<p>New energy resources that can replace petroleum diesel are needed and biodiesel may be an excellent substitute. During storage and use, biodiesel can oxidize and form peroxides, leading to degradation of the fuel. It is therefore important to determine the peroxide content of the fuel. In this thesis the triphenylphosphine method, which involves GC-MS analysis has been compared to the standard iodometric method which involves titration with sodium thiosulfate. Working standards were made to see how well the iodometric method worked and also in order to make a calibration curve in GC-MS. Aged samples were then analyzed. The results showed that both methods gave good linearity and repeatability with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0,06 mM and 0 17-0,65 mM respectively. However, the iodometric method seemed more circumstantial since it needed a lot of solvents and different reagents. The triphenylphosphine method was on contrary very simple to use and did not require too much preparation work. The latter also showed better reproducibility. In conclusions, both methods can be used in evaluating the peroxide content of biodiesel, but the triphenylphosphine method has the advantages of higher simplicity and better reproducibility.</p>

New energy resources that can replace petroleum diesel are needed and biodiesel may be an excellent substitute. During storage and use, biodiesel can oxidize and form peroxides, leading to degradation of the fuel. It is therefore important to determine the peroxide content of the fuel. In this thesis the triphenylphosphine method, which involves GC-MS analysis has been compared to the standard iodometric method which involves titration with sodium thiosulfate. Working standards were made to see how well the iodometric method worked and also in order to make a calibration curve in GC-MS. Aged samples were then analyzed. The results showed that both methods gave good linearity and repeatability with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0,06 mM and 0 17-0,65 mM respectively. However, the iodometric method seemed more circumstantial since it needed a lot of solvents and different reagents. The triphenylphosphine method was on contrary very simple to use and did not require too much preparation work. The latter also showed better reproducibility. In conclusions, both methods can be used in evaluating the peroxide content of biodiesel, but the triphenylphosphine method has the advantages of higher simplicity and better reproducibility.

The direct catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in latex form was studied as a model system for the development of a new latex hydrogenation process for the modification of unsaturated diene-based polymers. NBR is a synthetic rubber of copolymerized acrylonitrile and butadiene produced in latex form by emulsion polymerization. The catalytic hydrogenation of NBR is an important post-polymerization process resulting in a more stable and tougher derivative, hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), which has been widely used in the automotive and oil drilling industry. The present commercial process involves a number of cumbersome steps to obtain solid NBR from the latex and subsequent dissolution of the solid NBR in a large amount of organic solvent followed by solvent recovery after coagulation of the hydrogenated NBR. Since NBR is produced in latex form, it is very desirable to directly hydrogenate NBR in the latex form which will significantly simplify the hydrogenation process and facilitate subsequent applications. As an economical and environmentally benign alternative to the commercial processes based on the hydrogenation of NBR in organic solution, this direct latex hydrogenation process is of special interest to industry. The objective of this project is to develop an efficient catalytic system in order to realize the direct catalytic hydrogenation of NBR in latex form. OsHCl(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 was initially used as the catalyst to investigate the possibility of hydrogenation of NBR in latex form and to understand the major factors which affect the hydrogenation operation. It was found that an organic solvent which is capable of dissolving or swelling the NBR was needed in a very small amount for the latex hydrogenation using the Os catalyst, and gel occurred in such a catalytic system during hydrogenation. Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3, was then used for the latex hydrogenation in the presence of a small amount of solvent successfully without gel formation. Further investigation found that Wilkinson’s catalyst has a high activity for NBR latex hydrogenation without the use of any organic solvent. The influences of various operation conditions on hydrogenation rate, such as catalyst and polymer concentrations, latex system composition, agitation, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure, have been investigated. It was found that the addition of triphenylphosphine (TPP) has a critical effect for the hydrogenation of NBR latex, and the hydrogenation rate was mainly controlled by the amount of catalyst which diffused into the polymer particles. In the presence of TPP, NBR latex can be hydrogenated to more than 95% degree of hydrogenation after about 30 hours at 160oC using Wilkinson’s catalyst with a catalyst to NBR rubber ratio of 1 wt%, without the addition of any organic solvent. The apparent activation energy for such NBR latex hydrogenation over the temperature range of 152oC to 170oC was found to be 57.0 kJ/mol. In the present study, it was also found that there are some impurities within the NBR latex which are detrimental to the hydrogenation reaction and are suspected to be water-soluble surfactant molecules. Deliberately designed solution hydrogenation experiments were conducted to study the impurity issue, and proper latex treatment methods have been found to purify the latex before hydrogenation. To improve the hydrogenation rate and to optimize the latex hydrogenation system, water soluble RhCl(TPPMS)3 catalyst (TPPMS: monosulphonated-triphenylphosphine) was used for the latex hydrogenation of NBR. The latex hydrogenation using the water soluble catalyst with TPP can achieve more than 90% degree of hydrogenation within 20 hours at 160oC. Further experiments using RhCl3 with TPP proved that the water soluble RhCl3 can be directly used as a catalyst precursor to generate the catalytic species in situ for the latex hydrogenation, and a stable NBR latex with 96% degree of hydrogenation can be produced without any gel problem within 19 hours of reaction at 160oC. The catalyst mass transport processes for these Rh based catalysts in the latex system were investigated in order to further optimize the solvent-free latex hydrogenation process. While maintaining the emulsified state of the original latex, the direct catalytic hydrogenation of NBR latex can be carried out efficiently without any cross-linking problem to more than 92% degree of hydrogenation within 8 hours at 160oC. As a result of this research project, new latex hydrogenation technologies were successfully developed to fulfill all major requirements for a solvent-free polymer latex hydrogenation route, which is a significant milestone for the improvement of this polymer modification technology. The finding of TPP’s role as the “catalyst mass transfer promoter” is a breakthrough for the research field related to the hydrogenation of unsaturated diene-based polymers in latex form.

The direct catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in latex form was studied as a model system for the development of a new latex hydrogenation process for the modification of unsaturated diene-based polymers. NBR is a synthetic rubber of copolymerized acrylonitrile and butadiene produced in latex form by emulsion polymerization. The catalytic hydrogenation of NBR is an important post-polymerization process resulting in a more stable and tougher derivative, hydrogenated NBR (HNBR), which has been widely used in the automotive and oil drilling industry. The present commercial process involves a number of cumbersome steps to obtain solid NBR from the latex and subsequent dissolution of the solid NBR in a large amount of organic solvent followed by solvent recovery after coagulation of the hydrogenated NBR. Since NBR is produced in latex form, it is very desirable to directly hydrogenate NBR in the latex form which will significantly simplify the hydrogenation process and facilitate subsequent applications. As an economical and environmentally benign alternative to the commercial processes based on the hydrogenation of NBR in organic solution, this direct latex hydrogenation process is of special interest to industry. The objective of this project is to develop an efficient catalytic system in order to realize the direct catalytic hydrogenation of NBR in latex form. OsHCl(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 was initially used as the catalyst to investigate the possibility of hydrogenation of NBR in latex form and to understand the major factors which affect the hydrogenation operation. It was found that an organic solvent which is capable of dissolving or swelling the NBR was needed in a very small amount for the latex hydrogenation using the Os catalyst, and gel occurred in such a catalytic system during hydrogenation. Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3, was then used for the latex hydrogenation in the presence of a small amount of solvent successfully without gel formation. Further investigation found that Wilkinson’s catalyst has a high activity for NBR latex hydrogenation without the use of any organic solvent. The influences of various operation conditions on hydrogenation rate, such as catalyst and polymer concentrations, latex system composition, agitation, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure, have been investigated. It was found that the addition of triphenylphosphine (TPP) has a critical effect for the hydrogenation of NBR latex, and the hydrogenation rate was mainly controlled by the amount of catalyst which diffused into the polymer particles. In the presence of TPP, NBR latex can be hydrogenated to more than 95% degree of hydrogenation after about 30 hours at 160oC using Wilkinson’s catalyst with a catalyst to NBR rubber ratio of 1 wt%, without the addition of any organic solvent. The apparent activation energy for such NBR latex hydrogenation over the temperature range of 152oC to 170oC was found to be 57.0 kJ/mol. In the present study, it was also found that there are some impurities within the NBR latex which are detrimental to the hydrogenation reaction and are suspected to be water-soluble surfactant molecules. Deliberately designed solution hydrogenation experiments were conducted to study the impurity issue, and proper latex treatment methods have been found to purify the latex before hydrogenation. To improve the hydrogenation rate and to optimize the latex hydrogenation system, water soluble RhCl(TPPMS)3 catalyst (TPPMS: monosulphonated-triphenylphosphine) was used for the latex hydrogenation of NBR. The latex hydrogenation using the water soluble catalyst with TPP can achieve more than 90% degree of hydrogenation within 20 hours at 160oC. Further experiments using RhCl3 with TPP proved that the water soluble RhCl3 can be directly used as a catalyst precursor to generate the catalytic species in situ for the latex hydrogenation, and a stable NBR latex with 96% degree of hydrogenation can be produced without any gel problem within 19 hours of reaction at 160oC. The catalyst mass transport processes for these Rh based catalysts in the latex system were investigated in order to further optimize the solvent-free latex hydrogenation process. While maintaining the emulsified state of the original latex, the direct catalytic hydrogenation of NBR latex can be carried out efficiently without any cross-linking problem to more than 92% degree of hydrogenation within 8 hours at 160oC. As a result of this research project, new latex hydrogenation technologies were successfully developed to fulfill all major requirements for a solvent-free polymer latex hydrogenation route, which is a significant milestone for the improvement of this polymer modification technology. The finding of TPP’s role as the “catalyst mass transfer promoter” is a breakthrough for the research field related to the hydrogenation of unsaturated diene-based polymers in latex form.

Submitted by THALES REGGIANI DE MOURA null (thales4014@gmail.com) on 2016-04-03T02:38:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Thales v.3 - finalcorrigida.docx: 5637258 bytes, checksum: 17e0ce888fcc7c8195a6f1492c04e7e4 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: A versão final da dissertação/tese deve ser submetida no formato PDF (Portable Document Format). O arquivo PDF não deve estar protegido e a dissertação/tese deve estar em um único arquivo, inclusive os apêndices e anexos, se houver. O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Por favor, corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-05T16:11:36Z (GMT) / Submitted by THALES REGGIANI DE MOURA null (thales4014@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T16:36:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Thales v.4 final.pdf: 4604603 bytes, checksum: 672981e0a2bf60064cd38703b98325bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-05T17:25:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_tr_me_araiq.pdf: 4604603 bytes, checksum: 672981e0a2bf60064cd38703b98325bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T17:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_tr_me_araiq.pdf: 4604603 bytes, checksum: 672981e0a2bf60064cd38703b98325bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nos últimos anos, o interesse na obtenção de novos fármacos à base de metais visando o tratamento de cânceres vem aumentando consideravelmente. A descoberta da atividade antitumoral da cisplatina e seu subsequente sucesso como fármaco no tratamento do câncer inspirou o estudo de inúmeros complexos análogos, que apresentaram, em geral, padrões similares de atividade antitumoral e susceptibilidade à resistência. Por apresentarem mesmas configuração eletrônica e geometria em relação à compostos de Pt(II), compostos de coordenação contendo o íon Pd(II) foram amplamente estudados, sendo reconhecido para os compostos de Pd(II) contendo ligantes N,S-doadores, modos de ação distintos em relação ao compostos de Pt(II). Neste trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados 4 novos complexos de paládio(II) do tipo [PdX(tedmPz’)(PPh3)] {tedmPz’ = N-etil-1-iminotiolato-3,5-dimetilpirazol; X = Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-; PPh3 = trifenilfosfina}. Os complexos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional na região do IV e RMN de 1H e 13C, análise elementar, espectrometria de massas ESI/MS e difração de raios X de monocristal, indicando um ambiente quadrático plano ao redor do metal, com seus sítios de coordenação ocupados pela trifenilfosfina, e pelo ligante tedmPz coordenado de maneira N,S-aniônica e ligante tiocianato ligado de modo N-terminal. Também é descrita a síntese e caracterização espectroscópica na região do IV e RMN de 1H e 13C do ligante tedmPz. A citotoxicidade in vitro do ligante e de todos os complexos foi avaliada pelo método do MTT, frente as culturas celulares de tumores murinos MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma mamário humano). Todos os compostos tiveram sua capacidade de interação com um nucleosídeo (guanosina) investigada com o objetivo de avaliar sua possível interação covalente com o DNA. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a variação dos ligantes haletos não interferiu na citotoxicidade dos complexos, bem como os compostos sintetizados não apresentaram capacidade de interagir com a guanosina, sendo esta uma evidência preliminar de que a interação covalente entre os compostos sintetizados e a guanina presente no DNA não é o mecanismo de citotoxicidade destes. Vale destacar que todos os compostos foram mais citotóxicos que a cisplatina, obtendo-se em média valores de IC50 de até 2,4 vezes menor que o fármaco de comparação. / In the last years, the interest of new drugs based on metals in order to treat cancers has been increasing considerably. The discovery of cisplatin antitumor activity and its subsequent success as a cancer treatment drug has inspired the study of several analogous compounds, which presented, in general, similar patterns of antitumor activity and susceptibility to resistance. By presenting the same electronic configuration and geometry of Pt(II) complexes, coordination complex containing Pd (II) ion have been extensively studied, and recognized different activity patterns for these compounds containing ligands N,S-donor in relation to compounds of Pt (II). In this work, were synthesized and characterized four novel complexes of palladium(II) type [PdX(tedmPz')(PPh3)] {tedmPz' = N-ethyl-1-iminothiolate-3,5-dimethylpyrazole; X = Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-; PPh3 = triphenylphosphine}. The complexes were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy techniques in the IV region and 1H NMR and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry ESI / MS and X-ray diffraction of single crystal, indicating a square planar environment around the metal with its sites coordination occupied by triphenylphosphine, the N,S-anionic coordination of tedmPz ligand, the N-terminal coordination mode of thiocyanate. It is also described the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization in the IV region and 1H NMR and 13C for the tedmPz compound. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the ligand and all of the complexes were evaluated by the MTT method, against the cell cultures of murine tumors MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma). All compounds had their ability to interact with a nucleoside (guanosine) investigated with the objective of evaluating their possible covalent interaction with DNA. The results indicated that the variation of halide ligands did not affect the cytotoxicity of the complexes and the synthesized compounds showed no ability to interact with guanosine, which is a preliminary evidence that covalent interaction between the synthesized compounds and the DNA is not the main source of cytotoxicity of these. It is noteworthy that all the compounds were more cytotoxic than cisplatin, obtaining an average of IC50 values of up to 2.4 times lower than the comparison drug. / CNPq: 132644/2014-2

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Nesta tese são abordadas as propriedades químicas e espectroscópicas dos clusters de Au-M, onde M = Pd ou Pt com o ligante PPh3. A nuclearidade destes compostos varia de 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2 a 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 tendo ambos 16 e- de valência, segundo a contagem de elétrons estabelecida por Mingos. Um terceiro cluster preparado a partir dos precursores [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6]2+ e Sn2+ também apresentou nuclearidade 9, com contagem de 16 e- de valência e possível fórmula molecular: [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. Foi empreendido um estudo da solubilidade e estabilidade do cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 nos detergentes CTAB ou NaLS em meio aquoso, sendo esta solubilidade monitorada utilizando um espectrofotômetro