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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Inhibitory synpatic transmission in striatal neurons after transient cerebral ischemia

Li, Yan. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on December 1, 2009). Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Zao C. Xu, Feng C. Zhou, Charles R. Yang, Theodore R. Cummins. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-135).
2

Inhibitory synpatic transmission in striatal neurons after transient cerebral ischemia

Li, Yan 08 December 2009 (has links)
Large aspiny neurons are the only non-GABAergic neurons in the striatum. After transient cerebral ischemia, large aspiny neurons survive while medium spiny neurons die. Previous studies have shown that differential changes in the intrinsic membrane properties and excitatory synaptic transmission play a role in this selective vulnerability. However, the role of inhibitory synaptic transmission in this selective vulnerability is still unknown. Since inhibitory tone is very important in the control of neuronal excitability, the present study is aimed at examining if there are any changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission in striatal neurons after ischemia and the possible mechanisms. We also examined if facilitation of inhibitory synaptic transmission by muscimol could attenuate ischemic neuronal injury in the striatum after ischemia. Results from this study will improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying selective neuronal injury after transient cerebral ischemia. We hope this study could contribute to the translational studies for the stroke patients after cardiac arrest. / Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the striatum, large aspiny (LA) interneurons survive transient cerebral ischemia while medium spiny (MS) neurons die. Excitotoxicity is believed to be the major cause for neuronal death after ischemia. Since inhibitory tone plays an important role in the control of neuronal excitability, the present study is aimed at examining if there are any changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission in striatal neurons after ischemia and the possible mechanisms. Transient forebrain ischemia was induced in male Wistar rats using the four-vessel occlusion method. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were evoked intrastriatally and whole-cell voltage-clamp recording was performed on striatal slices. The expression of glutamate decarboxylase65 (GAD65) was analyzed using immunohistochemical studies and Western blotting. Muscimol (a specific GABAA receptor agonist) was injected intraperitoneally to the rats (1 mg/kg) to observe ischemic damage, evaluated by counting the survived cells in the striatum after hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. The amplitudes of evoked IPSCs were significantly increased in LA neurons while depressed in MS neurons after ischemia. This enhancement was due to the increase of presynaptic release. Muscimol (1 μM) presynaptically facilitated inhibitory synaptic transmission in LA neurons at 24 h after ischemia. The optical density of GAD65-positive terminals and the number of GAD65-positive puncta was significantly increased in the striatum at both 1 day and 3 days after ischemia. Consistently, data from western blotting suggested an increased expression of GAD65 in the striatum after ischemia. For the rats treated with muscimol, the number of survived cells in the striatum was greatly increased compared to the non-treatment group. The present study demonstrates an enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in LA neurons after ischemia, which is contributed by two mechanisms. One is the increased presynaptic release of GABA mediated by presynaptic GABAA receptors. The other is the increased expression of GAD. Facilitation of inhibitory synaptic transmission by muscimol protects striatal neurons against ischemia. Therefore, the enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission might reduce excitotoxicity and contribute to the selective survival of LA neurons after ischemia.
3

L-deprenil previne alteraÃÃes neuroquÃmicas e comportamentais induzidas pela isquemia cerebral transitÃria / L-Deprenyl prevines neurochemicals and comportamentals alterations induced of transiente cerebral ischaemia

