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In the last 30 years there has been a big change in the acreage of permanent grasslands. Since 1990, the acreage of permanent grasslands has increased by 20% to 1003 thousand ha. Currently, there has been a decrease in the amount of cattle and sheep. Despite this fact, it is necessary to ensure high quality fodder from grasslands in order to assure profitability of farming. Therefore, farmers often opt for restoration. The most efficient way is radical ploughing restoration. This method involves numerous risks for environment. The present thesis examined the influence of radical restoration of grasslands by ploughing on the change in the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and the C:N ratio in the soil. Field experiments were conducted in two locations on the land of National Stud at Kladruby nad Labem, and also in two locations in Oldřichovice near Třinec. In Kladruby, the samples were obtained from both, restored and indigenous grasslands, whereas in Oldřichovice, the samples were obtained only from restored grasslands. The biggest loss of organic carbon (Cox) and total nitrogen (Nt) was noted in Kladruby n.L. in the sandy soil of the original vegetation since the spring of 2016 to the autumn of 2017. In the soil layer of 0-30 cm there was a decrease of the Cox stock in the soil by 58.2 t·ha-1, the stock of Nt in the soil did not change. At the same location and during the same period, the Cox stock of 35,3 t·ha-1 and the Nt stock of 0,1 t·ha-1 fell on the restored vegetation in the soil layer of 0-30 cm. In the clay loam soil in Kladruby n.L. since the spring of 2017 to autumn 2017 there was a decrease of 27,6 t·ha-1 Cox and 1,4 t·ha-1 Nt in soil layer 0-30 cm on the restored vegetation. In the original vegetation, the Cox content decreased by 16.3 t · ha-1 and Nt by 0.4 t·ha-1. In the Oldřichovice over the house area, since the autumn of 2016 to the spring of 2018, the Cox stock fell after plowing in the soil layer 0-30 cm by 7 t·ha-1 and the Nt supply increased by 0.9 t·ha-1. In the Oldřichovice area under the hill, the Cox stock decreased by 39.2 t·ha-1 in the same period and in the same soil layer and the Nt stock decreased by 1.5 t·ha-1. From the point of view of the depth of soil, the largest amounts of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the upper layer of soil were recorded 0-10 cm. The C:N ratio in the restored and natural grasslands was not statistically different. At the same time, after the recovery in this layer of soil, the biggest loss of Cox and Nt occurred.

Lolium, Festuca species, and xFestulolium interspecies hybrids are widely used in agriculture, these species are considered the optimal grass species for intensive forage production. Lolium species are susceptible to abiotic stress, which has an increasing trend with the forthcoming climate change. Therefore, Festulolium interspecies hybrids have been bred, which have suitable parameters (drought resistance, ability of roots to penetrate through the compacted soil layers, better nutrient availability, etc.) to ensure a quality production and performance of other ecosystem services. Root biomass and root architecture are critical for meeting a number of ecosystem functions. In this work, I focused on the evaluation of the root system and the comparison of the soil infiltration capacity in selected Graminacae species. To compare selected parameters, grasses were grown in tubes filled with sand. Lolium multiflorum (cv. DALLARA), Festuca pratensis (cv. HYPERBOLA), Festulolium braunii (cv. HOSTYN), Festulolium krasanii (cv. HYKOR and HIPAST), Festulolium loliaceum (cv. PRIOR) and Trifolium pratense (cv. CALLISTO) species have been tested. The parameters evaluated were following: plant length, number of tillers, maximum rooting depth, total root length, root volume, root surface, root length in single thickness categories, dry matter of above-ground and underground biomass. The highest values were measured in Lolium multiflorum (cv. DALLARA) and in Festulolium braunii (cv. HOSTYN). Another part of the work was the sampling and evaluating roots from the soil on experimental plots in Vatín. In this measurement, Festuca rubra (cv. GONDOLIN) and Festulolium krasanii (cv. HYKOR) were selected. There were not found statistically significant differences in the total root length, root surface and root volume parameters. Festulolium (cv. HYKOR) had significantly stronger roots in the comparison to Festuca rubra. The last part of the research was the comparison of the soil infiltration capacity in these species: Festuca rubra (cv. GONDOLIN) and Festulolium (cv. HOSTYN, PRIOR and HYKOR). The highest infiltration capacity was measured on the Festulolium loliaceum (cv. PRIOR) plot.

ABSTRACT This diploma thesis is valuating an influence of a nitrogen fertilization on species structure of a semi-natural grassland. Experimental site is located 650 m in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in locality of Kameničky. From 2012-2013 four variants of fertilization has been compared (unfertilised, fertilized 45 kg.ha-1 N + PK, fertilized 90 kg.ha-1 N + PK, fertilized 135 kg.ha-1 N + PK and fertilised 180 kg.ha-1 N + PK) and two variants of fertilizers (two-edged and triple-edged). Additionally, I am dealing in detail with outproductive functions of permanent grassland and analysis of individual plant species represented at the observed site. All the obtained results show, that species diversity decreases with fertilizers, which on the contrary increases production of fodder. Fertilising with N increases (P<0,05) proportion of cultural grasses, but simultaneously decreases (P<0,05) proportion of herbs and clovers. Regarding intensity of utilising, fertilisers triple-edged were more species diverse, a diversity index confirms this fact.

The mineral content of grassland is one of the key factors that determine its quality. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal interval for the grazing and the optimal interval for the hay harvest in relation to the nutrient requirements for cattle and determine the dynamics of pasture forage yield and mineral content during the growing season. H0: Previous different grazing intensity has no effect on biomass yield and the mineral content in the following growing season. The experiment was performed on a long term grazing experiment in 2012 -- 2013, where during the growing season biomass samples were taken and subsequently analyzed for minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na). The sampling was carried out in treatments that have been since 1998 at the beginning of June mowed and then intensively or extensively grazed. During the sampling period the access of grazed animals to sampling sites was forbidden. Intensive or extensive grazing in the previous grazing season significantly affected the content of minerals and biomass yields. Especially at the beginning of the growing season the contents of N, Ca and Mg were higher in forage, which was in previous years, intensively grazed. After that, the differences between these two treatments were not significant. Diverse grassland with a higher proportion of herbs contained higher levels of calcium and magnesium. Because of lower K concentrations and higher Ca and Mg concentrations in the fodder there was no problem with tetanus ratio (K/Ca + Mg) by exceeding the limit value of 2.2. The present work shows that the optimal term for hay in mesophilic upland grassland the end of May to mid-June. In this time historically the first cut was conducted. After this period there are revealed such changes in the content of minerals, which significantly deteriorate the forage quality. Therefore, if the first cut after mid-June is postponed then compensatory payments under environmental schemes should progressively compensate financially losses

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