Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 856512 bytes, checksum: 70874d4538e5ec458c06e19fe5160a9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / The Leguminosae plant family emcompasses plant species that are of great importance in agriculture owned to their capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Leguminous, as they are ordinarily known, have been commonly used as green manures, in consorciation either with grasses or annual or perennial crops, being key in the cycling of nutrients and adding organic matter to the soil. Provided these plants are able to fix large amounts of N and the later makes up a substantial portion of a crop fertilization budget, these plants can be used to partially or fully supply plants N demand. Relatively high amounts of N are required to sustain plant growth as it is one of the main plant constituents upon its presence in structural compounds, besides acting in a multitude of metabolic processes in plants. Around 95% of the soil N content is found in organic forms under different degrees of stability, thus having limited availability to plants. The extent to which N stability depends upon largely relies on the N reactions with lignin, on its adsorption with clay minerals, on the formation of polivalent complexes with cations as well as on the physical protection entailed by variations in soil pores sizes. The formation of more stable organic compounds in soils have been attributed to the N involvement in the humification process. Arachis pintoi, a leguminous species of the Caulorrhizae branch, has shown great potential for consorciation with grassy pasture and perennial cultures. It forms highly productive pastures, owns good nutritional value, combines with other grasses, is strongly perennial, drought resistant, forms dense mats, therefore with outstanding capacity to covering the ground. The CENARGEN/EMBRAPA gathers over 150 ecotipes of the Leguminosae family. Since 2004, 28 of this leguminous ecotipes out of the 150 held by CENARGEN/EMBRAPA have been evaluated for their adaptation to the edafo-climatic conditions of the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais state. The objective of this study was (i) to evaluate the partitioning of soil N into its mineral and organic forms and (ii) the changes in some representative pools of the soil organic matter (SOM) as by the recalcitrance of the SOM products formed upon the cultivation of pinto peanut over two cropping years. The experiment was set up in February of 2004 in an experimental station of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Coimbra, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in a randomized block design with three replicates. The plots were 2.5 m wide and 4.0 m lenght. Phosphate fertilizer was applied at a 50 kg ha-1 rate as P2O5 followed by planting of pinto peanuts seedlings with 0.5 m spacing between rows. In November of 2006, soil samples were collected at the 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm depth. Additionally, soil samples from an adjacent unoccupied pasture were collected for reference purposes and, together, they were appropriately handled to serve routine analisys purposes. In the present study, it was choosen to use 11 ecotipes so that 4 ecotipes were rated as of high, 4 as of medium and 3 as of low yield. In the determination of total C (C) and K2Cr2O7 oxidizable C (Cox) and N (Nox) + H2SO4 in the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 mol L-1 it was utilized soil samples grounded to pass through a 0.2 mm screen sieve. In order to quantify the organic forms of N, soil subsamples of smaller granulometry, 0.149 mm, were employed. The 13C (δ13C) natural abundance of the plant and soil materials was determined to assess the contribution of the leguminous in the SOM. Nitrogen availability was evaluated via the N taken up by 130 proso millet (Panicum milaceum L.) plants grown in 100 g of soil, under greenhouse conditions and with three successive growth cycles of 21 days. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the SOM were observed upon the cultivation of the leguminous. About 3 and 4 % of the C in the SOM of the 10 to 30 cm soil layer derived from the ecotipes of A. pintoi. The leguminous ecotipes favored the increase of the N associated to more labile organic compounds pool. There were no significant changes in the organic N fractions distribution obtained through acid hydrolisys. / As leguminosas têm grande importância para os sistemas agrícolas devido à capacidade de fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). São utilizadas como adubo verde, em consorciação com pastagens e com cultivos anuais ou perenes, onde contribuem para cobertura do solo. O N é exigido em grandes quantidades pelas plantas por ser constituinte de vários compostos estruturais e atuar em diversos processos metabólicos nas plantas. No solo cerca de 95 % do N encontra-se em forma orgânica com diferente grau de estabilidade, o que nem sempre possibilita uma adequada disponibilidade para as plantas. A maior estabilidade dos compostos orgânicos nitrogenados deve-se a reação da lignina com moléculas protéicas, a adsorção a minerais de argila, a formação de complexos com cátions polivalentes e a proteção física devido a poros do solo com diferentes tamanhos. Estudos têm demonstrado que o N desempenha um papel importante