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In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, many of the British government’s attempts to rebuild the social order and improve standards were experienced through design. This was true not only in the home and in the workplace, but also in the everyday civic environment of the street. Ensuring that objects as ubiquitous as lampposts, litterbins and parking meters adopted the visual language of modern design – while at the same time, remaining inconspicuous - was perceived as being vitally important by the authorities concerned. For it was through such objects that Britain’s new social and cultural agenda was given physical expression, and Good Design was deliberately introduced into people’s everyday lives. Yet for a category of object designed to be ignored, postwar street furniture prompted considerable debate. For some members of the public, the new designs were grotesque, and represented a defacement of the country and its landscape’s individual character. While for others, modern street furniture design was a means of civilizing Britain’s streets. The design of these objects also drew strong feelings from the groups involved with its improvement, including central and local government, the Council of Industrial Design and other state-advisory bodies, manufacturers, and civic groups. Sometimes this multi-layered group worked to improve the design of street furniture together, and sometimes in opposition. This thesis is concerned with the critical reception of street furniture design in postwar Britain, and the debate these objects prompted. It emerges out of an interest in the systems and structures underpinning design culture, and a belief that reading the banal built world expands our knowledge of how political power works. Rather than prioritise the designed objects themselves or the intentions of those responsible for producing them – such as the designers and manufacturers – the thesis will expand the debate to include the wide variety of contemporary viewpoints that were expressed, both in public and private, in response to the promotion, dissemination and design of modern street furniture. Extending the discussion beyond the official design narrative to other, equally important voices reflects a more accurate picture of the process through which street furniture was discussed, understood and even determined during this period. Using extensive primary material from archives, contemporary periodicals and newspapers, and interviews with street furniture designers practicing in the postwar period, the five chapters of this thesis address the different arguments employed by the multiplicity of voices active in the debate. While many of these arguments focused on dichotomies - between old and new, local and central, modern and traditional - the thesis contends that postwar dissent over street furniture was informed by wider debates about Good Design, design’s relationship to high and low culture, its social and moral responsibilities, and taste. The dominance of such themes throughout the thesis reflects the wider social context of the period, which witnessed considerable changes to the authority of its institutions and cultural hierarchy, as well as more timely debates about power, influence and class in the shaping of public life.

Essa tese explora a circulação de práticas e experiências relativas ao Desenho Urbano com especial referência aos princípios Townscape desenvolvidos, a partir do fim dos anos 1940, na Inglaterra no âmbito da revista londrina Architectural Review. O ideário Townscape surgiu como uma crítica à degradação da paisagem urbana e rural causada principalmente pela expansão indiscriminada de construções privadas e loteamentos. O movimento Townscape consistiu, em parte, em uma reinterpretação do ideal estético do Pitoresco e tinha como intento produzir uma metodologia de Desenho Urbano, questionando ao mesmo tempo o planejamento modernista e a influência do modelo Cidade Jardim durante o pós-guerra na Grã-Bretanha. Embora o movimento tenha sido geralmente considerado pela historiografia como um fenômeno estritamente britânico, essa tese visa demonstrar que esse ideário foi recebido, assimilado e incorporado, com maior ou menor sucesso, nas teorias e práticas de Desenho Urbano dos Estados Unidos, Itália e Brasil. / This thesis explores the circulation of Urban Design practices and experiences with a specific emphasis on the Townscape principles developed, from the 1940s, in the context of London based magazine Architectural Review. This set of theories arose as a critique on the disfigurement of landscapes and townscapes caused mainly by the indiscriminate sprawl of the suburb. The Townscape movement consisted, in part, of a reinterpretation of the aesthetic ideal of the Picturesque and aimed at producing, during the post war reconstruction period, a methodology of Urban Design and challenge both modernist planning and the Garden City model. Although the movement was generally considered a strictly British phenomenon, this thesis seeks to demonstrate that these principles were received, assimilated and incorporated, more or less successfully, in Urban Design theories and practices in the United States, Italy and Brazil.

