This study proposes an alternative travel decision making model and situates its arguments in the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) theoretical construct. The MOA model suggests that motivation, opportunity, and ability are major factors influencing decision making. Applying this model in the context of tourism, the proposed model suggests that travel behaviors are determined by self-congruity, functional congruity, perceived travel constraints, constraint negotiation, and self-efficacy. The proposed model and hypotheses were tested in the context of cruise travel. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilized in this study. Semi-structured interviews with both cruisers and non-cruisers were first conducted to derive measurement items for the interested constructs and to understand how different factors influence travel decision making. An online panel survey was followed to collect quantitative data for testing the proposed theoretical model and hypotheses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test both the proposed model and hypothesized relationships among the constructs. The analyses were performed with Analysis of MOment Structures (AMOS 7.0). All hypotheses except one were supported by the data. The proposed model also had an acceptable fit to the data. Based on the findings, both theoretical and practical implications of the study were recommended.

This Master Thesis examines the experiences and motivations of solo travelers prior to, during as well as after the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 250 solo travelers completed a designed survey, and in addition eight solo travelers were in-depth interviewed regarding their solo travel experiences in connection to COVID-19. Having used a mixed method approach, content analysis has been chosen to be the most suitable analysis for this thesis, identifying patterns throughout the survey as well as the interviews answering the research question: Which overall impact did the COVID-19 pandemic have on solo travel?  Prior to the pandemic, the main motivations for solo travel were identified as independence, flexibility, personal growth, self-actualization, and the desire for freedom. The primary constraints were financial limitations, safety concerns about certain destinations, fear of being alone, and anxiety about not having assistance in challenging situations. Despite these constraints, participants reported positive experiences and deemed solo travel as worthwhile, as it allowed them to overcome internal fears and limitations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, travel destinations were limited due to restrictions, and destination choices were influenced by the accessibility and perceived handling of the pandemic by governments. Solo travelers sought destinations with fewer COVID-19 restrictions than their place of residence. Additional stress was associated with solo travel, including the need for proper documentation, COVID-19 tests, and vaccines. However, participants found it easier to travel solo during the pandemic compared to traveling with companions due to logistical challenges and restrictions on group activities. Respondents acknowledged the need for a higher budget and mental preparedness for unexpected changes in travel plans and potential COVID-19 exposure. The motivation to travel during the pandemic stemmed from the desire to escape the lockdown situation in the respondents' home countries and regain a sense of normality. The German concept of "Fernweh," the longing to be somewhere else, was mentioned as a driving force. The pandemic heightened awareness of the unpredictability and uncertainty of future travel, leading to a greater appreciation for the freedom and independence of solo travel. Post-pandemic, respondents expressed a heightened interest in solo travel, with a focus on regaining independence and making travel decisions based on personal preferences rather than travel restrictions. The constraints of traveling solo, such as not having a companion or fear of being alone, became less significant after the pandemic. Participants anticipated increased interactions and a desire to meet fellow solo travelers, indicating a shift towards more social engagement in the post-COVID-19 era.