FlÃvio Damasceno Maia 05 February 2004 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho mostra o tratamento e os efeitos do l-deprenil (DEP), no aprendizado, na memÃria e na peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica em cÃrebros de ratos submetidos à isquemia cerebral transitÃria (ICT). Os animais (ratos Wistar, fÃmeas, 200-250g) foram submetidos à isquemia cerebral transitÃria pela oclusÃo de ambas as artÃrias carÃtidas durante 20 minutos e tratados durante 5 dias com DEP (5 e 10 mg/kg). A temperatura retal foi monitorada e mantida em torno de 37ÂC atravÃs de uma luz incandescente. O mesmo procedimento foi feito no grupo controle + salina, Falso-operado + salina (FO) com exceÃÃo do clampeamento das artÃrias carÃtidas. No 6 dia apÃs a induÃÃo da isquemia, os animais foram submetidos aos testes de atividade locomotora e memÃria (esquiva passiva, labirinto em T elevado e labirinto aquÃtico de Morris), a seguir foram sacrificados e os cÃrebros dissecados sobre gelo (hipocampo e cÃrtex temporal) para as determinaÃÃes de MDA, nitrito/nitrato e atividade da catalase e atividade da protease caspase-3. No protocolo de avaliaÃÃo da Ãrea total do infarto encontramos apÃs 1 hora de ICT uma Ãrea de infarto 38,01  3,44% da Ãrea total do cÃrebro, e apÃs 24 horas de ICT uma Ãrea de infarto 22,00  2,90% da Ãrea total do cÃrebro. Os parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos estudados nÃo mostraram alteraÃÃes entre os grupos ICT e FO. Nenhuma alteraÃÃo na atividade locomotora foi detectada nos grupos FO, ICT, Dep 10 + ICT. PorÃm, um aumento na atividade locomotora foi observado no grupo Dep 5 + ICT (7,37  1, 77, p< 0,02) quando comparado com o grupo FO, tratado com salina, (4,66  1,54). No teste do Labirinto em T elevado (T Maze) a ICT afetou os processos de aquisiÃÃo e retenÃÃo de memÃria quando os animais foram testados no mesmo dia (esquiva 1 e 2) quando comparados com o grupo controle (FO). O teste de Kruskall-Wallis mostrou alteraÃÃo significativa na latÃncia da esquiva inibitÃria (esquiva 1 e 2 quando comparados com o treino) no falso-operado (FO - treino: 20,34  3,43 s; esquiva 1 - 231,6  34,81 s; esquiva 2 â 247,8  27,25 s; KW = 19,62, p< 0,001), e no grupo l-deprenil (5 e 10 mg/kg) + isquemia (Dep 5 â treino: 110,8  56,16 s; esquiva 1 - 299,8  0,16 s; esquiva 2 â 260  40,00 s; KW = 9,16, p< 0,01. Dep 10 â treino: 29,15  8,64 s; esquiva 1 â 299,80  0,25 s; esquiva 2 299,8  0,25 s; KW = 6,98, p< 0,05). Isto indica uma boa aquisiÃÃo de memÃria. Portanto, o resultado do grupo ICT + salina indicou um dÃficit da memÃria (ICT â treino: 37,75  11,52 s; esquiva 1 â 116,30  65,46 s; treino 2 â 195,00  64,10 s; KW = 3,90, p< 0,141). AlÃm disso, existiu uma diferenÃa significativa (Teste Mann-Whitney) entre os grupos na esquiva 3 (retenÃÃo) quando comparados com o grupo ICT (Dep 5, MW (3) = 18,483, p< 0,0003, Dep 10, MW (3) = 18,483, p< 0,003) significando que a retenÃÃo da memÃria foi aumentada pelo tratamento com a droga. No teste da esquiva passiva os animais do grupo controle (FO + salina) apresentaram uma boa retenÃÃo da memÃria, tanto na fase imediata (memÃria recente - MR), quanto na fase de consolidaÃÃo (memÃria tardia - MT), quando comparadas ao treino (ANOVA) (FO + salina (n-7)- treino - 15,94  4,40 s, MR - 138,84  34,60 s, MT - 196,32  34, 71, p< 0,006). Por outro lado, os animais que sofreram ICT nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro quando comparado com o treino, significando um dÃficit na aprendizagem e memÃria (ICT (n-7)- treino - 34,37  10,16 s, MR - 105,54  35,21 s, MT - 96,20  33, 44, p< 0,33), e, portanto dano na aquisiÃÃo e retenÃÃo da memÃria. Comparando os tratamentos observamos um aumento significativo, no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro do aparelho, nos ratos tratados com l-deprenil 5 mg/kg quando avaliados na MR (FO + salina- 138,84  34,60s; ICT - 105,54  35,21; ICT + Dep 5- 198,88  38,42s; ICT + Dep 10- 188,06  34,60s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-9,66, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, Dep 5 vs ICT, p<0,05), enquanto na MT foi observada uma diminuiÃÃo significativa, no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro do aparelho, nos ratos tratados com l-deprenil (5 e 10 mg/kg) (FO + salina- 196,32  34,71s; ICT - 96,20  33,44s; ICT + Dep 5- 299,83  0,16s; ICT + Dep 10- 264,70  35,28 s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-14,57, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, Dep 5 e Dep 10 vs ICT, p<0,05), significando melhora no aprendizado do animal fazendo-o lembrar o choque recebido durante o treino e indicando uma reversÃo da lesÃo sofrida com a ICT. No teste do Labirinto AquÃtico (Water Maze) a ICT promoveu um dano da retenÃÃo na memÃria dos animais em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle (FO), porÃm o l-deprenil conseguiu reverter o dano na aquisiÃÃo da memÃria induzida pela ICT em ambas as doses (5 e 10 mg/kg), observamos tambÃm que o grupo Dep 5 obteve um melhor desempenho na aquisiÃÃo da memÃria quando comparado com o grupo Dep 10. (FO (n-10): 5,4  0,84s; FO + DEP 10 (n-10): 9,7  2,28s; ICT (n-9): 32,44  2,95s; ICT + DEP 5 (n-8): 12,88  1,4s; ICT + DEP 10 (n-8): 4,5  0,70s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-29,07, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, FO + DEP 10, Dep 5 e Dep 10 vs ICT, p<0,05). Os ratos submetidos a ICT mostraram um aumento de 71% nos nÃveis de MDA no hipocampo quando comparados com o grupo controle (FO), e o tratamento com l-deprenil reverteu significativamente este efeito (p<0,05). Os valores dos nÃveis de MDA foram trazidos prÃximos aqueles valores do grupo controle (FO) em relaÃÃo aos grupos (ICT + DEP 5 e ICT + DEP 10, 34 e 38%, respectivamente) com ambas as doses de l-deprenil mais ICT (Hipocampo - FO (n-7): 45,4  4,45; ICT (n-7): 77,6  8,97; ICT + DEP 5 (n-7): 51,2  1,68; ICT + DEP 10 (n-7): 48,5  6,70 nmoles/g; p<0,05, ANOVA e Teste de Tukey). No cÃrtex temporal, a ICT nÃo aumentou os nÃveis de MDA quando comparados com o grupo controle. Portanto, os ratos submetidos a ICT e tratados com altas doses de l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) apresentaram nÃveis de MDA 30% menor que aqueles mostrados por ambos os grupos FO e ICT (CÃrtex temporal - FO (n-7): 46,8  4,36; ICT (n-7): 48,7  1,33; ICT + DEP 5 (n-7): 52,5  3,74; ICT + DEP 10 (n-7): 33,4  2,98 nmoles/g; p<0,05, ANOVA e Teste de Tukey). No hipocampo, os nÃveis de nitrito foram significativamente aumentados apÃs a ICT quando comparados com o grupo controle FO (82% aumento). O DEP 10 reverteu este efeito e os valores foram trazidos para aqueles do controle. Por outro lado, a isquemia nÃo afetou os nÃveis de nitrito no cÃrtex, entretanto o DEP 5 diminui significativamente os nÃveis de nitrito quando comparados com os grupos controle e ICT. A ICT mostrou um aumento em 50 % da atividade da protease caspase-3 no hipocampo; e o tratamento com l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) reverteu este efeito trazendo os valores prÃximos aos do grupo controle (FO), porÃm o tratamento com DEP 5 nÃo mostrou o mesmo (Valor da AbsorbÃncia: FO â 0,083  0,006; ICT - 0,124  0,017; ICT + DEP 10 â 0,080  0,007; ICT + DEP 5 â 0,125  0,007), porÃm nos animais controle que receberam tratamento com DEP 10 (FO + DEP 10) a atividade da caspase â 3 diminui em 99% em relaÃÃo ao grupo ICT. Em conclusÃo mostramos que a administraÃÃo do l-deprenil diariamente por 5 dias melhorou os danos da memÃria observados apÃs a isquemia cerebral transitÃria em ratos. A droga protegeu o cÃrebro contra a hiperperoxidaÃÃo e formaÃÃo de radicais livres observados apÃs o dano isquÃmico, como diminui a atividade da caspase â 3. Pelo menos parte desses efeitos à devido ao efeito antioxidante e conseqÃentemente inibiÃÃo da ativaÃÃo da produÃÃo de radicais livres pelo l-deprenil. / The present work shows the effects of l-deprenyl (DEP, 5 and 10 mg/kg, po) on memory, as well as on rat brain free radical formation after transient cerebral ischemia (TCI). Wistar rats were anesthetized and submitted to TCI by occlusion of both carotid arteries for 20 minutes. In another experiment, animals were submitted to surgery without ischemia (sham-operated). After surgery, ischaemic rats were treated with DEP (DEP, 5 and 10 mg/kg, po) once and daily for 5 days. One group of animals was left untreated (controls). The parameters studied were, memory acquisition and memory retention, locomotor activity and tiobarbituric acid reactive substances, as an index of lipid peroxidation. After treatment all, animals were submitted to passive avoidance test, water maze test and elevated T maze test, and 24 h later sacrificed and their hippocampi and temporal cortex dissected for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and used for catalase activity determinations. The protein concentration was measured according to the method described by Lowry (1951). In another set of experiments the animals were sacrificied forty eight hours after ischemia for caspase activity evaluation. Results show that DEP significantly reversed ischaemia-induced memory deficits. l-Deprenyl treatment significantly improved memory deficits as compared to ischemic group as measured by The elevated T maze and Water maze tests. A similar result was observed on the passive avoidance test where l-deprenyl improved late but not early memory as compared to the ischemic group. Except for an increased locomotor activity observed in the group treated with 5 mg/kg, no other alteration was detected in this behavioral test. Rats submitted to transient cerebral ischemia (and without l-deprenyl) showed an increase im MDA levels in the hippocampus and the treatment with l-deprenyl (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reversed this effect bringing values close to those of the sham-operated controls. A similar profile was observed with nitrite levels. Rats submitted to transient cerebral ischemia show an increase in caspase activity in the hippocampus and the treatment with l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) significantly reversed this effect bringing values close to those of the sham-operated controls. Moreover catalase activity in the hippocampi was not altered by ischemia. In conclusion, the work showed a signifant protective effect of l-deprenyl on memory deficits and lipid hyperperoxidation observed after cerebral ischemia. Possibly, the drug is acting at least in part through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities.

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