Smallholder tree planting is a pathway recognized within Forest Transition Theory (FTT), but its contributing factors are not fully explored at the household level. This study examines the effect of socio-economic and biophysical characteristics, access to extension services, land tenure, labour availability, and attitudes toward tree cover on smallholder planting and willingness to plant for environmental and economic purposes at the household level. Data was collected from 146 households in Mocoties, Merida, Venezuela. Logistic models revealed that area of property, area of productive land, presence of natural sources of water, gender of respondent, number of generations that have farmed the property, income, percent income from farming activities, land title, harvest rights, labour availability and attitudes toward tree cover have significant influence on smallholder’s tree planting and willingness to plant. Future research needs to focus on factors that affect environmentally motivated smallholder tree planting where fewer significant variables were found.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.

Urban trees provide a variety of benefits to human physical and mental health. However, prior research has shown that urban tree canopy is unevenly distributed; areas with lower household incomes or higher proportions of racial or ethnic minorities tend to have less canopy. Urban tree benefits are largely spatially-dependent, so this disparity has a disproportionate impact on these communities, which are additionally subject to higher rates of health problems. Planting programs are a common way that municipal and nonprofit urban forest organizations attempt to increase canopy in cities. Increasing canopy in underserved communities is a commonly desired outcome, but which of the wide range of programmatic strategies currently employed are more likely to result in success? This research uses interviews with planting program administrators, spatially referenced planting data, and demographic data for six U.S. cities in order to connect planting program design elements to equity outcomes. I developed a planting program taxonomy to provide a framework for classifying and comparing programs based on their operational characteristics, and used it along with planting location data to identify programs that had the greatest reach into low-income and minority area. I found that highly integrated partnerships between nonprofit and municipal entities, reduced planting responsibility for property owners, and concentrated plantings that utilize public property locations to a high degree are likely to improve program penetration into low-income and minority areas. These findings provide urban forestry practitioners with guidance on how to more successfully align planting program design with equity outcomes. / Master of Science

Chan, Fong Fiona. / Thesis submitted in: October 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-178). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Plates --- p.xi / List of Appendices --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The problems --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Ecological rehabilitation --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Definition of exotic and native species --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Forest degradation --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Present situation of tropical forests --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Plantation history in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Disturbances and rehabilitation strategies --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6 --- The role of plantation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- Exotic tree species versus native tree species --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- THE STUDY AREA / Chapter 3.1 --- Location --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Climate --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Geology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Soils --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5 --- Vegetation --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6 --- Planting designs and management --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil texture --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Bulk density and porosity --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Penetration resistance --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil reaction and conductivity --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Organic carbon --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Total phosphorus --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Available phosphorus --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.11 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.12 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Physical properties --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Conductivity --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Soil reaction and exchangeable acidity --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Organic matter --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and mineral nitrogen --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- C:N ratio --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.8 --- Nutrient cations --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4.9 --- Comparison with other disturbed sites --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.72 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- SURVIVAL AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Survival rate --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Growth performance between trial plots --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Growth performance among species --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Plantation management and species selection --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- FOLIAR COMPOSITION OF SPECIES / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.121 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Foliage sampling --- p.121 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Total phosphorus and cation nutrients --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Foliage composition of existing vegetation --- p.124 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Foliage composition of planted species --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.143 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.146 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Silviculture involving native species --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Screening of species --- p.154 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Native forest succession --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Potentials of native legumes --- p.158 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitation of the study --- p.159 / Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.161 / REFERENCES --- p.165 / APPENDICES --- p.179