na formação de compostos orgânicos mais estáveis no solo (humificação). O Arachis pintoi e A. repens são leguminosas da seção Caulorrhizae com potencial para consorciação com gramíneas forrageiras e culturas perenes. Estas leguminosas são de alta produtividade, bom valor nutritivo, compatibilidade com gramíneas, persistência, grande capacidade de cobertura do solo. O CENARGEN/EMBRAPA reúne mais de 150 ecótipos desta espécie. Vinte oito destes ecótipos estão sendo avaliados desde 2004, quanto à adaptação às condições edafo-climáticas da zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Utilizando-se amostras de solo desta área experimental avaliou-se o efeito de ecótipos A. pintoi de alta, média e baixa produtividade sobre a estabilidade da matéria orgânica do solo e na distribuição das formas orgânicas do N. O experimento para avaliar a adaptação edafo-climática dos 28 ecótipos de Arachis foi implantado na Fazenda Experimental de Coimbra, do DFT em fevereiro de 2004. As unidades experimentais foram parcelas de 2,5 x 4 m dispostas em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. O plantio foi feito com mudas espaçadas de 50 cm, adubadas com 50 kg ha-1 P2O5 aplicados na cova. Em novembro de 2006 foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundides de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-30. Nas parcelas cultivadas com Arachis e em área próxima ao experimento (solo controle). Para este estudo foram utilizadas amostras das parcelas de 11 ecótipos, sendo quatro com alta, quatro com média e três com baixa produtividade. Foram utilizadas subamostras com granulometria menor que 0,149 mm para determinação das frações orgânicas de N. Em subamostras com granulometria inferior a 0,2 mm foram determinados o C orgânico total, o C e N oxidado (Nox) com K2Cr2O7 em solução com 0,1; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 3,0; 6,0 e 9,0 mol L-1 de H2SO4. Determinou-se a abundância natural de 13C (δ13C) no material vegetal dos 11 ecótipos e no solo. A disponiblidade do N foi avaliada por meio do N absorvido por 130 plantas de painço (Panicum milaceum L.) cultivadas em 100 g de solo, em casa de vegetação, em três ciclos sucessivos de 21 dias de crescimento. De maneira geral, o cultivo com a leguminosa promoveram alterações na MOS. Após dois anos de cultivo com as leguminosas ocorreu aumento nos teores de matéria orgânica e Ntotal do solo, sobretudo nas camadas subsuperficiais (10 a 30 cm). Com base na variação do δ13C nesta camada, cerca de 3 a 4 % do C na MOS são provenientes dos ecótipos de A. pintoi. Não ocorreram alterações significativas na distribuição das diferentes frações de N orgânico obtidas por hidrólise ácida. Houve aumento nos teores de N associado a compostos orgânicos mais lábeis.

It is well established that converting wastewater, a point-source of pollution, into reclaimed water makes management of nutrients more difficult. Not all service lines measure the volume of reclaimed water used by a customer, and frequently there are no restrictions on the amount of reclaimed water that is used. Nutrients applied in excess have the potential to runoff or leach through soils and contaminate surface and groundwater resources. This research attempted to determine if corresponding surface water quality monitoring sites in reclaimed service areas reflect elevated total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations. The Joe’s Creek Watershed in Pinellas County, FL is a highly urbanized watershed with one wastewater plant providing tertiary treatment for reclaimed water (Pinellas County Utilities Dept.) and another wastewater plant providing secondary treatment (City of St. Petersburg Water Resources Dept.). This research reviewed concentrations of TN and TP in the reclaimed water effluent for each wastewater treatment plant and at four tributary sites in the Joe’s Creek Watershed. One tributary site, Bonn Creek, is in the tertiary treated service area, another tributary site, Miles Creek, is in the secondary treated service area, and a third tributary, Joe’s Creek, provides two control sites which are both outside of reclaimed service areas. Based on the results of comparisons and statistical analyses of the 6-year period, the TN and TP concentrations of reclaimed water from the City of St. Pete Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) far exceed those of the Pinellas County WWTP. The TN concentration in the reclaimed effluent from St. Pete was nine times higher than that of Pinellas County. The TP concentration was almost five times higher at St. Pete than Pinellas County. The sites within reclaimed service areas had higher concentrations of TN and TP when compared to the control sites for the same period. Miles Creek recorded the highest mean concentrations of TN and TP of the four monitoring sites. Bonn Creek recorded the second highest mean concentrations of TN and TP. Rainfall data were reviewed and results show that several monitoring dates for Miles Creek and Bonn Creek had elevated TN and TP concentrations which coincided with periods of rainfall deficit. These and other results of this research indicate a need to reconsider minimum wastewater treatment levels in urban environments in an effort to reduce nutrient pollution, as well as a need to expand watering restrictions and enforcement, and expand education of consumers about reclaimed water.

