Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1986. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [278]-282.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

As a result of the rapid growth of tourism without planning and proper management, many island attractions in Thailand have experienced challenges and vulnerability leading to negative impacts. To handle with such effects, sustainability is considered an important notion in relation to tourism planning and development. Importantly, prior to moving tourism towards sustainability, it is essential to resolve existing problems affected by tourism through different stakeholders’ views and their involvements. This thesis is an examination of current tourism situation on the island of Koh Pha-ngan, Thailand. It categorises opportunities for, and constraints to, sustainable tourism development on the island, along with identifying the main variables of tourism sustainability relevant to island situations. Data from key stakeholders including tourists, members of the local community, tourism businesses and representatives of the public sector was collected via the form of between-method triangulation using qualitative and quantitative methods, then analysed through the uses of SPSS and NVIVO. The research indicates benefits and costs in three areas. Firstly, regarding economic characteristics, tourism benefits communities and improves the economy of the island. Simultaneously, the high cost of living on the island is caused by inflation. Secondly, in terms of the environment, although natural resources are partly damaged by members of the local migrant population, it remains largely unspoiled due to environmental conservation measures collaborated in by the stakeholders. Thirdly, for the socio-cultural structure, an improvement of infrastructure creates better living conditions for the residents. However, tourists influence socio-cultural features, particularly in the younger residents. Concerning opportunities for sustainable tourism development, these relate to the conservation of natural resources projects collaborated by all stakeholders on the island, an increase in employment opportunities, and out of season business opportunities on the island. However, a lack of tourism planning and management is considered a major constraint to sustainable development on the island. In addition, tourists, family businesses, migrant workers, and the full-moon parties contribute to sustainable tourism development as the main variables. These outcomes generates recognition on how responsibility in tourism for a destination to fulfil an integrated balance of guidelines for sustainable tourism development with the intention of making satisfaction and distribution of benefit and opportunities for all stakeholders on the island, whilst maintaining the environment and conserving the identity of the indigenous population.

This thesis focuses on intertextuality in four key examples of Michael Roes' fictional travel literature. It places Roes' oeuvre within the wider context of both supposedly factual and avowedly fictional travel writing. I argue that Roes' use of intertextuality is inextricably linked to his vision of a cosmopolitan intercultural encounter and that his work offers alternative perspectives with which contemporary debates about identity can be understood. The four main chapters reveal that each novel acclaims, undermines, or throws new' light on its respective intertexts in different ways. The chapter on his most celebrated novel, Leeres Viertel, explores the links between the anthropological context in which the intercultural encounter is staged and the novel's playful intertextual approach. The second chapter, on Haut des Sudens, argues that Roes' deconstruction of racial identity depends to a considerable degree upon its 'metatextual' (Genette) reliance upon its classic American intertexts (Twain. Faulkner, Melville). In my analysis of Weg nach Timimoun, I read Roes' relocation of The Oresteia to contemporary Algeria as 'demythologizing' intertextuality. indicating a rejection of myth as an universal model. The final chapter, on Geschichte der Freimdschaft explicates the parallels between that novel's narrative of an intercultural friendship and its related intertexts (Montaigne. Foucault. Nietzsche), which provide a new framework for understanding the issue of relationships between men. By interweaving paradigm-changing theories into his novels. Roes impels his readers to rethink and revise perceptions of the world, both with regard to their home culture and to societies further afield. As such he engages with some of the most important and widely-discussed issues in contemporary society: race, sex, gender and international relations in a globalized world.

Women's identities are created and performed relational to the contexts in which they live and by which they are bound. Identities are performed within and against those contexts. Romantic subjectivity: women's identity in their nineteenth-century travel writing about Scotland, is concerned with the location of women and their creation and construction of relational identity in their personal narratives of the nineteenth century. The texts taken for study are travel journals, memoirs, and diaries, each of which narrates times and journeys in Scotland. The subjects of study are three women writers whose identities have been located relational to their husband, brother, or father. They are Sarah Stoddart Hazlitt, whose work was located with her husband's, William Hazlitt; Dorothy Wordsworth, whose work was located relational to her brother's, William Wordsworth; and Elizabeth Grant, whose identity was located with that of her father and his Highland estate. The texts considered are Journal of My Trip to Scotland, written by Sarah Stoddart Hazlitt in 1803; Recollections of a Tour made in Scotland, 1803 and Journal of my second tour in Scotland, 1822, written by Dorothy Wordsworth; and Memoirs of a Highland Lady, written by Elizabeth Grant about her life before 1830. The focus of study is Romantic subjectivity in the texts of the three women writers. Women's relational performativity to the prevailing social and cultural norms is examined and considered in the context of women writers; women's travel writing; and ideologies of women's place in the nineteenth century.

The cost of a return journey to a soccer match can often be comparable to, or even exceed, the admission price. However, in spite of the importance of travel costs, previous studies on the demand for live soccer generally exclude travel costs from the analysis. The thesis explores the consequences of this omission and shows that the likely effect is to bias estimates of the ticket price elasticity downwards. The thesis also argues that the previous estimates of the ticket price and income elasticities are likely to be biased due to generic problems with the time series approach and methodological problems with particular pooled studies. To overcome these problems, the travel cost methodology, developed in the economics of outdoor recreation, is adapted to permit analysis of demand relationships in professional soccer. Attendance at Premier League matches is modelled as a function of travel costs and other factors, such as the admission price and consumer income, using data from a national fan survey. From the results, ticket price elasticities are estimated that are more consistent with profit maximisation than previous estimates. Subsequent analysis on the relationship between attendance and income distinguishes between the decision to become a fan and, given that one is a fan, the question of the number of games to attend in a season. The first decision is shown to be positively related to income, via a social class proxy, and the second decision unrelated to income, giving a positive income elasticity of demand.

