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O presente estudo discute os laços entre o tratar e o educar na obra freudiana. A partir da constatação de certa confusão entre tratar e educar, verificada por meio das publicações a respeito do assunto, bem como pelas queixas daqueles que se ocupam do tratamento e da educação, partimos do questionamento sobre a existência da proximidade entre essas duas posições e propusemos uma discussão que, por esse viés, pudesse ajudar a desfazer a mencionada confusão. A escolha por esse percurso revelase interessante porque as produções que discutem o assunto parecem sublinhar a diferença em detrimento da proximidade entre tratar e educar. Caracterizamos a proximidade em termos de tipos de laços diferentemente qualificados: um laço inicial denominado simbiótico, em que o educar é tomado pelo tratar, em termos de um fim instrumental, e essa relação, do ponto de vista do tratar, fica caracterizada pela complementaridade o tratamento analítico é definido a partir de expressões próprias ao campo do educar e o caráter profilático que por um longo período definiu o tratamento é atribuído à educação; o outro laço é definido a partir da distinção entre tratar e educar. Num percurso genealógico pelos textos freudianos, foi possível acompanhar a construção do tratar e o interesse específico de Freud pelo educar, bem como as conseqüências das mudanças que esse processo implica. A mudança de um tipo de laço para outro não se dá de uma só vez, e é resultado das reformulações na concepção do tratamento frente aos impasses que Freud vai encontrando. Nesta pesquisa, que aborda o tratar e o educar como práticas distintas, discutimos a questão da aplicação da psicanálise à educação e a forma rigorosa e cuidadosa como Freud aborda o assunto, questionando não só a possibilidade de uma intersecção entre psicanálise e educação, mas também o modo como tal relação poderia se dar. A partir desse ponto, foi possível dialogar com os textos que tomam tal intersecção predominantemente do ponto de vista da diferença, mas buscando fomentar, seguindo o próprio trajeto freudiano, outros modos de discutir o assunto, considerando a proximidade entre tratar e educar. Encerramos este estudo com a discussão da proximidade a partir da atribuição do estatuto de impossível, tanto para a psicanálise como para a educação. / This study discusses the laces between treating and educating in Freuds work. From the verification of some confusion between treating and educating, checked over the publications about the subject, as well as the reports of the ones who are in charge of treatment and education, a question on the existence of proximity between these two positions is begun and it is proposed a discussion that by this way could help to undo the mentioned confusion. The choice of this trajectory appears to be interesting for the productions that debate the theme seem to emphasize the difference to the detriment of the proximity between treating and educating. The proximity is characterized in terms of laces differently categorized: an initial lace called symbiotic in which educating is taken by treating for an instrumental purpose, and this relation, from the point of view of treating, is characterized for the complementarity the analytical treatment is defined according to peculiar expressions of educating area and the prophylactic character which defined the treatment for a long period is attributed to education; the other lace is described from the distinction between treating and educating. Through a genealogical course of Freuds texts, it was possible to follow the construction of treating and the specific interest of Freud in educating, as well as the consequences of the rearrangements that this process involves. The change from one type of lace to another does not happen at once, it is the result of re-formulations in the concept of treatment before the impasses Freud was facing. In this research, which approaches treating and educating like distinguished practices, it is discussed the matter of the application of psychoanalysis to education and the rigorous and careful manner that Freud deals with the subject, questioning not only the possibility of an intersection between psychoanalysis and education, but also the way this relationship could happen. From then on, it was possible to discuss with the texts that take predominantly that intersection from the point of view of difference, but trying to stimulate, according to Freuds own trajectory, other means of debating the subject, considering the proximity between treating and educating. This paper ends with the discussion of proximity considering the attribution of the characteristic of impossible for psychoanalysis and as well to education.