Recent studies have shown that permafrost soils in the northern circumpolar region store almost twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. Since soil organic carbon (SOC) pools have large regional and landscape-level variability, detailed SOC inventories from across the northern permafrost region are needed to assess potential remobilization of SOC with permafrost degradation and to quantify the permafrost carbon-climate feedback on global warming. This thesis provides high-resolution data on SOC storage in five study areas located in undersampled regions of the continuous permafrost zone (Zackenberg in NE Greenland; Shalaurovo and Cherskiy in NE Siberia; Ary-Mas and Logata in Taymyr Peninsula). The emphasis throughout the five different study areas is put on SOC partitioning within the landscape and soil horizon levels as well as on soil forming processes under periglacial conditions. Our results indicate large differences in mean SOC 0–100 cm storage among study areas, ranging from 4.8 to 30.0 kg C m-2, highlighting the need to consider numerous factors as topography, geomorphology, land cover, soil texture, soil moisture, etc. in the assessment of landscape-level and regional SOC stock estimates. In the high arctic mountainous area of Zackenberg, the mean SOC storage is low due to the high proportion of bare grounds. The geomorphology based upscaling resulted in a c. 40% lower estimate compared to a land cover based upscaling (4.8 vs 8.3 kg C m-2, respectively). A landform approach provides a better tool for identifying hotspots of SOC burial in the landscape, which in this area corresponds to alluvial fan deposits in the foothills of the mountains. SOC burial by cryoturbation was much more limited and largely restricted to soils in the lower central valley. In the lowland permafrost study areas of Russia the mean SOC 0–100 cm storage ranged from 14.8 to 30.0 kg C m-2. Cryoturbation is the main burial process of SOC, storing on average c. 30% of the total landscape SOC 0–100 cm in deeper C-enriched pockets in all study areas. In Taymyr Peninsula, the mean SOC storage between the Ary-Mas and Logata study areas differed by c. 40% (14.8 vs 20.8 kg C m-2, respectively). We ascribe this mainly to the finer soil texture in the latter study area. Grain size analyses show that cryoturbation is most prominent in silt loam soils with high coarse silt to very fine sand fractions. However, in profiles and samples not affected by C-enrichment, C concentrations and densities were higher in silt loam soils with higher clay to medium silt fractions. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Since the turn of the last century, a substantial increase in nutrient load to the Baltic Sea is apparent. Adding the ongoing environmental change with raising temperatures and increased precipitation, this will continue to have a prominent environmental impact on our coastal ecosystems, especially in northern latitudes. Constructed wetlands are becoming more important as a mitigation measure to retain nutrients, however, they are until this day not well studied in northern latitudes. In this paper, nutrient retention in a newly constructed wetland is studied during its first month after activation, as well as potential downstream effects in associated sea bay. An additional literature study compiles information about the current knowledge, use and functionality of wetlands surrounding the Baltic Sea. This is done to widen knowledge regarding effectiveness of wetlands as nutrient traps in general, as well as to compare with the studied wetland. A net retention of 30 % for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) was found, as well as 27 % for total nitrogen (TN), 25 % for phosphate (PO43-) and 21 % for nitrate (NO3-). TP was found to be within range of expected retention capacity, when comparing with wetlands included in the synthesis. TN retention, however, seemed to be somewhat greater than in other wetland studies. Furthermore, the retention varied and seemed to be highest during an increased discharge, in the beginning and end of March. This was partly reflected by greater inlet concentrations and transports in most of the parameters during the initial time period. Decreasing temporal trends was seen in concentrations of DOC, total nutrients and NO3- concentrations in the sea bay, indicating an immediate downstream effect of the wetland installation. Findings from the synthesis indicate that there are very few studies in, and thus little knowledge about, wetlands in northern climate. Overall, the results from the pioneer northern wetland in Sörleviken suggest that net retention is possible during its first month post-activation.

