Submitted by JOÃO ANDRÉ DO AMARAL null (champignom2000@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T20:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Corrigida1.3.pdf: 8641211 bytes, checksum: 179938942aaaf6301236254125d6ed40 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-30T20:01:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 8641211 bytes, checksum: 179938942aaaf6301236254125d6ed40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T20:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_ja_me_ilha.pdf: 8641211 bytes, checksum: 179938942aaaf6301236254125d6ed40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Gramados são parte fundamental na composição de campos esportivos. Alguns aspectos devem ser levados em consideração no processo de escolha da espécie a ser utilizada, como a utilização do gramado (tolerância ao pisoteio), manejo do gramado, condições físico-químicas do solo e tolerância ao sombreamento. Com a realização de eventos esportivos no país, houve a necessidade de reformas e modernizações das arenas de futebol; dentre as alterações na arquitetura está a implantação de coberturas nos estádios, o que resultou em uma redução da luminosidade, afetando o desenvolvimento normal do gramado. Objetivou-se com o experimento avaliar a influência da luminosidade e de diferentessubstratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis). Foi conduzido no Campus II - UNESP, de Ilha Solteira – SP, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (substratos x luminosidades), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os substratos foram: S1 = Solo, S2 = Solo + areia (2:1), S3 = Solo + matéria orgânica (1:1), S4 = Solo + matéria orgânica + areia (2:1:1) e S5 = Matéria orgânica + areia (3:1), em 4 condições de luminosidade (pleno sol, 30%, 50%, 80%), durante os meses de março a outubro de 2014. Foram avaliados: altura, massa fresca e massa seca das aparas da grama, teor de clorofila e radiação solar. Concluiu-se que: o sombreamento interferiu no pleno desempenho da grama bermuda, sendo que esta tolera sombreamento intermediário (30% e 50%), e os substratos que contém maiores teores de matéria orgânica submetidos ao sombreamento tiveram o desempenho prejudicado. / Lawn is the main part of sports fields and landscaping projects, it is difficult to find a landscaping project on which the lawn is not present. Some aspects must be considered when choosing the species or cultivar, as tolerance to treading, need for irrigation, the soil physic and chemical conditions and shade tolerance. Due to the realization of the sports events in the following years, there was a need for reforms and modernization of football arenas; among the architectural changes is the implantation of roof on the arenas, resulting in a reduction in light, affecting the normal development of lawn. The aim of the presentstudy wasto evaluate the light and differentsubstrates influence in the development of Bermudagrass. The study has been conducted in Campus II - UNESP Campus of Ilha Solteira - SP, in a factorial design 5x4 (substrates x light), in a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments: substrates - S1 = Soil, S2 = Soil + sand (2:1), S3 = Soil + organic matter (1:1), S4 = Soil + organic matter + sand (2:1:1) and S5 = Organic matter + sand (3:1), in 4 lighting conditions (full sun, 30%, 50%, 80%), during the months of March to October 2014. It has been evaluated: shoot height, shoot fresh and dry matter, chlorophyll content in the leaves, solar. Conclusion: shade interfered in the full performance of bermudagrass, the grass tolerates intermediate shading (30% and 50%) and the substrates that has most quantities of organic matter in its composition and submitted to shade had the damaged performance.

Orientador: Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho / Resumo: Gramados são parte fundamental na composição de campos esportivos. Alguns aspectos devem ser levados em consideração no processo de escolha da espécie a ser utilizada, como a utilização do gramado (tolerância ao pisoteio), manejo do gramado, condições físico-químicas do solo e tolerância ao sombreamento. Com a realização de eventos esportivos no país, houve a necessidade de reformas e modernizações das arenas de futebol; dentre as alterações na arquitetura está a implantação de coberturas nos estádios, o que resultou em uma redução da luminosidade, afetando o desenvolvimento normal do gramado. Objetivou-se com o experimento avaliar a influência da luminosidade e de diferentessubstratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis). Foi conduzido no Campus II - UNESP, de Ilha Solteira – SP, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (substratos x luminosidades), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os substratos foram: S1 = Solo, S2 = Solo + areia (2:1), S3 = Solo + matéria orgânica (1:1), S4 = Solo + matéria orgânica + areia (2:1:1) e S5 = Matéria orgânica + areia (3:1), em 4 condições de luminosidade (pleno sol, 30%, 50%, 80%), durante os meses de março a outubro de 2014. Foram avaliados: altura, massa fresca e massa seca das aparas da grama, teor de clorofila e radiação solar. Concluiu-se que: o sombreamento interferiu no pleno desempenho da grama bermuda, sendo que esta tolera sombreamento intermediário (30% e 50%), e os s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lawn is the main part of sports fields and landscaping projects, it is difficult to find a landscaping project on which the lawn is not present. Some aspects must be considered when choosing the species or cultivar, as tolerance to treading, need for irrigation, the soil physic and chemical conditions and shade tolerance. Due to the realization of the sports events in the following years, there was a need for reforms and modernization of football arenas; among the architectural changes is the implantation of roof on the arenas, resulting