This study investigated the relationship between use of Light Rapid or Light Rail (LRT) by persons with severe visual impairments and independence in orientation and mobility. Use of the LRT poses special problems to blind users and requires skill in mobility. The premise of the study was that blind persons who felt confident in travelling independently were more likely to use the LRT than those who do not. The study also examined the difficulties blind persons experienced in LRT use. The subjects were 63 persons between the ages of 19 and 65 who responded to a survey questionnaire. Thirty five of these individuals were male and 25 were female. All the subjects were registered as legally blind with the C.N.I.B. The range of visual loss included total blindness, light perception, tunnel vision, central vision loss and low vision. The results indicated that orientation and mobility training on the LRT system would resolve many of the difficulties that users of the systems encountered. Modification of the systems by transit companies to make the systems more easily accessible to visually impaired travellers are suggested. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Operations Planning at CP Air is responsible for keeping an up-to-date visual representation of the aircraft routings for the current schedule period and co-ordinating subsequent changes. Examples of changes are requests for extra usage such as charters or extra sections, changes to the maintenance schedule, and unforeseen circumstances. The present approach is a manual charting method used in the same or similar form by many airlines as well as at CP Air. This manual process is long and tedious and even minor changes can cause much work to keep the charts up-to-date and everyone informed. What is needed is an automated system that will present the information produced on the charts in the most useable manner plus the ability to make changes so that, the resulting information can be more effectively used than with the present manual method. The approach taken is the development of a. Decision Support tool that will allow Operations Planning to make decisions based on their knowledge and experience. This solution is a starting point in an area at CP Air that has long needed some automation. The system has been developed on the Virtual Machine operating system using I BrA 3279 equipment for its color capabilities, and it is currently in the stages of system testing and user-training. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This study has two major concerns: the identification of mode choice determinants, and the formulation of a mode choice model which accounts for the determinants defined. First, the concepts underlying users' behaviour are expounded. These concepts relate users' mode choice to several influences, the perceived attributes of the transportation system, his socio-economic characteristics, and sensitivity toward modal attributes. In this study, the latter is hypothesized to be a function of the user's time budget and other indications of his lifestyle. Thus, an individual may attach a great significance to savings in travel time as a result of his engagement in activities which put considerable demand upon his time, although most members of his income group may be sensitive primarily to the travel cost attribute. User's lifestyle may therefore create divergent sensitivities within the same socio-economic group. Previous research findings support the hypothesis that variations in these sensitivities are independent from the. socio-economic characteristics. The study's model makes use of this concept. The model is composed of two parts: the first is concerned with the grouping of all users according to their sensitivities toward attributes of the mode choice situation, and subsequently the calibration of a stochastic function to explain users' choices in each group. The second part of the model relates the user's time, age and occupation (as indications of some aspects of his lifestyle) to these sensitivity, which is an additional step to substantiate the rationale of the model and its predictive quality. The information to be fed into the calibration procedure is to be collected in a questionnaire survey on users' behaviour under choice conditions. The model is therefore a behavioural one; its basic function is to explain the predict users' choices. This approach is different, for example, from the propensity model approach, where users' preferences, rather than behaviour, are the basis for calibration. The model proposed in this study can be applied as a planning tool to demonstrate the impact of various transportation policies on users' choices. The model is capable of providing estimates of the number of users that would be attracted to public transit as a result of, for example, introducing a new transit system, improving the existing level of service, increasing parking charges or gasoline prices. Other applications include the assessment of the impact of introducing novel transportation modes on ridership under the assumption that their attributes are comparable to the existing ones. Also, since the model accounts for certain aspects of the individual's lifestyle, it is possible to link changes in the latter to his mode choice. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Travel agents provide an essential range of air travel marketing services which result in large commission expenses for air carriers. Commission expenses have risen to such an extent that air transport analysts and others in Canada have openly criticized remuneration policies now in practice. They have questioned whether the travelling public is receiving a full value for the commissions which travel agents receive; they have cited rising commission expenses as evidence of economic inefficiency within the air travel marketing system. The role which the travel agent plays in the airline industry is described taking into consideration travel agents, air carriers and air passengers. Relevant background information related to the travel agent remuneration issue is presented by describing issues affecting the ability of independent agencies to provide travel services. This thesis approaches the travel agent remuneration problem using policy analysis to select a remuneration scheme which will best satisfy a select list of objectives. The objectives used in the evaluation of remuneration schemes include service objectives such as retaining travel agent impartiality, economic objectives such as implementing the "user pay" philosophy, political objectives such as avoiding obvious cross subsidization of different user groups and "regional development" objectives such as providing adequate service levels to small communities. Description of developments in issue areas including travel agent industry entry requirements, competition for market segments and the introduction of electronic reservations systems to travel agents is presented in order to better understand the likelihood of remuneration schemes achieving objectives. Three basic types of remuneration alternatives, net fare, uniform commission and incentive commission are considered. Both regulated and unregulated incentive commissions are analyzed since their impacts vary significantly. The regulated incentive commission alternative is selected as the optimal travel agent remuneration scheme. The selection of this alternative results in a compromise between the full achievement of the various objectives. Under this alternative, the benefits and costs of regulatory involvement in the setting of remuneration levels are assured. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate