lowest PIB showed opposite results. By ANOVA test, CA, CH and PA were different, CH showed an average number of trees significantly larger and PA, a smaller number. The cities with the highest PIB had a number of trees higher than expected for individuals without any conflict with sidewalks and below expectations for those who had some type of conflict. Already the cities with the lowest PIB showed opposite results. About the origin, the cities with the highest PIB had a number of exotic individuals above the expected, native from Brazil less than expected, since the native Cerrado had a higher number than expected. The cities with the lowest PIB showed opposite results. The most abundant species throughout the survey was Licania tomentosa (oiti), totaling 1879 individuals (59%), representing in CA, CH, CO and PA, 85%, 36%, 57% and 66% respectively. Exotic species totaled 68%, while 22% are native from Brazil and 4% are Cerrado’s native. Among the 3180 individuals found: 80% were planted in front of homes, 14% in other places, such as churches, schools, kindergartens, clinics, and other 6% in front of business establishment. Concerning the plant health, 81% of the total were in good condition, 17% in satisfactory condition, and 2% in poor condition, 44% are free and 56% are under the power lines, of which 10% had conflict. As for pruning, 75.4% of sampled trees exhibited correct pruning, 9.5% incorrect, 12% nonexistent and 2.6% radical. The cities with the highest PIB showed greater wealth than those with lower PIB, and greater arboreal suitability in various aspects. Moreover, there is excessive use of exotic species and not appropriate species, due the large size. / Com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente a qualidade e quantidade das espécies arbóreas plantadas nos municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS): Cassilândia (CA) e Paranaíba (PA), com menor Produto Interno Bruto (PIB); Chapadão do Sul (CH) e Costa Rica (CO), com maior PIB, foi realizado um levantamento das espécies arbóreas presentes em 30 quadras de cada cidade. Os indivíduos arbóreos foram identificados e registradas informações como: fitossanidade; local do plantio; poda; árvores sob rede elétrica; porte arbóreo; posição na calçada; origem; condição externa da raiz e existência de calçamento. Foram calculados o índice de diversidade Shannon e o índice de equabilidade de Pielou. Para analisar a similaridade florística e estrutural, foram empregados os índices de Jaccard e de Morisita. Foram encontrados 3180 indivíduos, pertencentes a 100 espécies de 40 famílias, sendo que CA, CH, CO e PA apresentaram, respectivamente, 838, 1130, 657 e 555 indivíduos. O índice de Shannon total foi de 2,08. O índice de Jaccard foi de 45%; as cidades com maior PIB e as com menor PIB foram mais semelhantes entre si. O índice de similaridade de Morisita mostrou similaridade estrutural entre as cidades, variando entre 0,82 e 0,99. As cidades com maior PIB tiveram um número de árvores acima e abaixo do esperado no meio-fio e no centro da calçada, respectivamente. Já as cidades com menor PIB mostraram resultados opostos. Pelo teste de ANOVA, CA, CH e PA foram diferentes entre si; CH apresentou um número médio de árvores significativamente maior e PA, um número menor. As cidades com maior PIB tiveram um número de árvores acima do esperado para os indivíduos sem nenhum tipo de conflito com as calçadas e abaixo do esperado para aqueles que apresentaram conflito. Já as cidades com menor PIB mostraram resultados opostos. Com relação à origem, as cidades com maior PIB tiveram um número de indivíduos exóticos acima do esperado, nativas do Brasil menor que o esperado; já as nativas do Cerrado tiveram um número maior que o esperado. As cidades com menor PIB mostraram resultados contrários. A espécie mais abundante foi Licania tomentosa (oiti), totalizando 1879 indivíduos (59%), representando em CA, CH, CO e PA, 85%, 36%, 57% e 66%, respectivamente. Espécies exóticas totalizaram 68%, enquanto 22% são nativas do Brasil e 4% são nativas do cerrado. Dos 3180 indivíduos encontrados: 80% foram plantadas em frente às residências, 14% em outros locais, como igrejas, escolas, creches, consultórios, entre outros e 6% em frente a estabelecimentos comerciais. Quanto à fitossanidade, 81% do total encontravam-se em boas condições, 17% em condições satisfatórias e 2% em condições ruins; 44% encontram-se livre e 56% estão sob a fiação elétrica, dos quais 10% apresentaram conflito. Quanto à poda, 75,4% das árvores amostradas apresentaram poda correta, 9,5% incorreta, 12% inexistente e 2,6% radical. As cidades com maior PIB apresentaram maior riqueza do que as com menor PIB, e uma maior adequação em vários aspectos. Além disso, há um uso excessivo de espécies exóticas e espécies não apropriadas, em virtude do porte elevado.