Freshwater bodies have been long observed to become browner within the northern hemisphere. This brownification, has made drinking water production difficult, since increased organic content in freshwaters requires higher dosages of chemicals during water treatment.  Changes in land use through increased industrial forestry, decreased sulphur deposition from reduced industrial emissions, changing patterns of hydrological and meteorological parameters resulting from climate change, including recently highlighted increase in iron concentrations have been proposed to explain brownification. Drained peat bogs are man-made source of brownifying substances, capable of causing brownification in the rivers and lakes where the water ends up. This research is aimed at investigating dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, iron, phosphorous, nitrogen and colour in bog ditches draining into the Storån River and Lake Bolmen in southern Sweden, in order to answer these research questions: (1) What are the differences in the level of water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour, between bog ditches and Storån River? And what could be the outcome of Colour absorbance comparison, between bog ditches, Storån and lake Bolmen as a single control sample? (2) Is there any association among the different water quality parameters, pH, conductivity, temperature, DOM, TOC, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, Fe and colour within the bog ditch water? Water samples from bog ditches and their corresponding Storån River locations, were used in the analysis. DOM and flow showed significant differences, after statistical test for difference. Conductivity, DOM, total nitrogen and total phosphorous exhibited significant correlations with pH.  TOC also had a correlation with DOM., while colour correlated and depended strongly on Fe, within the bog ditches. Therefore, the bog ditch has behaved to contribute some amount of the brownification, found in Southern Swedish Lakes and Rivers. This knowledge might be useful in future, for more studies and control of Swedish fresh water brownification.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Up-to-date and accurate information on soil properties is important for precision farming and environmental management. The spatial information of soil properties allows adjustments of fertilizer applications to be made based on knowledge of local field conditions, thereby maximizing agricultural productivity and minimizing the risk of environmental pollution. While conventional soil sampling procedures are labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive, remote sensing techniques provide a rapid and efficient tool for mapping soil properties. This study aimed at examining the capacity of hyperspectral reflectance data for mapping soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P). Soil samples collected from Eagle Creek Watershed, Cicero Creek Watershed, and Fall Creek Watershed were analyzed for organic matter content, total N and total P; their corresponding spectral reflectance was measured in the laboratory before and after oven drying and in the field using Analytical Spectral Devices spectrometer. Hyperion images for each of the watersheds were acquired, calibrated and corrected and Hyperion image spectra for individual sampled sites were extracted. These hyperspectral reflectance data were related to SOM, total N and total P concentration through partial least squares (PLS) regressions. The samples were split into two datasets: one for calibration, and the other for validation. High PLS performance was observed during the calibration for SOM and total N regardless of the type of the reflectance spectra, and for total P with Hyperion image spectra. The validation of PLS models was carried out with each type of reflectance to assess their predictive power. For laboratory reflectance spectra, PLS models of SOM and total N resulted in higher R2 values and lower RMSEP with oven-dried than those with field-moist soils. The results demonstrate that soil moisture degrades the performance of PLS in estimating soil constituents with spectral reflectance. For in-situ field spectra, PLS estimated SOM with an R2 of 0.74, N with an R2 of 0.79, and P with an R2 of 0.60. For Hyperion image spectra, PLS predictive models yielded an R2 of 0.74 between measured and predicted SOM, an R2 of 0.72 between measured and predicted total N, and an R2 of 0.67 between measured and predicted total P. These results reveal slightly decreased model performance when shifting from laboratory-measured spectra to satellite image spectra. Regardless of the spectral data, the models for estimating SOM and total N consistently outperformed those for estimating total P. These results also indicate that PLS is an effective tool for remotely estimating SOM, total N and P in agricultural soils, but more research is needed to improve the predictive power of the model when applied to satellite hyperspectral imagery.

