La présente thèse s’intéresse aux pratiques orthographiques des personnes en difficulté à l’écrit et en particulier des adultes illettrés. L’illettrisme qualifie les personnes de plus de 16 ans qui, après avoir été scolarisées en France, n’ont pas acquis une maitrise suffisante de la lecture, de l’écriture et du calcul, ce que l’on appelle, dans le champ de la formation pour adultes, les compétences de base. Cette étude vise à mieux connaître l’hétérogénéité de la population illettrée et à identifier plus particulièrement les compétences et les difficultés en orthographe qu’on y observe. Elle propose ainsi une description et une analyse linguistique des pratiques orthographiques des adultes en difficultés à l’écrit, et montre que pour l’essentiel, ils savent faire des choses à l’écrit, y compris du point de vue orthographique. Cette étude cherche également à mieux connaître les dispositifs institutionnels de la formation aux compétences de base des adultes illettrés, en particulier en Haute-Normandie. L’ensemble des analyses vise à dégager des pistes de réflexion didactiques, fût-ce brièvement, et à donner des outils concrets afin de « lire autrement » qu’en termes normatifs, les pratiques orthographiques qui s’écartent de la norme. / The following thesis tackles the subject of orthographic practices among persons struggling to write and more especially the illiterate adults. Illiteracy concerns 16-year-olds and over who, after attending school in France, have not yet mastered reading, writing, using calculus, and did not acquire basic competencies, as it is qualified in the adult training field. This study aims to find out more about the heterogeneity of this illiterate population, and more particularly to identify the competencies and difficulties that are linked to spelling. This thesis offers a description and a linguistic analysis on orthographic practices with adults who are struggling with written language. It shows that for the majority, they can actually put things in writing, even from an orthographical outlook. Furthermore, it delves into the understanding of the institutional means in place to help training illiterate adults, especially in the region of Upper-Normandy (France). All the analyses have for objective to draw didactic food for thought and suggest tangible tools in order to « read differently » than with normative terms, the orthographical practices that divert from the norm.

Teaching methods change during times. The authors consider it essential to anchor the theoretical part of studies with practice in the natural environment. Therefore, to ensure the achievement of leaming outcomes, practical training is included in a number of courses in Estonian academic forestry education. The history of academic forestry education in Estonia starts in 1920. The Experimental Forest District at Järvselja was established in 1921. Since 1997 its name is the Foundation Järvselja Experimental and Training Centre and it belongs to the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The Järvselja Center's total area is 10 553 ha. Forest land comprises 6 626 ha, of which 2 723 ha are protected. Bogs form 3 147 ha of the Järvselja Centre's land. Järvselja Experimental and Training Centre is the only one in Estonia which has complete infrastructure for accommodation and catering. Every year Estonian forestry students have various practical training courses in Järvselja. In most cases, practical training is held in summer, but some courses are offered in winter (e.g. forest and timber measurement) as well. Also every year some graduation theses are defended on themes done in Järvselja forests. Forests in Järvselja are used to carry out several research projects, too.