La présence d’arbres en milieu urbain, où vit plus de la moitié de la population mondiale, participe à l’amélioration de la qualité́ de vie des citadins par les services écosystémiques qu’ils nous rendent. Cependant, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’importante mortalité́ et la faible espérance de vie des arbres en ville du fait des stress hydriques. Nos résultats dendroclimatiques ont pu montrer qu’en comparaison avec les arbres de parc urbain ou d’arboretum, les arbres de rue ont généralement une croissance plus faible. Les précipitations en automne et au printemps semblent jouer un rôle prépondérant pour la croissance annuelle des tilleuls argentés urbains. Nos résultats sur le niveau des réserves (lipides et glucides) montrent que les arbres en condition de stress hydrique pourraient activement réguler leurs réserves de C selon une stratégie de survie à long terme. Les jeunes tilleuls argentés, quant à eux, semblent privilégier l’allocation du C dans la croissance radiale. Nos résultats sur la signature isotopique en 18O et en 2H des sources d’eau en ville, indiquent enfin que les arbres en rue semblent dépendre principalement de l'eau du sol très superficiel (couche 0-20 cm). Cette eau est un mélange d'eau de pluie et d'eau non potable plus ou moins évaporées, bien que ces arbres ne soient soumis à aucune stratégie d'irrigation particulière à Paris. Les arbres les plus matures en rue semblent disposer d’une plus faible disponibilité́ en eau due à la plus forte évaporation des sols en surface. En conclusion, cette étude appelle à (i) la protection des sols nus d’une évaporation excessive, et (ii) une irrigation en harmonie avec la phénologie. / The presence of trees in urban areas, where more than half of the world's population lives, contributes to improving the quality of city through ecosystem services they provide. However, many studies have shown that urban trees face high mortality rates and low life expectancy due to water stress. Dendroclimatic results have showed that, in comparison with the urban park or arboretum trees, street trees generally have lower annual growth rate. Precipitation in autumn and spring seem to play the main role in the annual growth of urban silver lindens. Reserve measurements (lipids and carbohydrates) show that trees under water stress could priorize C reserves as a long-term survival strategy. On the contrary, younger silver lindens seem to favor the allocation of C in the radial growth. Our results on the isotope signature in 18O and 2H of water sources in the city, indicated that street trees seem to depend mainly on soil water in upper layers (0-20 cm layer). This water is a mixture, more or less evaporated, from precipitation and non potable water, although street trees are not subject to any particular irrigation strategy in Paris. Larger street trees seem to have lower water availability due to increase of surface soils evaporation. To conclude, This study would rethink current irrigation strategies in the city, focusing on (i) the protection of bare soil from excessive evaporation, and (ii) an irrigation in harmony with the phenology of species.

<p>This investigation focused on Rhoicissus tomentosa, belonging to the family, Vitaceae in an attempt to assess the phytochemistry of this plant which is widely used by traditional healers in South Africa to ensure the safe delivery during pregnancy and childbirth (Hutchings et al., 1996).</p>

<p>This investigation focused on Rhoicissus tomentosa, belonging to the family, Vitaceae in an attempt to assess the phytochemistry of this plant which is widely used by traditional healers in South Africa to ensure the safe delivery during pregnancy and childbirth (Hutchings et al., 1996).</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This investigation focused on Rhoicissus tomentosa, belonging to the family, Vitaceae in an attempt to assess the phytochemistry of this plant which is widely used by traditional healers in South Africa to ensure the safe delivery during pregnancy and childbirth (Hutchings et al., 1996). / South Africa

