Owing to the concern about the serious factors influencing global warming and climatic change, the process of sustainable landscape construction as well as ecologically friendly developments needs to be addressed. In particular, the questions to ask is are we nearer to accepting sustainable growth advantages in South Africa , primarily the greater eThekwini Municipal Area? In this research paper an analysis of both a theoretical and practical approach to conventional understanding s relating to development practices and issues that encompass greening of cities and the notion of rooftop gardens will be assessed. In so doing it will investigate the discourse surrounding urban ecology and sustainable landscape developments and how both processes incorporate the topic of rooftop gardening, urban agriculture and people’s attitudes towards nature in the city, which regrettably from a South African perspective has very little comprehensive literature written about it. The research will give clarity and hopefully show that there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that rooftop gardens form an intricate part of urban ecology. In addition to this that they can provide general environmental, associated aesthetic and health benefits for cities and their inhabitants. Hopefully in culmination this research study will promote a greater insight into rooftop gardens benefits for city management systems. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

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The notion of what constitutes a nation has been a subject of many debates. The nation, like individual is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. The post aprtheid project of reconciliation in South Africa is part of this desire to live together as citizens of one country irrespective of past differences. This desire transforms itself to cultural institutions like museums or rather cultural institutions represents this desire in a more systematic way in the post apartheid South Africa as they seek to transform.

The aim of the thesis is to investigate the main stages of the physical development of Härnösand. The investigation includes not only buildings, but also streets, quays, bridges and other establishements which form an essential part of the physical environment. Since comparatively few buildings from the period have been preserved, the material for the theses has mainly been collected from archives, it has been the author's ambition to find a material which can be used in antiquarian contexts as much as possible. The theses is mainly arranged as follows: 1. Historical background. An outline of the economic, administrative and so cial development. 2. The physical development of the town. The development of the inhabited areas of the town is described on the basis of preserved maps. In particular, suggested revisions of existing town plans are studied, and to what extent these were effected. In addition the development of the stipulations for buildings, such as the fire stipulations and the architectural stipulations are studied. 3. Public buildings and establishements. A technical and historical description of the church, the town hall, streets, bridges, etc is given. Particular attention is paid to monumental buildings which are interesting from the point of view of the history of art, especially the county governor's house by Olof Tempelman built in 1790 in neo-classistic style, and the »gymnasium« from 1791 with its unique, round pillared hall. The old hospital from 1788 is also stressed as an example of neo-classistic stone architecture »translated« into wood. In a subsequent Part II private buildings will be treated. There the social and geographical distribution of buildings of defferent kinds (dwelling-house, wash-house, cowshed etc) will be studied. The physical shape of these different buildings will also be described - main types and variants of these. A special chapter will be devoted to the development of building techniques. A description will be given of the development of wooden panelling, house-paints, tiled roofs etc. Part II will also include an aesthetic analysis of the town milieu with special emphasis on local traditions of style. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1980</p> / digitalisering@umu

During the twelfth and thirteenth-centuries, Ireland experienced a large-scale urbanization movement, initiated as part of the Anglo-Norman conquest and colonization of the island. As part of this process, old settlements were re-modelled and promoted; and an extensive network of new towns were planted across the Irish medieval landscape. This dissertation examines the development of this colonial urbanization movement with particular reference to the urban planning aspects of the process. Volume I, considers the origins, influences, and ideals of the Anglo-Norman town builders, as well as the morphogenetic, spatial and distributive characteristics of their endeavors. In addition, the current level of scholarship on the subject is highlighted and discussed. Volume II, focuses on a series of typical Anglo-Norman town foundations, where the origins, plan and burgage development patterns are explored in depth, through the techniques of plan and metrological analysis.

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No description available.

South African cities were subjected to artificial, unnatural growth patterns brought about by apartheid planning that legitimated exclusionary practices in the city and which created and maintained racial, social and class differences between people. Post-apartheid South Africa has witnessed processes of urban fortification, barricading and the gating of urban space that are manifested in contemporary urban South Africa. This research showed that the privatisation of urban public space is not solely a post-apartheid phenomenon. Closure legislation has been, and still is, used by citizens to remove urban space from the public realm through its privatisation. Closures are largely citizen-driven, either individually or as a collective, and it is small public spaces that are privatised, hence the micro-privatisation of public space that could influence the immediate surroundings and erf-sized living space of individuals.

The notion of what constitutes a nation has been a subject of many debates. The nation, like individual is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. The post aprtheid project of reconciliation in South Africa is part of this desire to live together as citizens of one country irrespective of past differences. This desire transforms itself to cultural institutions like museums or rather cultural institutions represents this desire in a more systematic way in the post apartheid South Africa as they seek to transform.

<p>This study investigated the societal perception of refugee men as being a risk group, being polluted and the consequent risk of HIV infection they might face. It also determined the factors that could expose them to the risk of HIV infection while living in exile in South Africa.</p>