O presente estudo discute os laços entre o tratar e o educar na obra freudiana. A partir da constatação de certa confusão entre tratar e educar, verificada por meio das publicações a respeito do assunto, bem como pelas queixas daqueles que se ocupam do tratamento e da educação, partimos do questionamento sobre a existência da proximidade entre essas duas posições e propusemos uma discussão que, por esse viés, pudesse ajudar a desfazer a mencionada confusão. A escolha por esse percurso revelase interessante porque as produções que discutem o assunto parecem sublinhar a diferença em detrimento da proximidade entre tratar e educar. Caracterizamos a proximidade em termos de tipos de laços diferentemente qualificados: um laço inicial denominado simbiótico, em que o educar é tomado pelo tratar, em termos de um fim instrumental, e essa relação, do ponto de vista do tratar, fica caracterizada pela complementaridade o tratamento analítico é definido a partir de expressões próprias ao campo do educar e o caráter profilático que por um longo período definiu o tratamento é atribuído à educação; o outro laço é definido a partir da distinção entre tratar e educar. Num percurso genealógico pelos textos freudianos, foi possível acompanhar a construção do tratar e o interesse específico de Freud pelo educar, bem como as conseqüências das mudanças que esse processo implica. A mudança de um tipo de laço para outro não se dá de uma só vez, e é resultado das reformulações na concepção do tratamento frente aos impasses que Freud vai encontrando. Nesta pesquisa, que aborda o tratar e o educar como práticas distintas, discutimos a questão da aplicação da psicanálise à educação e a forma rigorosa e cuidadosa como Freud aborda o assunto, questionando não só a possibilidade de uma intersecção entre psicanálise e educação, mas também o modo como tal relação poderia se dar. A partir desse ponto, foi possível dialogar com os textos que tomam tal intersecção predominantemente do ponto de vista da diferença, mas buscando fomentar, seguindo o próprio trajeto freudiano, outros modos de discutir o assunto, considerando a proximidade entre tratar e educar. Encerramos este estudo com a discussão da proximidade a partir da atribuição do estatuto de impossível, tanto para a psicanálise como para a educação. / This study discusses the laces between treating and educating in Freuds work. From the verification of some confusion between treating and educating, checked over the publications about the subject, as well as the reports of the ones who are in charge of treatment and education, a question on the existence of proximity between these two positions is begun and it is proposed a discussion that by this way could help to undo the mentioned confusion. The choice of this trajectory appears to be interesting for the productions that debate the theme seem to emphasize the difference to the detriment of the proximity between treating and educating. The proximity is characterized in terms of laces differently categorized: an initial lace called symbiotic in which educating is taken by treating for an instrumental purpose, and this relation, from the point of view of treating, is characterized for the complementarity the analytical treatment is defined according to peculiar expressions of educating area and the prophylactic character which defined the treatment for a long period is attributed to education; the other lace is described from the distinction between treating and educating. Through a genealogical course of Freuds texts, it was possible to follow the construction of treating and the specific interest of Freud in educating, as well as the consequences of the rearrangements that this process involves. The change from one type of lace to another does not happen at once, it is the result of re-formulations in the concept of treatment before the impasses Freud was facing. In this research, which approaches treating and educating like distinguished practices, it is discussed the matter of the application of psychoanalysis to education and the rigorous and careful manner that Freud deals with the subject, questioning not only the possibility of an intersection between psychoanalysis and education, but also the way this relationship could happen. From then on, it was possible to discuss with the texts that take predominantly that intersection from the point of view of difference, but trying to stimulate, according to Freuds own trajectory, other means of debating the subject, considering the proximity between treating and educating. This paper ends with the discussion of proximity considering the attribution of the characteristic of impossible for psychoanalysis and as well to education.

Heat treatment processes are used to develop the desired mechanical properties for steels. Unfortunately, heat treatment, especially quenching, can cause distortion. Failure to meet geometry specifications can result in extensive rework or rejection of the parts. A series of quenching simulations, using DANTE, have been conducted on an AISI 4140 steel Navy C-ring distortion coupon and a WPI designed plate with a hole to determine the effects of quenching process parameters including part geometry, agitation during quenching, and quench start temperatures on distortion. The heat transfer coefficients (HTC) of the quenchant with selected pump speeds were measured by CHTE quench probe system, which is the key input for heat treatment simulation. The maximum HTC of the quenching oil was increased from 2350 W/m2K to 2666 W/m2K with higher pump speed. Quenching experiments were also conducted. It was found that the experimental measured gap opening of the standard Navy C-rings increased from 0.307mm without agitation to 0.536mm at a high agitation. Quench start temperature does not have a significant effect on the gap opening. The experimental results showed good agreement with simulation results. The important processing parameter identification was conducted using design of experiments (DoE) coupled with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effect of processing parameters in decreasing order of importance were determined to be: quenchant type, part geometry, agitation speed, quenching orientation, quenchant temperature, immersion rates, and quench starts temperature. Based on the simulation and experimental results, it was found that the two most import parameters are: 1. The part geometry and size (product design) 2. The temperature dependent heat transfer coefficients between the part and the quenchant (process design) The coupling of these product and process parameters is necessary to apply the systems analysis that must be accomplished to understand the interaction between the part design and process design parameters. This coupling can be accomplished by locally applying the well-known Biot number. Bi (T) = h(T) * L / k(T) Where h(T) = film coefficient or convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m2*K]. LC = characteristic length, which is generally described as the volume of the body divided by the surface area of the body [m]. k(T) = thermal conductivity of the body [W/m*k] The concept of a local Biot number is introduced to quantify the local variations of part size, geometry and heat transfer coefficient. First, a large Bi indicates large temperature gradients within the part. Second, large local (geometry dependent) variations in Bi number will lead to large lateral temperature gradients. Therefore, variations in local Bi can lead to large temperature gradients and therefore high stress during quenching and finally distortion. This local Bi concept can be used in a systems approach to designing a part and the quenching system. This systems approach can be designated as design for heat treating.

Heat treatment processes are used to develop the desired mechanical properties for steels. Unfortunately, heat treatment, especially quenching, can cause distortion. Failure to meet geometry specifications can result in extensive rework or rejection of the parts. A series of quenching simulations, using DANTE, have been conducted on an AISI 4140 steel Navy C-ring distortion coupon and a WPI designed plate with a hole to determine the effects of quenching process parameters including part geometry, agitation during quenching, and quench start temperatures on distortion. The heat transfer coefficients (HTC) of the quenchant with selected pump speeds were measured by CHTE quench probe system, which is the key input for heat treatment simulation. The maximum HTC of the quenching oil was increased from 2350 W/m2K to 2666 W/m2K with higher pump speed. Quenching experiments were also conducted. It was found that the experimental measured gap opening of the standard Navy C-rings increased from 0.307mm without agitation to 0.536mm at a high agitation. Quench start temperature does not have a significant effect on the gap opening. The experimental results showed good agreement with simulation results. The important processing parameter identification was conducted using design of experiments (DoE) coupled with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effect of processing parameters in decreasing order of importance were determined to be: quenchant type, part geometry, agitation speed, quenching orientation, quenchant temperature, immersion rates, and quench starts temperature. Based on the simulation and experimental results, it was found that the two most import parameters are: 1. The part geometry and size (product design) 2. The temperature dependent heat transfer coefficients between the part and the quenchant (process design) The coupling of these product and process parameters is necessary to apply the systems analysis that must be accomplished to understand the interaction between the part design and process design parameters. This coupling can be accomplished by locally applying the well-known Biot number. Bi (T) = h(T) * L / k(T) Where h(T) = film coefficient or convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m2*K]. LC = characteristic length, which is generally described as the volume of the body divided by the surface area of the body [m]. k(T) = thermal conductivity of the body [W/m*k] The concept of a local Biot number is introduced to quantify the local variations of part size, geometry and heat transfer coefficient. First, a large Bi indicates large temperature gradients within the part. Second, large local (geometry dependent) variations in Bi number will lead to large lateral temperature gradients. Therefore, variations in local Bi can lead to large temperature gradients and therefore high stress during quenching and finally distortion. This local Bi concept can be used in a systems approach to designing a part and the quenching system. This systems approach can be designated as design for heat treating.

In many countries of the world and in some parts of the United States milk is produced which has a high bacterial contamination. Such milk of undesirable quality is frequently delivered to factories engaged in the manufacture of cheddar cheese. This milk commonly contains large numbers of lactic acid-producing bacteria or other types of microorganisms which cause objectionable flavors and textural defects in the cheese. The improvement of the quality of milk supply under some conditions is a matter of great difficulty so that the manufacture of inferior quality milk into cheese is a problem often encountered. In the United States pasteurization of milk is used to reduce the bacterial content and give the cheese maker control over the manufacturing process. Public health officials favor pasteurization as a protection against pathogens; however, in many areas of the world pasteurization is not available. Although pasteurization of milk for cheddar cheese offers certain advantages such as destruction of pathogenic bacteria which may be present, and control of certain undesirable fermentations, experience has shown that pasteurized milk cheese develops flavor slowly and, even with extended ripening, does not have as satisfactory a flavor as good raw milk cheese. The slow ripening usually is attributed to the destruction by heat of certain essential bacteria and enzymes normally present in milk. Pasteurization, however, destroys many enzymes indigenous to milk as well as some beneficial organisms; consequently, cheese made from pasteurized milk ripens more slowly than cheese made from raw milk. For years, leading dairy technologists have been laboring assiduously but quite unsucessfully to produce cheese free from undesirable organisms yet comparable in flavor and in the rapidity of ripening to the best quality of raw milk cheese. Pursuant to these objectives a number of methods such as replenishing the enzymes in milk destroyed by pasteurization, the use of select ripening cultures, and the use of mixtures of various percentages of raw and pasteurized milk have been tried but without complete success. These objectionable features of pasteurization led to interest in another method such as the treatment of milk with edible hydrogen peroxide to control fermentation by means of its germicidal and inhibitory action. This comparative study was conducted to determine the effect of the germicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide in treating raw milk for cheddar cheese making in relation to the flora, quality, and ripening of the cheese. This study was concerned with the remedial measures which can be applied to milk to overcome some defects in the cheese. The antiseptic and germicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide are well known. A study involving the use of hydrogen peroxide and catalase has many possibilities in the dairy industry, and the practical aspects of this problem are numerous. Some phases are herewith indicated: 1. If hydrogen peroxide could be used to improve the general quality of cheddar cheese, it would be a boon to the industry and should have a value in the manufacture of cheddar cheese for shelf curing purposes, canning, processing, and for natural ripening in transparent packages. 2. It was believed that the use of hydrogen peroxide and catalase would increase the safety of raw milk cheese. (Kernsman, 1934, found that 0.1 percent of hydrogen peroxide killed E. coli, E. typhi and staphilococcus.) 3. If hydrogen peroxide could be used for destroying organisms harmful in milk and thus for preventing undesirable fermentation, yet leave intact more of the natural enzymes than is possible in accepted pasteurization procedures, the cheese treated with hydrogen peroxide and catalase might ripen faster than pasteurized-milk cheese and have a finer and more pronounced flavor. 4. If approved by public health authorities in the United States, treating milk with hydrogen peroxide would be a simple method of reducing bacterial content in small communities and rural areas. Such procedure would be very practical in preventing growth of bacteria in milk produced under unsanitary conditions. 5. If the use of hydrogen peroxide could be proved practicable, a beneficial program in most countries and especially in the Middle East where dairy equipment and pasteurizers are not readily available and where the production of unsanitary milk predominates might be established. 6. Since this process does not require special equipment it might prove economical and might become, in the future, a useful method of reducing the bacterial content of milk and preserving some of the natural characteristics of the raw milk for cheese making.

TTFields sind eine Therapieoption des GBM, welche als alternierende elektrische Felder den Aufbau des mitotischen Spindelapparates stören. Gleichzeitig überwacht der SAC, mit seiner Schlüsselkomponente der Kinase MPS1, eine korrekte Anheftung der Spindelfasern an die Kinetochore der Chromosomen. Eine Inhibition des SAC durch den Inhibitor MPS1-IN-3 in Kombination mit Vincristin führt zu einem synergistischen Effekt auf das Tumorwachstum in vitro und in vivo. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen folgerten wir die Hypothese, dass eine SAC-Inhibition die Wirkung von TTFields verstärken könnte. Um dies zu testen, wurden Zellen der Zelllinien U87 und GaMG über 72h mit TTFields, MPS1-IN-3 oder einer Kombination aus den beiden behandelt. Anschließend wurden die Zellen gezählt, es wurde eine Analyse des Zellzyklus vorgenommen und apoptotische Zellen wurden via TUNEL-Assay detektiert. Die Kombinationsbehandlung aus TTFields und MPS1-IN-3 führte zu einer Reduktion der Zellzahl (U87: -54,3% vs. TTFields, p=0,0046; -52,9% vs. MPS1-IN-3, p=0,0026; GaMG: -74,3% vs. TTFields, p=0,0373; -84% vs. MPS1-IN-3, p<0,00001). Nur 28,1% mehr Zellen als ausgesät waren bei der Zelllinie U87 zu finden (TTFields: 179,1%; MPS1-IN-3: 168,3%), während es bei GaMG-Zellen sogar 62% weniger Zellen als ausgesät waren. Im Zellzyklus zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Zellen von der G1-Phase (U87: -59,9% vs. TTFields, p=0,0007; -42,1% vs. IN-3, p=0,0426; GaMG: -45,1% vs. TTFields, p=0,0276; -51,6% vs. IN-3, p=0,0020), während es zu einem massiven Anstieg von toten Zellen kam (U87: 2,9fach vs. TTFields, p=0,0022; 2,2fach vs. IN-3, p=0,0046; GaMG: 5,6fach vs. TTFields, p=0,0078; 7,8fach vs. IN-3, p=0,0005). Diese Zellen ließen sich im TUNEL-Assay als durch Apoptose zu Grunde gegangene Zellen weiter identifizieren (U87: 5,4fach vs. TTFields, p=0,0489; 6,2fach vs. IN-3, p=0,0278; GaMG: 8,9fach vs. IN-3, p=0,0110). Diese Ergebnisse sind erste und wichtige Hinweise für eine Verstärkung der Wirkung von TTFields durch eine Inhibition des SAC und liefern eine gute Grundlage für weitere Forschung zur Verbesserung der Therapie des GBM. / TTFields are -in addition to the standard therapy- approved for GBM therapy. TTFields are alternating electric fields at a low intensity, which cause disruption of the mitotic spindle fibers. Whether spindle fibers are properly attached to the kinetochores is surveilled by the SAC. An inhibition of the kinase MPS1, a key component of the SAC, in combination with Vincristine treatment, results in a synergistic effect on GBM growth in vitro an in vivo (Tannous, Kerami et al. 2013). We hypothesized that a combination of inhibition of SAC in combination with TTFields increases TTFields efficacy. Cells of the cell lines U87 and GaMG were treated either with TTFields alone, the inhibitor MPS1-IN-3 alone or in combination of both. After 72h cells were counted, an analysis of the cell cycle was performed and apoptotic cells were detected by using a TUNEL-Assay. The combined treatment of TTFields and inhibition of SAC led to a significant decrease of cells (U87: -54.3% vs. TTFields, p=0.0046; -52.9% vs. MPS1- IN-3, p=0.0026; GaMG: -74.3% vs. TTFields, p=0.0373; -84% vs. MPS1-IN-3, p<0.00001). U87 cells proliferated only by 28.1% compared to the cells seeded at the beginning, while cells of the GaMG cell line diminished by 62% compared to the number of cells seeded (TTFields: 179.1%; MPS1-IN-3: 168.3%). The cell cycle analysis showed -among other effects- a reduction of the cells in phase G1 (U87: - 59.9% vs. TTFields, p=0.0007; -42.1% vs. IN-3, p=0.0426; GaMG: -45.1% vs. TTFields, p=0.0276; -51.6% vs. IN-3, p=0.0020), and an increase of dead cells (U87: 2.9x vs. TTFields, p=0.0022; 2.2x vs. IN-3, p=0.0046; GaMG: 5.6x vs. TTFields, p=0.0078; 7.8x vs. IN-3, p=0.0005). Those dead cells were identified by the TUNEL- Assay as cells, which had undergone apoptosis (U87: 5.4x vs. TTFields, p=0.0489; 6.2x vs. IN-3, p=0.0278; GaMG: 8.9x vs. IN-3, p=0.0110). These results strengthen the hypothesis that TTFields’ efficacy is increased by a combined treatment with an inhibition of the SAC and provide a basis for further research to improve GBM therapy.

Book Summary: This book is really a reflection of the past more than 20 years of work with teens and suicide prevention in the state of Kentucky. The work to establish the “Stop Youth Suicide Campaign (SYS)” has resulted in contact with many young adults, and we have found that the most important thing for all of them was finding a caring person they trust and can talk to. Because of the constant need, the SYS went from a goal of being a one year awareness campaign to becoming a major community resource, working with the state and local governments and state legislators to add as many resources as possible. We have witnessed for the first time a drop of youth suicide rates below the national average, according to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance done biannually by the Center for Disease Control. In this book, we will tackle various topics and specific populations in relation to suicide written by people who work with teens and care about them.