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Cilj ove doktorske disertacije predstavljalo je ispitivanje fitohemijskog sastava i biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti vodenih i metanolnih ekstrakata svežih i suvih plodova, kao i voćne ka&scaron;e i džema pripremljenih po tradicionalnoj recepturi od plodova &scaron;est samoniklih vrsta <em>Rosa L.: R. canina, R. dumalis, R. dumetorum, R. tomentosa, R. arvensis, R. sempervirens. </em>Ispitivanje fitohemijskog sastava obuhvatalo je LC -MS/MS analizu 64 odabrana fenolna jedinjenja, hinske kiseline (organske kiseline) kao i tri triterpenoida. Takođe, izvr&scaron;eno je spektrofotometrijsko određivanje sadržaja ukupnih fenolnih i flavonoidnih jedinjenja, kao i vitamina C. Evaluacija biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti obuhvatala je in vitro ispitivanja&nbsp; antioksidantne i antiinflamatorne aktivnosti, kao i ispitivanje uticaja ekstrakata odabranih vrsta Rosa na aktivnost enzima acetilholinesteraze i rast tumorskih i netumorskih ćelija.</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Sumiranjem dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da sveži i suvi plodovi ispitivanih vrsta <em>Rosa</em>, kao i voćne ka&scaron;e i džemovi predstavljaju značajan izvor vitamina C i fenolnih jedinjenja, sa elagnom kiselinom kao najzastupljenijom fenolnom komponentom. Takođe u pojedinim ekstraktima vrsta<em> R. dumetorum</em> i<em> R. tomentosa</em> detektovana je visoka koncentracija ursolne kiseline, dok je hinska kiselina prisutna u značajnoj koncentraciji u svim ispitivanim ekstraktima.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;Ekstrakti ispitivanih vrsta, izuzev vrste<em> Rosa arvensis</em>, pokazali su visok antioksidantni potencijal koji se ogleda u njihovoj sposobnosti neutralizacije nekoliko radikalskih vrsta, redukcionom potencijalu i sposobnosti inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije. Ispitivani ekstrakti ispoljili su umerenu antiinflamatornu aktivnost u pogledu inhibicije produkcije odabranih metabolita ciklooksigenaznog (12-HHT, TXB₂, PGE₂) i 12-lipooksigenaznog (12-HETE) metaboličkog puta arahidonske kiseline,&nbsp; posebno prostaglandina E&nbsp; . Takođe, in vitro ispitivanjem uticaja ekstrakata odabranih vrsta Rosa na aktivnost acetilholinesteraze pokazana je umerena aktivnost. Vodeni ekstrakti i ekstrakti voćnih ka&scaron;a vrsta <em>R. canina, R. tomentosa i R. sempervirens</em> pokazali su umereni inhibitorni potencijal prema rastu HeLa ćelijske linije, dok su ekstrakti vrste <em>R. sempervirens </em>pokazali aktivnost i prema HT-29 ćelijama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na značajni potencijal plodova i tradicionalnih proizvoda ispitivanih vrsta <em>Rosa</em> za upotrebu u proizvodnji nutraceutika i funkcionalne hrane.</p> / <p>&nbsp;&nbsp; The aim of presented doctoral thesis was investigation of phytochemical composition and biological activity of water and methanol extracts of fresh and air-&nbsp; dried rose hips, as well as pur&eacute;e and jam made according to traditional recipe of&nbsp; hips of six wild growing<em> Rosa L. species: R. canina, R. dumalis, R. dumetorum, R</em>.&nbsp; <em>tomentosa, R. arvensis, and R. sempervirens.</em> Examination of phytochemical composition included LC-MS/MS analysis of 64 selected phenolic compounds, quinic&nbsp; acid (organic acid) and three triterpenoids. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as vitamin C contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Biological activity evaluation of extracts of six <em>Rosa</em> species included in vitro investigation of antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase and cytotoxic activity.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; According to obtained results, fresh and air-dried rose hips, as well as their preserves present valuable source of vitamin C and phenolic compounds, especially&nbsp; ellagic acid, which was the most abundant examined phenolic compound. Furthermore, high concentration of ursolic acid was detected in some<em> Rosa &nbsp;</em> <em>tomentosa and R.&nbsp; rumetorum</em> extracts, while notable concentration of quinic acid&nbsp; was present in all examined extracts.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Extracts of all examined species, apart from <em>Rosa arvensis</em>, showed considerable antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging ability, reduction potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, extracts exhibited moderate anti- inflammatory activity by means of inhibition of the main arachidonic acid metabolites &nbsp; formed incyclooxygenase-1 (12-HHT, TXB₂, PGE ₂ ) and 12-lipoxygenase (12-HETE)&nbsp; pathway, especially prostaglandin E₂ . Also, investigation of anti- cetylcholinesterase&nbsp; activity revealed moderate activity of extracts of all examined species. In addition,&nbsp; predominantly water extracts of fresh andair-dried rose hips, as well as pur&eacute;e of<em> R</em>.&nbsp; <em>canina, R. tomentosa </em>and <em>R. sempervirens</em> showed inhibitory activity toward HeLa, while <em>R.sempervirens</em> extracts also inhibited HT-29 cell growth. Presented results indicate significant potential of examined rose hips and their preserves for use as nutraceuticals and functional food.</p>