in a reduction in light, affecting the normal development of lawn. The aim of the presentstudy wasto evaluate the light and differentsubstrates influence in the development of Bermudagrass. The study has been conducted in Campus II - UNESP Campus of Ilha Solteira - SP, in a factorial design 5x4 (substrates x light), in a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments: substrates - S1 = Soil, S2 = Soil + sand (2:1), S3 = Soil + organic matter (1:1), S4 = Soil + organic matter + sand (2:1:1) and S5 = Organic matter + sand (3:1), in 4 lighting conditions (full sun, 30%, 50%, 80%), during the months of March to October 2014. It has been evaluated: shoot height, shoot fresh and dry matter, chlorophyll content in the leaves, solar. Conclusion: shade interfered in the full performance of bermudagrass, the grass tolerates intermediate shading (30% and 50%) and the substrates that has most quantities of organic matte... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by ROQUE DE CARVALHO DIAS (roquediasagro@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T00:59:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Roque 1.pdf: 5566286 bytes, checksum: 6c72537f585638e2c9c641329d843ab1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-20T12:21:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_rc_me_botfca.pdf: 5488383 bytes, checksum: 9135485526aa6ccb4ff2034a5d777818 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T12:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_rc_me_botfca.pdf: 5488383 bytes, checksum: 9135485526aa6ccb4ff2034a5d777818 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As plantas daninhas interferem nos gramados, prejudicando a sua formação, estabelecimento, qualidade e estética. Destaca-se dentre as diversas técnicas o uso de herbicidas, entretanto, são escassas as informações referentes a seletividade desses produtos em gramados. Desse modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre as espécies Axonopus compressus (grama São Carlos), Paspalum notatum (grama Batatais), Zoysia japonica (grama Esmeralda) Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalensis (grama Bermuda - Tifton 419). Foram realizados dois experimentos, todos em casa de vegetação e repetidos em diferentes momentos. As quatro espécies de grama foram transplantadas em vasos com capacidade de 2 L e aos 40 dias após o transplantio foram realizadas as aplicações dos tratamentos. Os tratamentos constituíram-se pela aplicação de 13 herbicidas (g i.a. ha-1): chlorimuron-ethyl (15); halosulfuron (112,5); imazapyr (125,0); metsulfuron-methyl (2,4); dicamba (288); triclopyr (600); 2,4-D (2010); clomazone nas formulações convencional e microencapsulada (1200); atrazine (1250); bentazon (600); flumioxazin (30); sulfentrazone (600), além de tratamento controle (sem aplicação de herbicida) para cada espécie estudada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. As avaliações da taxa de cobertura verde (TCV) das espécies de gramas foram realizadas aos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 41, 48, 55 e 62 dias após a aplicação (DAA); altura e fitointoxicação nos mesmos período da TCV exceto ao 0 DAA. Avaliou-se também aos teores de clorofila total e carotenoides aos 9, 18 e 27 DAA e biomassa seca das aparas aos 27 e 62 DAA. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, sendo para os teores de clorofila total e biomassa seca das aparas, às médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p≤0,05). Já os resultados de TCV, fitointoxicação e altura dos herbicidas os dados da diferença mínima significativa (DMS) foram representadas nos gráficos. Os efeitos dos herbicidas observados nas diferentes espécies de grama foi dependente da espécie, herbicida, época e recuperação do gramado. Os herbicidas que apresentaram potencial de seletividade para o gramado de A. compressus e P. notatum foram a atrazine, bentazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, dicamba, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl e sulfentrazone. Já para o gramado de Z. japonica foram considerados atrazine, bentazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, dicamba, halosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl e 2,4-D flumioxazin e sulfentrazone. Com exceção do triclopyr, os produtos seletivos para Z. japonica podem também ser considerados seletivos para a grama Tifton 419. / Weeds interfere with turfgrass, hampering their formation, establishment, quality and aesthetics. Among the several techniques, the use of herbicides stands out, however, the information regarding the selectivity of these products in turfgrass is scarce. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied in post-emergence on the species Axonopus compressus (broadleaf carpetgrass), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass), Zoysia japonica (japanese lawn grass), Cynodon dactylon x Cynodon transvaalensis (bermudagrass -Tifton 419). Two studies were conducted, all in a greenhouse and repeated at different times. The four turfgrass species were transplanted in vessels with a capacity of 2 L and at 40 days after transplanting the applications of the treatments. The treatments consisted of the application of 13 herbicides (g i.a. ha-1): chlorimuron-ethyl (15); halosulfuron (112.5); imazapyr (125.0); metsulfuron-methyl (2.4); dicamba (288); triclopyr (600); 2,4-D (2010); clomazone in conventional and microencapsulated formulations (1200); atrazine (1250); bentazon (600); flumioxazin (30); sulfentrazone (600), in addition to control treatment (without herbicide application) for each species studied. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The green cover rate (TCV) evaluations of the turfgrass species were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 41, 48, 55 and 62 days after application (DAA); and height and phytointoxication, in the same TCV period, except for 0 DAA. The levels of total chlorophyll and carotenoids were evaluated at 9, 18 and 27 DAA and dry biomass of the shavings at 27 and 62 DAA. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, being the total chlorophyll content and dry biomass of the chips, compared to the Tukey test (p≤0.05). On the other hand, the results of TCV, phytotoxification and herbicide height showed the minimum significant difference data (DMS). It was observed that the selectivity of the herbicides was dependent on turfgrass species, herbicide, season and plants recovery. The herbicides with selectivity potential for P. notatum e A. compressus were atrazine, bentazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, dicamba, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl e sulfentrazone. For the Z. japonica were, atrazine, bentazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, dicamba, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfentrazone and 2,4-D. With the exception of triclopyr, selective products for Z. japonica can also be considered selective for Tifton 419 tufgrass.

Low temperature injury is among the greatest challenges facing golf courses with ultradwarf bermudagrass (UDB) (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) putting greens in Virginia. This research focused on the impact of turf covers, fungicide programming, core aeration, and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on UDB cold tolerance, winter quality, and cold de-acclimation (CD). Our results indicate that the use of turf covers significantly increased UDB canopy and soil temperatures when air temperatures were below -3.9°C. Air gaps under covers and the use of double turf covers increased soil and canopy temperatures compared to single covers alone in some instances, but results were inconsistent. Late fall and early winter fungicide applications of chlorothalonil and azoxystrobin improved UDB quality throughout winter dormancy and spring green up. The addition of a pigmented phosphonate significantly improved winter and spring UDB quality. The addition of acibenzolar-S-methyl to fungicide programs did not improve winter UDB quality or spring green up. Summer core aeration programs were evaluated for their impact on spring green up, turfgrass quality, surface firmness, and moisture retention. Spring UDB green up was improved incrementally as surface disruption increased. Treatments with 20%, 15%, and 10% surface disruption produced higher color vs treatments with lower surface disruption. Surface firmness and volumetric water content of UDB were impacted by construction method but were not significantly impacted by core aeration programs. Field research revealed that 'fall only' and 'fall and winter' TE applications improved UDB quality but only 'fall and winter' delayed UDB premature CD in early spring when UDB can be susceptible to low temperature injury. Growth chamber studies evaluated the impact of TE on UDB cold tolerance to -9.4°C x time duration. Regression analysis predicted a 50% mortality exposure point for UDB under TE treatments of 9.84 hours at -9.4°C (r2=0.836) compared to 11.38 hours at -9.4°C (r2=0.671) for non-treated UDB during cold acclimation. Winter and spring scenarios resulted in delayed CD under TE but no differences in cold tolerance when exposed to -9.4°C. Together, these results increase our understanding of the impact of management practices on UDB winter quality, CD, and low temperature injury. / Doctor of Philosophy / Ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens are commonly found on golf courses in warm climates. These grasses thrive in heat and humidity but are susceptible to injury or death when exposed to cold temperatures. This research is focused on evaluating management practices that may impact bermudagrass' susceptibility to injury from cold temperature exposure. The cultural practices evaluated include turf covers, fungicide programming, core aeration, and the use of plant growth regulators to manipulate the turfgrasses own self defense mechanisms. Our results show that the use of turf covers significantly increased putting green canopy and soil temperatures when air temperatures were below -3.9°C. Air gaps under covers and the use of double turf covers increased soil and canopy temperatures compared to single covers alone in some instances, but results were inconsistent. Late fall and early winter fungicide applications of commonly-used fungicides improved putting green quality throughout winter dormancy and spring green up. The addition of a green-pigmented phosphonate fungicide significantly improved winter and spring putting green quality. The addition of a plant defense activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl to fungicide programs did not improve winter quality or spring green up. Summer core aeration programs were evaluated for their impact on spring green up, turfgrass quality, surface firmness, and moisture retention. Spring green up was improved incrementally as surface disruption increased. Treatments with 20%, 15%, and 10% surface disruption produced higher color vs treatments with lower surface disruption. Surface firmness and soil moisture content of the putting greens were impacted by construction method but were not significantly impacted by core aeration programs. Field research revealed that 'fall only' and 'fall and winter' plant growth regulator applications improved ultradwarf bermudagrass quality but only 'fall and winter' delayed premature green-up in early spring when the turfgrass can be susceptible to low temperature injury. Growth chamber studies revealed that plants treated with the growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl were more sensitive to low-temperature exposure than non-treated plants. Together, these results increase our understanding of the impact of management practices on UDB winter quality, CD, and low temperature injury.

