The thesis and the two films form a practice PhD in drama exploring ethnofiction - an experimental ethnographic filmmaking approach pioneered by visual anthropologist Jean Rouch. In the mid-1950's Rouch started to experiment with fiction and 'projective improvisation' in ethnographic films such as Jaguar (1957-1967), Moi, unnoir (1957) and La pyramide humaine (1959). Film critics would call these films 'ethnofictions'. After agreeing a story outline, the camera simply follows the subjects' improvisations of their own, and others', lived experiences. The aim is to show aspects of ethnographic research otherwise hard to represent. A key question of the doctoral research has been whether a nuanced understanding of foreign cultures can be created and mediated by combining ethnographic research methods with the processes of dramatic work. Even though Rouch made ethnofictions as part of his ethnographic research, he infused the genre with elements of surrealism and poetry, and often opposed anyone trying to establish theories about his films. Defying Rouch's view on this matter, this thesis explores ethnofiction as an ethnographic filmmaking method by drawing on the experiences from fieldwork and filmmaking among transgendered Brazilians living in São Paulo. The fieldwork resulted in a feature-length ethnofiction and an ethnographic documentary short: Transfiction focuses on identity and discrimination in the daily lives of Brazilian travestis and transsexuals. Informed by transgendered artists, prostitutes, healthworkers and political activists, Fabia Mirassos projected her life through the role of Meg, a transsexual hairdresser confronting intolerance and re-living memories of abuse. Savana 'Bibi' Meirelles plays Zilda who makes her living as one of the many transgendered sex workers in São Paulo, as she struggles to find her way out of prostitution. Drama Queens is an ethnographic documentary short and contains four scenes from the over 200 hours of rushes that were recorded during the fieldwork. The scenes are from São Paulo's annual Pride Parade and present Bibi, Fabia and Phedra who were the main informants of the research conducted at the theatre Os Satyros in central São Paulo.

Cette thèse étudie les récits de voyage dans l’imaginaire et les croisements entre divers contes et histoires, des éléments de plus en plus présents dans la littérature pour la jeunesse comme au cinéma. Quoiqu’il semble récent, ce type de récits existe, en fait, depuis longtemps. En nous intéressant à un corpus qui traverse différentes époques, nous cherchons à voir comment se construisent ces textes qui, comme dans Alice au pays des merveilles dont ils s’inspirent, transportent le personnage et le lecteur dans un monde merveilleux. Notre corpus se compose d’Alice au pays des merveilles (1865) et De l’autre côté du miroir (1871) de Lewis Carroll, de Sur les ailes de l’Oiseau bleu : l’envolée féerique et Une Révolte au pays des fées (1936) de Marie-Claire Dalevuy, de La bibliothécaire (1995) de Gudule et de l’album Il était une fois au pays des contes (2009) de Delphine Godard et Claire Degans. En observant les jeux de référence entre l’histoire principale et les fictions antérieures, nous examinons les liens entre les mondes fictionnels qui surgissent dans l’aventure et entre les différents textes évoqués (transfictionnalité et intertextualité). Nous nous intéressons également aux objectifs visés par ces textes qui proposent une initiation à la littérature et à la lecture littéraire.