Chong Chun-wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-165). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Plates --- p.xiii / List of Appendix --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Waste management in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfilling --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Landfill design --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Waste degradation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Landfill leachate --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Landfill gas --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Effective control of degraded by-products --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- General practices after completion of landfills --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Final capping system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Revegetation on final cover --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Post-closure management --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4.4 --- Afteruses --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reclamation of closed landfills --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Selecting afteruse and setting ultimate ecological goal of a closed landfill --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Important considerations on landfill reclamation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Land reclamation and ecosystem development --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Choice In Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Limitations to revegetation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Physical problems --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Shallow soil --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Drought and waterlogging --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Nutrient deficiencies --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2.5 --- Landfill gas and leachate --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Selecting the suitable species --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Plantations and closed landfills --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- The roles of plantations --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Enhancing soil development --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Modifying microclimate --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Facilitate natural invasion --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Exotics or natives? --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Knowledge learned from natural invasion --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Human management or aftercare --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of this research --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Knowledge gap --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Objectives --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Study Sites --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- General descriptions --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Locations --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Climate --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Soil Status of Closed Landfills --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Landfill gas and soil moisture determination --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil sampling and analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Soil sampling and preparation --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Soil texture and water retention --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Bulk density and total porosity --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Soil pH and electrical conductivity --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Organic carbon --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Nitrogen --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Phosphorus --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2.8 --- Cations --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Landfill gas and soil moisture contents --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Soil physical properties --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Bulk density and porosity --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Texture --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Soil chemical properties --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- pH and electrical conductivity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Organic carbon and matter --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Nitrogen and C:N ratio --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Phosphorus --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Potassium --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3.6 --- Other major cations --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comparison among sites --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Comparison with other degraded sites --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Implications --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Screening Native Species for Revegetating ""Recently Restored"" Landfills I: Drought Resistance Trial" --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Principles --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Species selection --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- General experimental design --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Soil source and analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Soil used for filling the trial pots --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Standing leaf number --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Overall evaluation --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Features of the more drought resistant species --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Limitations for the study --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Screening Native Species for Revegetating ""Recently Restored"" Landfills II: Field Trial" --- p.81 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Tree planting --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Site environmental factors --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Survival and growth responses --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Ecophysiological responses --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Environmental factors of Plot TNP --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Survival rate --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- General growth performance --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Seasonal growth performance --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Ecophysiological responses --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.5.1 --- Fv/Fm --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.5.2 --- Stomatal conductance --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.5.3 --- Transpiration rate --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Species selection --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Limitations and further studies --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- "Screening Native Species for Revegetating ""Recently Restored´ح Landfills III: Different Management Practices" --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- General experimental design and seedling preparation --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- "Survival, Growth and chlorophyll fluorescence responses" --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Soil source and analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Soil physical and chemical properties --- p.110 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Survival rate --- p.112 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- General growth peformance --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.3.1 --- Height growth --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.3.2 --- Basal diameter growth --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Implications --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- "Performance of Two Years Old Native Saplings Planted on A ""Recently Restored"" Landfill" --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- "Study plots, species selection and tree sampling" --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Site environmental factors --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Survival and growth responses --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Ecophysiological responses --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.128 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Environmental factors of trial plots TA & TB --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Survival rate --- p.131 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- General growth performance --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Seasonal growth performance --- p.137 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Ecophysiological responses --- p.140 / Chapter 7.3.5.1 --- Fv/Fm --- p.140 / Chapter 7.3.5.2 --- Stomatal conductance --- p.141 / Chapter 7.3.5.3 --- Transpiration rate --- p.142 / Chapter 7.3.6 --- Evaluation of different species --- p.143 / Chapter 7.3.7 --- Effects of ages --- p.144 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- General Conclusions --- p.146 / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.146 / Chapter 8.2 --- Further studies --- p.148 / References --- p.151

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints five journal articles and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert E. Lyons, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE. NOVEMBER 2015, JOHANNESBURG / Urban recreational parks are an essential component of cities as they contribute to sustainable cities, people’s lifestyle and well-being in general. It is therefore important to understand their level of use and how place attachment can be enhanced in order to increase utilization. This study evaluates the relationship between place attachment and level of use of Thokoza Park in Moroka, Soweto. Phenomenological research design was used where direct observation of use was complimented with interviews, survey questionnaires and photographs were used as tools to collect data. The study indicates that various aspects of Thokoza Park contribute to increased level of use and increased level of place attachment. These include the amenities provided for users, the level of safety, maintenance and accessibility. The key finding is that there is a circular relationship between level of use and place attachment. Key recommendation is that it is important to understand the social dynamics of the adjoining communities as this would also influence the use or non-use of urban recreational parks.

Tree-planters are likely to suffer from musculoskeletal injuries during their short work season. The objective of this research is to identify the biomechanical mechanisms that contribute to these injuries with an overall goal of reducing injury frequency and severity. Pre- and post-season discomfort questionnaires were administered to workers in two tree-planting camps to identify areas of the body most prone to injury. Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort were significantly higher post season. Greatest pain and discomfort were reported in the feet, wrists and back, while the highest frequency of pain was reported in the back. Upper body and trunk postures were recorded during the tree-planting task in the field using digital video and inclinometers. Results indicated that deep trunk flexion occurred over 2600 times per day and workers spent at least half of their workday in trunk flexion greater than 45 degrees. Although results provide useful insight into injury mechanisms, postural data were two dimensional. Inertial motion sensors were used in a second field study the following season to examine differences in three-dimensional upper limb and trunk relative joint angles during commonly used tree seedling unloading methods. Results showed trunk rotation up to 50 degrees combined with deep trunk flexion during parts of the task. Trunk flexion and rotation were significantly less when the tree seedling load was distributed asymmetrically as compared to symmetrically. Joint reaction forces in the lower body and trunk during the same unloading methods was examined during a simulated planting task in a lab environment. Greatest joint reaction forces and non-neutral postures occurred when the tree was inserted into the ground. Right-loaded planting bags resulted in more substantial differences in posture and joint reaction forces than either left-loaded or even-loaded bags. Axial forces were greater in the right leg than the left throughout the task, regardless of loading condition. In conclusion, underlying biomechanical mechanisms for injury during tree-planting seem to be a combination of awkward postures (particularly the trunk), repetitive motions, and carrying of heavy loads. Different seedling unloading strategies did not result in substantial overall differences in posture or joint reaction forces. / Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-14 10:02:32.385