Woody invasion into grasslands has been reported world-wide and has affected both the magnitude and spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Since grasslands cover a large portion of the Earth's land surface, invasion of woody plants could have impacts on regional and global biogeochemistry. To understand large-scale ecological and policy implications of woody invasion, it is critical to understand the spatial pattern and uncertainty of soil C and N and their relationship with vegetation and soil attributes, as well as develop effective approaches to estimate soil C and N over large landscapes and regions. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of the spatial pattern of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and their controlling factors in savanna landscapes and develop efficient sampling strategies for evaluating the effects of woody invasion. Specific objectives of this study were to: (1) Quantify the spatial pattern and uncertainty associated with SOC and develop efficient sampling strategies to estimate SOC storage; (2) Assess the influence of soil and vegetation factors on spatial distribution of SOC and TN; and (3) Determine the influence of physical variables related to landscape position and soil on woody vegetation structure. Conditional sequential indicator simulations indicated that woody encroachment into grassland increased both spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of SOC, which increased errors in estimating SOC storage. Stratified random sampling with higher density in woody patches, plus structured sampling in cluster with strong spatial pattern, substantially increased estimation accuracy. Efficient sampling strategies for estimating SOC storage were developed based on these findings. Direct and spatial correlation and scaling analyses showed that SOC and TN were strongly correlated with litter and root biomass. Invaded woody vegetation has the most impact on spatial distribution of SOC and TN. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that variables related to landscape position were the primary factors determining the spatial distribution of woody species. These new insights will facilitate the estimation of soil C and N pools at landscape and regional scales, and will help evaluate the potential impacts of woody plant encroachment on the biogeochemistry of C and N.

Woody invasion into grasslands has been reported world-wide and has affected both the magnitude and spatial heterogeneity of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Since grasslands cover a large portion of the Earth's land surface, invasion of woody plants could have impacts on regional and global biogeochemistry. To understand large-scale ecological and policy implications of woody invasion, it is critical to understand the spatial pattern and uncertainty of soil C and N and their relationship with vegetation and soil attributes, as well as develop effective approaches to estimate soil C and N over large landscapes and regions. The goal of this study was to improve our understanding of the spatial pattern of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and their controlling factors in savanna landscapes and develop efficient sampling strategies for evaluating the effects of woody invasion. Specific objectives of this study were to: (1) Quantify the spatial pattern and uncertainty associated with SOC and develop efficient sampling strategies to estimate SOC storage; (2) Assess the influence of soil and vegetation factors on spatial distribution of SOC and TN; and (3) Determine the influence of physical variables related to landscape position and soil on woody vegetation structure. Conditional sequential indicator simulations indicated that woody encroachment into grassland increased both spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of SOC, which increased errors in estimating SOC storage. Stratified random sampling with higher density in woody patches, plus structured sampling in cluster with strong spatial pattern, substantially increased estimation accuracy. Efficient sampling strategies for estimating SOC storage were developed based on these findings. Direct and spatial correlation and scaling analyses showed that SOC and TN were strongly correlated with litter and root biomass. Invaded woody vegetation has the most impact on spatial distribution of SOC and TN. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that variables related to landscape position were the primary factors determining the spatial distribution of woody species. These new insights will facilitate the estimation of soil C and N pools at landscape and regional scales, and will help evaluate the potential impacts of woody plant encroachment on the biogeochemistry of C and N.