Bonatea Willd. (Orchidaceae: Habernariinae) is a small genus confined to the African continent and Arabia. Phylogenetic and morphometric analyses were undertaken in order to evaluate phylogenetic relationships and species delimitations within Bonatea. In the phylogenetic analyses, little congruence was found between ITS and matK molecular data, while morphological results were largely congruent with those of the ITS region. There is little sequence variation within and between Bonatea species, which could indicate a recent and rapid radiation. The generic characters for Bonatea were reevaluated. Bonatea is closely related to Habenaria but differs in having a galeate middle rostellum lobe that is clearly separated from the vertical anther thecae. By contrast, species of Habenaria have short anthers that are slightly arcuate and flank the rostellum. Morphometric analyses were used to determine taxon boundaries within the Bonatea speciosa and Bonatea cassidea complexes, respectively. Principle component and cluster analyses of morphological variation support the recognition of Bonatea antennifera Rolfe, Bonatea boltonii (Harv.) Bolus and Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd. as distinct species. Morphological evidence supports the inclusion of Bonatea porrecta (Bolus) Summerh. and Bonatea volkensiana (Kraenzl.) Rolfe in the B. speciosa c1ade and this is corroborated by molecular data for the former. Clinal variation in petal lobe dimensions and colour across the distribution range of Bonatea cassidea Sond. encompasses the taxon Bonatea saundersiae (Harv.) T.Durand & Schinz, which is reduced to synonymy. Bonatea saundersioides (Kraenzl. & Schltr.) Cortesi, the sister species to B. cassidea, also exhibits colour variation in its petals. A revision of Bonatea is presented recognizing 14 species. Bonatea eminii (Kraenzl.) Rolfe was excluded due to insufficient information. Full descriptions are provided with diagnostic characters and distributional maps. Bonatea bracteata G.McDonald & McMurtry and Bonatea tentaculifera Summerh. are removed from Bonatea based on their rostellum structure which is inconsistent with the revised generic concept. Bonatea bracteata was transferred as Habenaria transvaalensis Schltr. and B. tentaculifera was renamed Habenaria bonateoides M.Ponsie, as the specific epithet is currently occupied within Habenaria. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

As average global temperatures rise, cool-season C3 turfgrasses, such as the most commonly grown Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; KBG), struggle to tolerate extreme summer heat and increase their water consumption. Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy; HBG) is a warm-season C4 grass that may be increasingly suited for northern ecosystems traditionally classified as transition or cool-season climate zones. Glasshouse and field studies were conducted to compare HBG and KBG water use. The objective of the glasshouse study was to evaluate plant health and growth for two HBG cultivars (‘DT-1’ and ‘NorthBridge’) compared to a blend of KBG cultivars in all combinations of deficit, moderate, and high irrigation at optimum or short mowing height. The study was conducted in a glasshouse at Provo, UT, USA from 2020-2021. Grass was grown in pots arranged in a randomized complete block, full factorial design, with four replications of each treatment. The moderate KBG was also significantly different from both high and deficit for verdure and for the last half of NDVI. The objective of the field study was to evaluate two HBG cultivars (‘Tahoma 31’ and ‘Latitude 36’) compared to a blend of KBG cultivars for water loss and canopy health, temperature, and growth when subjected to deficit, moderate, and high irrigation. The study was arranged in a randomized complete block, full factorial design with three replications per treatment, and was conducted at Provo, UT, USA throughout the summer of 2021. In both the glasshouse and field trials, the deficit irrigated KBG consistently scored lower for NDVI and visual turf quality than all other treatments, including moderate and high KBG. This same trend was seen in the field study for percent cover. Although not observed in the glasshouse trial, it was observed in the field trial that the different irrigation levels of HBG resulted in no significant differences for any measurements but the HBG regularly scored better than KBG. The canopy temperatures of deficit irrigated KBG were also higher than all other treatments on most dates. The shoot mass, thatch mass, and total biomass of KBG were significantly less than either HBG cultivar. In the glasshouse trial it was observed that all deficit grasses were significantly lower than the other irrigation treatments and HBG had significantly deeper roots than KBG, although these results were not seen in the field trial. The data suggest that irrigation needs will be less for HBG than KBG and that HBG could provide a water-saving turfgrass alternative to KBG in semi-arid, cool-season regions with increasing water scarcity.