The UK's NHS is the largest employer in Europe with approximately 1.3 million staff. Around 83% of the journeys associated with the NHS are made by private car. In this context, every healthcare authority was required to produce a travel plan by December 2010, including an emphasis on promoting walking and cycling as a means of accessing hospitals. Evidence shows that although the take-up of travel plans is increasing across the NHS, the impact of travel plans in promoting walking as a travel option is relatively low among hospital staff. A scoping study has been conducted aiming to bridge the gap between research and practice by capturing the views of the NHS representatives on hospital travel plans by a nationwide survey and review of hospital travel plans. The survey findings show that despite having a high potential to promote walking as a key travel option among the hospital staff, the measures to promote walking were cited as the least effective. A Spearman's ρ correlation coefficient test was performed to evaluate the correlation between travel plan measures to promote walking and restrictive measures to reduce the use of cars. The results show that the effectiveness of measures to reduce the use of cars is positively correlated with the effectiveness of measures to promote walking. The effectiveness of travel plan measures to secure the targeted outcome is attributed to the methods used to address the determinants for changing travel behaviour whilst designing travel plan measures and the successful adoption of innovative strategies in the given context. A theoretical framework has been developed based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and five key research hypotheses have been proposed to demonstrate the key determinants for changing travel behaviour. The analysis was based on a nationwide survey among the NHS hospital staff in England in 2013. There were 863 completed responses, out of which 459 responses were from hospital staff, who solely relied on car journeys for commuting purposes. Structural equation modelling was performed to investigate the effects of socio-economic, psychological and situational factors in determining intention to change travel behaviour among the car users only. The model estimation results show that the effects of cognitive attitude towards walking and objective mobility were significant on determining intention to change travel behaviour. The respondents exhibited a habitual nature of travel behaviour, which is characterised by longer commuting distance and journey time than the national UK average. The practical implications of the study were addressed by providing recommendations that need to be considered whilst designing travel plan measures. The recommendations were based on the concept of Model for Planned Promotion. This study provides a basis for further conceptualisation of travel behaviour change and identifies several areas that need further investigation in relation to designing interventions to promote walking in the context of healthcare.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

With the growth of wireless technologies in sectors like the military, aviation, etc, there is a need to determine the authenticity of a genuine user. Today's conventional authentication mechanisms are based on three factors: knowledge, possession and biometrics. These factors are prone to theft, hardware failure, expensive, etc. Consequently, there is a need of a stronger solution. One such solution is Location Based Authentication that considers the location information of a user. The location information is time based and thus hard to steal. However, accuracy of the GPS, signal strength inside the building, etc, affects its potential. Consequently, there is a need to address alternatives. One such alternative is to implement a puzzle-based authentication scheme based on the location information. In the proposed scheme, the server asks dynamic location-based questions and the client answers them based on the proposed route of travel. This scheme strengthens the current authentication mechanisms.

De flesta människor reser dagligen till arbete, skola eller för att uträtta ärenden, men dessvärre utgör sätten som vi reser på en belastning på miljön som inte är förenlig med en långsiktigt hållbar samhällsutveckling. I Sverige står transportsektorn för ungefär en fjärdedel av landets energianvändning och cirka 30 procent av landets totala klimatutsläpp. En stor del av utsläppen genereras av persontransporter och forskare menar att en minskad energianvändning genom ett smartare och mer hållbart resande är en viktig utveckling för att minska transportsektorns miljöpåverkan. Då arbetsrelaterade resor utgör hälften av alla persontransporter i Sverige, spelar företag en betydande roll, eftersom de har möjlighet att påverka både arbets- och tjänsteresor. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur ett företag och arbetsplats, ÅF i Solna, kan skapa förutsättningar för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor. Vidare är syftet att ta fram åtgärdsförslag baserat på ÅF:s mål med att minska miljöpåverkan från resor. Mot bakgrund av utförda litteraturstudier, som redogör för bakgrunden till företags arbete för hållbara resor, som beskriver svenska arbetsmetoder för ändamålet och som diskuterar goda exempel på åtgärder som utförts av organisationer i Sverige, har en studie av platsförutsättningar och en resvaneundersökning genomförts på ÅF i Solna. Resultaten visar att tjänsteresor står för 73 procent av koldioxidutsläppen från resor och arbetsresor för 27 procent. Nästintill samtliga internationella tjänsteresor görs med flyg. Cirka 50 procent av alla nationella tjänsteresor görs med bil, 25 procent med flyg och 25 procent med tåg. Vid lokala tjänsteresor utgör bilresor ungefär 65 procent och kollektivtrafiksresor utgör cirka 30 procent. På ÅF i Solna görs ungefär 40 procent av arbetsresorna med bil, 40 procent med kollektivtrafik och 20 procent med gång, cykel och övriga färdsätt, sett över hela året. Studien visar att de anställda är intresserade av frågor som rör hållbart resande och efterfrågar satsningar på området. I studien konstateras att ÅF i Solna kan underlätta för hållbara arbets- och tjänsteresor genom att informera om hållbara resor och de möjligheter som redan finns på kontoret. Vidare kan ÅF utveckla och förbättra de befintliga förutsättningarna, genom att till exempel genomföra mindre fysiska åtgärder för att se över tillkortakommanden som kan utgöra hinder för förändrade resvanor. Dessutom kan ÅF i Solna utreda möjligheten att införa incitament som underlättar för hållbara resvanor och att arbeta med en grön resplan. / Most people travel to work, school or run errands on a daily basis, but the way that we travel constitute an environmental impact that is not consistent with a long term sustainable development. In Sweden the transport sector accounts for about a quarter of the country’s energy use and about 30 percent of its total carbon emissions. A large share of the emissions is generated by passenger transport and researchers argue that reduced energy usage by smarter and more sustainable travel is important to reduce the transport sector’s environmental impact. Since work related travel accounts for half of all Swedish passenger transport, companies play a significant role, as they can affect both journeys to work and business travel. The purpose of the degree project is to investigate how a company and a workplace, ÅF in Solna, can create conditions for sustainable commuting and business travel. The aim is further to develop action proposals based on ÅF’s goal to reduce its carbon footprint. On the basis of conducted literature studies, which explain the background of companies’ efforts towards sustainable travel, describe Swedish work methods and discuss good examples of undertaken measures by Swedish organisations, a study of site conditions and a travel survey is carried out at ÅF in Solna. The results show that business travel accounts for 73 percent of the carbon emissions from travel and commuting for 27 percent. Nearly all international business travel is made by flight. Approximately 50 percent of national business travel is made by car, 25 percent by flight and 25 percent by train. Cars account for about 65 percent of local business travel and public transport for about 30 percent. At ÅF in Solna approximately 40 percent of commuting is made by car, 40 percent by public transport and 20 percent by walk, bike and other modes of travel, for a full year. The study shows that employees are interested in issues related to sustainable travel and ask for commitments in the field. The study concludes that ÅF in Solna can facilitate sustainable commuting and business travel by providing information on sustainable travel and the opportunities that already exists at the office. Further, ÅF can develop and improve existing conditions, for example by carrying out minor physical measures to revise shortcomings that may prevent changing travel habits. Additionally, ÅF in Solna can investigate the possibility of introducing incentives that facilitate sustainable travel habits and working with a travel plan.