A determinaÃÃo dos nÃveis de nitratos e nitrogÃnio total (NT) em Ãguas constitui uma ferramenta importante no sentido de avaliar o controle de seus nÃveis para proteÃÃo da saÃde humana bem como para caracterizar a eutrofizaÃÃo dos corpos aquÃticos. O presente trabalho faz um estudo da espectrofotometria derivativa (ED) para determinaÃÃo de nitratos e NT pelo mÃtodo zero-pico por ED, em segunda derivada, no mÃximo de absorÃÃo do nitrato (225nm). Neste estudo foram avaliados os interferentes comumente encontrados nas matrizes onde a metodologia foi aplicada, que foram Ãguas minerais, Ãguas adicionadas de sais e Ãguas superficiais (aÃudes e rios): bicarbonato, carbonato, ferro, cobre, sulfato, cloreto, brometo, iodeto, fosfato, sulfato, nitrito e matÃria orgÃnica dissolvida (MOD). Esta metodologia foi aplicada na determinaÃÃo de nitratos em amostras Ãguas minerais, adicionada de sais e Ãguas de aÃudes monitorados pela COGERH, onde nesta Ãltima matriz foi determinado tambÃm NT. Os interferentes avaliados nÃo apresentaram interferÃncia na segunda derivada do nitrato dentro de limites aceitÃveis, com exceÃÃo dos Ãons nitrito e carbonato, onde foi necessÃrio a remoÃÃo destes pela adiÃÃo de uma soluÃÃo de Ãcido sulfÃmico com HCl. Segundo o teste t (student) pareado, para amostras de Ãguas minerais e adicionadas sais, que foram analisados os teores de nitratos tanto por ED quanto pelo mÃtodo da reduÃÃo em coluna de cÃdmio com posterior determinaÃÃo pelo mÃtodo da sulfanilamida, nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas a um nÃvel de confianÃa de 95%. Para as amostras de Ãguas superficiais, a determinaÃÃo de nitratos por ED demonstrou nÃo ser aplicÃvel. JÃ determinaÃÃo de NT demonstrou-se promissora, porÃm, estudos preliminares sugerem que a MOD presente nas amostras dos aÃudes estudados apresenta interferÃncia espectral, uma vez que, tais aÃudes estudados apresentaram indÃcios de contaminaÃÃo de origem alÃctone, se encontrando, na maioria, eutrofizados. / The determination of the levels of nitrates and total nitrogen (TN) in water is an important tool to assess the control levels for the protection of human health as well as to characterize the eutrophication of water bodies. The present work is a study of derivative spectrophotometry (DS) for the determination of nitrate and TN zero-peak method for DS in the second derivative maximum absorption of nitrate (225nm). In this study we evaluated the interferences commonly found in matrices where the methodology was applied, which were mineral water, added salts and surface water (reservoirs and rivers): bicarbonate, carbonate, iron, copper, sulfate, chloride, bromide, iodide, phosphate, sulphate, nitrite and dissolved organic matter (DOM). This methodology was applied in the determination of nitrate in mineral water samples, added salt and water reservoirs monitored by COGERH where the latter matrix was also determined TN. The interfering evaluated showed no interference in the second derivative of nitrate within acceptable limits, with the exception of nitrite and carbonate ions, where it was necessary to remove these by adding a solution of sulfamic acid with HCl. According to the t test (student) paired samples of mineral waters and added salts, which were analyzed nitrate levels both DS as the method of cadmium reduction column with subsequent determination by the method of sulfanilamide, showed no significant differences a confidence level of 95%. For surface water samples, the determination of nitrates by DS proved not to be applicable. Determination of TN already proved to be promising, however preliminary studies suggest that the DOM present in the samples studied the reservoirs presents spectral interference, since such, dams studied showed signs of contamination of allochthonous origin, lying mostly eutrophic.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-14T13:09:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_DETERMINAÇÃO DO CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO ORGANICO PARTICULADO EM AMBIENTES OCEÂNICOS E ESTUARINO - COSTEIRO, NA REGIÃO N~1.pdf: 3127471 bytes, checksum: 07f07e56cbb161e91a0b19e2387b5734 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T13:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_DETERMINAÇÃO DO CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO ORGANICO PARTICULADO EM AMBIENTES OCEÂNICOS E ESTUARINO - COSTEIRO, NA REGIÃO N~1.pdf: 3127471 bytes, checksum: 07f07e56cbb161e91a0b19e2387b5734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-14 / CAPES / O objetivo principal da presente tese constitui em agregar informações ao conhecimento sobre a fração orgânica do material em suspensão na região oceânica- costeira - estuarina do litoral de Pernambuco e na região costeira adjacente, principalmente no que se refere às suas concentrações, avaliando a distribuição do COP e NT. Em função da sua importância e estudos relacionados ao material em suspensão serem escassos para o carbono e nitrogênio nessas regiões. A tese é apresentada como um conjunto de capítulos interligados, nos quais foram apresentados resultados da distribuição do COP e NT nas plumas dos rios Capibaribe e Jaboatão e o arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, com relativamente pouca influência humana, e foi