Essa tese explora a circulação de práticas e experiências relativas ao Desenho Urbano com especial referência aos princípios Townscape desenvolvidos, a partir do fim dos anos 1940, na Inglaterra no âmbito da revista londrina Architectural Review. O ideário Townscape surgiu como uma crítica à degradação da paisagem urbana e rural causada principalmente pela expansão indiscriminada de construções privadas e loteamentos. O movimento Townscape consistiu, em parte, em uma reinterpretação do ideal estético do Pitoresco e tinha como intento produzir uma metodologia de Desenho Urbano, questionando ao mesmo tempo o planejamento modernista e a influência do modelo Cidade Jardim durante o pós-guerra na Grã-Bretanha. Embora o movimento tenha sido geralmente considerado pela historiografia como um fenômeno estritamente britânico, essa tese visa demonstrar que esse ideário foi recebido, assimilado e incorporado, com maior ou menor sucesso, nas teorias e práticas de Desenho Urbano dos Estados Unidos, Itália e Brasil. / This thesis explores the circulation of Urban Design practices and experiences with a specific emphasis on the Townscape principles developed, from the 1940s, in the context of London based magazine Architectural Review. This set of theories arose as a critique on the disfigurement of landscapes and townscapes caused mainly by the indiscriminate sprawl of the suburb. The Townscape movement consisted, in part, of a reinterpretation of the aesthetic ideal of the Picturesque and aimed at producing, during the post war reconstruction period, a methodology of Urban Design and challenge both modernist planning and the Garden City model. Although the movement was generally considered a strictly British phenomenon, this thesis seeks to demonstrate that these principles were received, assimilated and incorporated, more or less successfully, in Urban Design theories and practices in the United States, Italy and Brazil.

Em junho de 1955, o periódico inglês The Architectural Review publicou uma edição especial chamada Outrage escrita pelo jovem crítico Ian Douglas Nairn (1930-1983) que teve um profundo impacto no debate sobre a reconstrução do pós-guerra. Essa dissertação analisa a trajetória intelectual e profissional de Ian Nairn e seu envolvimento com um modelo de intervenção ambiental e metodologia de projeto urbano articulada pela The Architectural Review a partir de 1947 e conhecida com o nome de Townscape. Ao explorar o contexto histórico e cultural na Grã-Bretanha do pós-guerra e o clima intelectual específico na Review essa pesquisa pretende avaliar a esquecida contribuição de Nairn em promover o ideário Townscape na Grã-Bretanha e no exterior. Também pretende demonstrar como esse ideário determinou sua visão e esteve presentes não apenas em seu trabalho para a Review mas também em uma diversa gama de mídia. Não só sua visão era profundamente influenciada pelo ideário Townscape mas podemos afirmar que ele acrescentou ao Townscape algo muito pessoal e essa marca foi importante para a visibilidade dos princípios Townscape e portanto para uma ampla penetração dos mesmos. / In June 1955, the English periodical The Architectural Review published a special edition called Outrage by young critic Ian Douglas Nairn (1930-1983), which had a profound impact on the post-war reconstruction debate. This dissertation analyzes Ian Nairn\'s professional and intellectual trajectory, and his involvement with a model of environmental intervention and urban design methodology articulated by the Architectural Review beginning in 1947 and known under the rubric of Townscape. By exploring the historical and cultural context of post-war Great Britain, as well as the specific cultural climate within the Review, this study aims to assess Nairn\'s largely forgotten contribution in promoting Townscape ideals both in Great Britain and abroad. It also aims to demonstrate how these ideals determined his vision and were present not only in his work at the Review but also across a wide range of media. In addition, we also assert that Nairn added his own unique signature, which was key to the increasing visibility of Townscape ideals and therefore to their dissemination.

Em junho de 1955, o periódico inglês The Architectural Review publicou uma edição especial chamada Outrage escrita pelo jovem crítico Ian Douglas Nairn (1930-1983) que teve um profundo impacto no debate sobre a reconstrução do pós-guerra. Essa dissertação analisa a trajetória intelectual e profissional de Ian Nairn e seu envolvimento com um modelo de intervenção ambiental e metodologia de projeto urbano articulada pela The Architectural Review a partir de 1947 e conhecida com o nome de Townscape. Ao explorar o contexto histórico e cultural na Grã-Bretanha do pós-guerra e o clima intelectual específico na Review essa pesquisa pretende avaliar a esquecida contribuição de Nairn em promover o ideário Townscape na Grã-Bretanha e no exterior. Também pretende demonstrar como esse ideário determinou sua visão e esteve presentes não apenas em seu trabalho para a Review mas também em uma diversa gama de mídia. Não só sua visão era profundamente influenciada pelo ideário Townscape mas podemos afirmar que ele acrescentou ao Townscape algo muito pessoal e essa marca foi importante para a visibilidade dos princípios Townscape e portanto para uma ampla penetração dos mesmos. / In June 1955, the English periodical The Architectural Review published a special edition called Outrage by young critic Ian Douglas Nairn (1930-1983), which had a profound impact on the post-war reconstruction debate. This dissertation analyzes Ian Nairn\'s professional and intellectual trajectory, and his involvement with a model of environmental intervention and urban design methodology articulated by the Architectural Review beginning in 1947 and known under the rubric of Townscape. By exploring the historical and cultural context of post-war Great Britain, as well as the specific cultural climate within the Review, this study aims to assess Nairn\'s largely forgotten contribution in promoting Townscape ideals both in Great Britain and abroad. It also aims to demonstrate how these ideals determined his vision and were present not only in his work at the Review but also across a wide range of media. In addition, we also assert that Nairn added his own unique signature, which was key to the increasing visibility of Townscape ideals and therefore to their dissemination.

Darbe tiriama Naujosios Vilnios raida morfologiniu aspektu bei atliekamas kokybinis urbanistinės morfostruktūros vertinimas. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro įvadas, dvi dalys, išvados ir priedai. Įvadinėje dalyje aptariamas darbo aktualumas, tikslai, uždaviniai, tyrimo metodai bei apžvelgiami su tema susiję literatūros šaltiniai. Pirmojoje dalyje suformuluojama darbo strategija ir metodinės tyrimo gairės, apžvelgiama Lietuvos ir užsienio patirtis, nustatomi esminiai tyrimo aspektai ir metodai, aktualūs tyrimo problematikos atžvilgiu. Antrojoje dalyje atliekamas Naujosios Vilnios morfologinės raidos tyrimas. Siekiant ją atskleisti, analizuojami atskiri struktūros sluoksniai bei jų tarpusavio sąveika. Taip pat nagrinėjamos sąlygos ir veiksniai, įtakoję teritorijos urbanistinio karkaso vystymąsi. Naujosios Vilnios morfologinės struktūros kokybinis vertinimas atliekamas viešųjų erdvių, funkcinių ryšių sklaidos, miestovaizdžio ir aksiologiniu aspektais. Atskleidžiama gyvenvietės morfostruktūros pokyčių įtaka viešųjų erdvių tinklo ir funkcinių ryšių sistemos kokybei, miestovaizdžio savitumui ir istorinio – kultūrinio charakterio išraiškingumui. Nusakomos dabartinio urbanistinio karkaso vertybių nustatymo gairės. Baigiamojoje dalyje pateikiamos darbo išvados bei susiję priedai. Darbo apimtis – 99 puslapiai, 28 iliustracijos, 7 lentelės, 81 bibliografinis šaltinis. / Master thesis is a research work on morphological development and qualitative assessment of Naujoji Vilnia town. The thesis consists of introduction, two parts, conclusions, references and appendixes. Relevance of the topic, objectives, tasks, research methods and review of related literature are discussed in the introductory part. The first part of the master thesis covers strategic and methodical guidelines, review on Lithuanian and foreign experience in the field of urban morphology, determination of research directions and methods in the aspect of relevance to the topic. The second part of the thesis covers the research on urban morphological development of Naujoji Vilnia. In order to reveal development of town in the morphological aspect, separate layers of the urban structure are analyzed in terms of historic alternation, pointing out influential internal and external factors. The qualitative analysis of the morphological structure is carried out in the aspects of public spaces, functional links, townscape and axiology. This analysis reveals the influence of morphological alterations over the quality of public spaces and functional links network, individuality and historic-cultural uniformity of townscape. The guidelines for qualitative valuation of current structure in the aspect of urban heritage are discussed. The final part consists of conclusions and relevant appendixes. In total: 99 pages, 28 drawings, 7 tables, 81 references.

Rapid urbanization, which is one of the major problems of contemporary era, created cities as the major destroying centers of nature and ecology by human beings. In this respect, urban agriculture takes place in urban areas as a new way to meet nature and urban for improving the quality of life in the last decades. Despite the belief that agricultural activities always take place in rural areas, agriculture in urban areas would provide citizens many opportunities in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. This study aims to identify the notions of urban agriculture, and to investigate its economic, social and environmental impacts by exemplifying the different practices around world. It focuses on Black Sea Towns of Turkey in the case of Rize where agriculture is occupied in important parts of urban and rural areas. Unique features of agriculture in urban areas as they differ from other implementations in the world are examined. In this thesis, UA is considered as socio-economic and townscape value in the city. In the case of Rize, urban agriculture appears as an indispensable part of social life that bears the imprint of rural background of the cities.