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The thesis compares variability of mercury concentration among adult and juvenile fish in order to streamline monitoring of water environment contamination. In terms ov thw thesis there were monitored two localities: Labe Děčín and Labe Kozly. Adult fish were caught usingdeep-water electrofishing equipment and juvenile fish were caught using back-pack electrofishing equipment. Two variations of mercury concentration were compared, one in muscle of particular adult fish species, second in whole bodies of juvenile fish. Mercury concentrations were also compared among particular juvenile fish fish species in particular localities. All analyses were performed using spectrophotometer AMA 254. It was proved that analyses of juvenile fish are suitable and more cheaper than analyses of adult fish, when it comes to monitoring.

Fire presents a significant risk of the formation of toxic combustion gases. These substances further endanger fire squad units and nearby residents. Toxic gases are responsible for almost 50% of all fire casualties and cause one third of fatal casualties. The amount and composition of gases depend to a great extent on the conditions of thermal degradation especially temperature and the amount of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere. Prevention or minimisation of consequences of formation of toxic gases involves a rapid and a quality analysis. For this purpose, the methods that proved to be the best suited are gas chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with micro-extraction to solid phase. This work involves analysis of combustion products of selected materials and study of their toxic characteristics. These are especially wood, oil products, various types of rubber and plastic materials. Using analysis of these combustion gases more than 300 hundred substances have been identified. These are especially carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. Monitoring of combustion gases was performed even in the vicinity of large fires. The findings were complemented by information from expert studies and events of past years. In case of identified substances which present the greatest health risk, the most significant toxic characteristics were described with emphasis on acute exposition, symptoms of intoxication and possible consequences. Following all these facts protection measures are suggested in relation to the formation of toxic combustion gases.

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The object of this thesis is the assessment of fish contamination by selected foreign substances as toxic metals, polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in 31 selected fishing grounds. The monitoring was realized between years 2006 and 2010. Fish were caught by electric device and fishing rods. Concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, PCB, DDT, HCH and HCB in fish muscle tissues were monitored. Common bream (Abramis brama) was selected as a reference species for a comparison of the monitored sites. The results of analysis were compared with valid hygienic limits. Overrun of hygienic limit for some of the monitored pollutants were observed in 18 localities. We found mercury as a major pollutant in the aquatic environment.

Since 1986 extensive reclamation works have taken place in the area. Aim of this works is to mend the damaged environment, eliminate impact of uranium processing, reduce contamination of ground water and radiation effects on the area. However after 29 years of reclamation works, risks of chemical and radiation toxicity are still present. Massive development of uranium mining occurred at the beginning of 20th century. Czech republic was not an exception and czech government decided to build chemical processing plant of uranium under a code name MAPE. chemical processing plantwas built near village Mydlovary, in the southeaster part of Czech republic. Construction began in 1959. Operation started in 1962. Uranium was processed either by acidic or alkalic leaching. During the operation of the plant 36 million tons of sludge were stored in nearby sludge beds. Operation of MAPE ended in the year 1991. This thesis focuses on problems of chemical toxicity in former uranium processing plant MAPE Mydlovary and nearby area. Primary aim was to assess potential risks of chemical toxicity resulting from MAPE operation which could influence health of former employees, citizens of nearby villages and the environment. In order to determine the risks it was necessary to analyse chemical substances used to process uranium, possible signs of uranium intoxication of living organisms, quality and direction of ground water flow in wider area of interest. Among substances used to process uranium were different kinds of gasoline, diesel, ammonia, nitric acid, sulphuric acids and its salts, sodium carbonate and barium chloride dyhydrate. In comparison to dangerousness of particular substances it was found that most occurring types of damage are types of damage to skin or eyes due to irritant or caustic effects. It was difficult to analyse the influence of uranium intoxication on living organisms because of limited availability of useful and relevant information . Therefore assessment of possible effects were established as the result of previous studies. Former employees of MAPE could have been exposed to several kinds of uranium compounds (UO2, UO3, (NH4)2U2O7), therefore effects of intoxication by these compounds were taken into the consideration. Most cases of chemical intoxication were localized in the renal and respiratory systems of living organisms. Ground waters of wider area of interest were estimated as main carrier of potential chemical intoxication of residents of nearby villages and environment. Analysis of quality and direction of spreading showed that villages close to processing plant can use ground water only for irrigation (in the village Mydlovary ground water cannot be used even for irrigation) . Furthermore there is a small risk of contamination of collecting borehole S4 near the city of Zliv. Water from this borehole is drinkable and worsening of the quality of this water could result in exceeding limits set by decree no. 274/2003. Nowadays former chemical processing plant of uranium MAPE Mydlovary represents one of the most severe ecological burdens in Czech republic. Reclamation works significantly reduce negative impacts of chemical processing plantand without these works present situation would pose both real threat to ecology and protection of public health.

This diploma thesis dealing with a simulated accident of a rail tanker in the railway station in Jihlava with subsequent leakage of ammonia has been prepared in the form of public and available information that provides a brief overview about the topic. In the introduction, possible types of extraordinary events are described with individual examples. In another part of the thesis, extraordinary events in traffic are mentioned as well as accidents connected with leakage of dangerous substances. The follow-up chapter deals with the issue of emergency planning, aimed particularly at leakage of ammonia. The remaining part is devoted to the integrated rescue system. Another chapter deals with ammonia toxicology with examples. The following part concerns railway haulage, including rail transport of ammonia. The following chapter describes the chronology of an extraordinary event with the follow-up solution. In the diploma thesis, research of awareness of the general public about ammonia is presented. The conclusion contains specification of problems that occurred during preparation of this paper. Also comparison with specialized literature is provided as well as the author{\crq}s own ideas.

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Statine sind ein häufig verordnetes Medikament gegen Hyperlipidämie und werden zur Sekundärprophylaxe kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen wie z.B. Myokardinfarkt oder ischämischer Schlaganfall angewendet. Sie wirken über die Hemmung des Enzyms HMG-CoA-Reduktase inhibitorisch auf die Cholesterinbiosynthese. Als Hauptnebenwirkung neben der Transaminasenerhöhung treten bei Patienten muskuläre Symptome auf, z.B. Muskelkrämpfe, Muskelschmerzen oder im schwersten Fall Rhabdomyolse. Zur Untersuchung dieser Statin-assoziierten Myotoxizität wurde ein Skelettmuskelmodell aus Rattenmyoblasten verwendet (ESM). Nach der Behandlung mit Cerivastatin zeigten sich ein konzentrationsabhängiger Kraftverlust sowie eine iNOS-Induktion auf Protein- und RNA-Ebene in den ESM. Der Kraftverlust war durch gleichzeitige Behandlung mit Cholesterinvorläufermolekülen vollständig reversibel, weshalb von einer HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Abhängigkeit der Statinmyotoxizität ausgegangen werden kann. Um die Rolle der iNOS in der Statinmyotoxizität untersuchen zu können, wurden u.a. iNOS-Inhibitoren (L-NAME, 1400W) verwendet, die zu keiner Besserung der Kraftentwicklung führten. ESM nach gleichzeitiger Behandlung mit dem NO-Donor Sodium Nitroprussid und Cerivastatin zeigten jedoch eine signifikant höhere Kraft sowie ein in der Tendenz niedrigeres iNOS-Niveau auf Proteinebene als die nur mit Cerivastatin behandelten ESM. Somit kann zusammenfassend davon ausgegangen werden, dass die iNOS zwar nicht direkt ursächlich für die Statin-assoziierte Myotoxizität ist, jedoch möglicherweise zum Ausgleich eines relativen NO-Mangels induziert wird oder als Stressensor fungiert.