escolhida como área de controle. A exportação de matéria orgânica via fluxo estuarino, ficou definida pelas medianas do Carbono Elementar de (2,04% e 0,97%) e Nitrogênio Elementar de (0,63% e 0,24%) e razão C/N de (6,60 e 9,30) nas plumas do Capibaribe e Jaboatão respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais aplicada aos dados sugeriu que os altos índices pluviométricos e o material carreado pelo fluxo fluvial para região costeira influenciaram a distribuição dessas frações e que tais diferenças podem resultar das diferentes cargas de ação antrópica e mecanismos de transporte estuário – região costeira revelando a complexidade da distribuição da matéria orgânica nestes ambientes. No segundo capítulo-artigo estudo caracterizou a matéria orgânica em função das razões elementares e isotópicas δ13C, δ15N, C/N do material particulado em suspensão na água superficial em 21 pontos amostrais sendo 12 no estuário do rio Capibaribe e 9 no estuário do rio Jaboatão. Os maiores valores de δ13C, δ15N, C/N (-17,75‰, 23,71‰ e 13,45‰) no Capibaribe e, (-21,97‰, 27,30‰ e 14,74‰) no Jaboatão, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados sugerem que uma grande parte da matéria em suspensão dos rios em estudo, se origina a partir de entradas de efluentes com alto teor de matéria orgânica, como também que a MO exportada pelos rios é fortemente influenciada pelo seu elevado estado de eutrofização, com acentuada produção autóctone. Nos estuários superiores os valores empobrecidos de 13C indicam maior presença de material tanto de origem continental quanto de origem mista. É também observado que δ13C e a razão C/N não são correlacionados no estuário do Capibaribe e estes resultados sugerem que existem áreas no estuário de preferência, fontes de matéria orgânica sob a influência tanto de autóctones (estuário inferior) como de alóctones (estuário superior). O terceiro e último capítulo - artigo ocorreu na região costeira de PE e foram agregadas as frações COP e NT à fração de COD, as quais não apresentaram correlação, indicando que elas não tenham a mesma fonte, destacando a influência alóctone para o aumento dessas frações e assim os efeitos de influencia do rio Capibaribe nas águas oligotróficas costeiras. / The main objective of this thesis is to add information to the existing knowledge of the organic fraction of suspended matter in the oceanic-coastal-estuarine region of the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil and the adjacent coastal zone, mainly in regard to its concentrations, by evaluating the distribution of POC and NT. In spite of the importance of this topic, studies on suspended matter for carbon and nitrogen are scarce in these regions. The thesis is presented as a set of interrelated chapters that contain the results of POC and NT distribution in the plumes of rivers Capibaribe and Jaboatão. The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago was chosen as a control area because of the minimal human influence in this region. The export of organic matter through estuarine flow was defined using the medians of elemental carbon (2.04% and 0.97%) and elemental nitrogen (0.63% and 0.24%), and C/N ratio (6.60 and 9.30) in the Capibaribe and Jaboatão plumes, respectively. The principal component analysis applied to the data suggests that the high rainfall and the matter carried by the river flow to the coastal region influence the distribution of these fractions. The analysis also suggests that the detected differences can be caused by different charges of human action and estuarycoastal mechanisms of transport, thus revealing the complexity of the distribution of organic matter in these environments. In the second chapter of the article, organic matter was characterised on the basis of elementary and isotopic ratios δ13C, δ15N, and C/N of the suspended particulate matter in surface water at 21 sampling points, of which 12 were in the estuary of river Capibaribe and 9 in the estuary of river Jaboatão. The highest values of δ13C, δ15N, and C/N (-17.75‰, 23.71‰, and 13.45 ‰) in Capibaribe and (-21.97‰, 27.30‰, and 14.74 ‰) in Jaboatao, respectively. The values found in this study suggest that a large proportion of suspended matter from the rivers originates from effluent inputs with high organic matter content. Also, the OM exported by the rivers is heavily influenced by a high state of eutrophication, with pronounced autochthonous production. In the upper estuary, the impoverished values of δ13C indicate a greater presence of matter of continental origin and of mixed origin. It was also observed that δ13C and C/N ratio are not correlated in the estuary of the Capibaribe, which suggests that there are areas at the estuary of preference where sources of organic matter are under the influence of autochthonous (lower estuary) or allochthonous (upper estuary) contributions. The third and final chapter-article occurred in the coastal zone of PE. Here, the fractions of POC and NT were added to the fraction of DOC and showed no correlation, which indicates that they do not share the same source. Moreover, this finding highlights the influence of allochthonous contributions to the increase of these fractions and the consequent effects of the influence of Capibaribe river in coastal oligotrophic waters.