UV/vis. A caracterização dos compostos foi feita com o uso das técnicas termogravimétricas (TGAlDTG) e espectroscópicas RMN, IV, UV-vis, Raman, FABMS e difração de raios-X. A estrutura cristalina e molecular do cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2, obtida por difração de raios-X, mostra que o sistema cristalino é o triclínico com grupo espacial P1 com a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, &#946;= 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 e Rw = 0,2669 para 23 620 observações e radiação Mo K&#945;. Testes catalíticos realizados com o cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 na reação de hidrogenação, à alta pressão, do 1,5-COD foram bem sucedidos. / This work presents the chemistry and spectroscopic properties of phosphine-stabilized, M-centered Au cluster compounds where M = palladium or platinum. The nuclearity of the clusters ranges from 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3) 6](PF6)2 to 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 both having 16-electrons in terms of the electron counting model established by Mingos. A third cluster prepared from [Pd(PPh3)(AnPPh3)6]2+ and Sn2r presents nuclearity 9 too and 16-electrons and the molecular formula apparently is [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. The solubility study of the cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 was made using CTAB or NaLS and the results obtained are based on UV/vis analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fast atom bombardment mass (FABMS), UV-visible, Infrared, TGA/DTG thermogravimetric and a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of the clusters were of great utility for the characterization of these compounds. The crystal data for [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6 (PF6)2 are as follows: triclinic P1, a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, ¨&#946; = 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 and Rw = 0,2669 for 23 620 observed reflections and Mo K&#945; radiation. The catalytic application of the cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 in the hydrogenation of 1,5-COD brought promising results when the reaction is developed at high pressure.

Nesta tese são abordadas as propriedades químicas e espectroscópicas dos clusters de Au-M, onde M = Pd ou Pt com o ligante PPh3. A nuclearidade destes compostos varia de 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2 a 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 tendo ambos 16 e- de valência, segundo a contagem de elétrons estabelecida por Mingos. Um terceiro cluster preparado a partir dos precursores [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6]2+ e Sn2+ também apresentou nuclearidade 9, com contagem de 16 e- de valência e possível fórmula molecular: [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. Foi empreendido um estudo da solubilidade e estabilidade do cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 nos detergentes CTAB ou NaLS em meio aquoso, sendo esta solubilidade monitorada utilizando um espectrofotômetro UV/vis. A caracterização dos compostos foi feita com o uso das técnicas termogravimétricas (TGAlDTG) e espectroscópicas RMN, IV, UV-vis, Raman, FABMS e difração de raios-X. A estrutura cristalina e molecular do cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](PF6)2, obtida por difração de raios-X, mostra que o sistema cristalino é o triclínico com grupo espacial P1 com a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, &#946;= 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 e Rw = 0,2669 para 23 620 observações e radiação Mo K&#945;. Testes catalíticos realizados com o cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 na reação de hidrogenação, à alta pressão, do 1,5-COD foram bem sucedidos. / This work presents the chemistry and spectroscopic properties of phosphine-stabilized, M-centered Au cluster compounds where M = palladium or platinum. The nuclearity of the clusters ranges from 7: [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3) 6](PF6)2 to 9: [Pt(AuPPh3)8](NO3)2 both having 16-electrons in terms of the electron counting model established by Mingos. A third cluster prepared from [Pd(PPh3)(AnPPh3)6]2+ and Sn2r presents nuclearity 9 too and 16-electrons and the molecular formula apparently is [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2. The solubility study of the cluster [pd(SnCl3)2(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 was made using CTAB or NaLS and the results obtained are based on UV/vis analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fast atom bombardment mass (FABMS), UV-visible, Infrared, TGA/DTG thermogravimetric and a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of the clusters were of great utility for the characterization of these compounds. The crystal data for [pd(pPh3)(AuPPh3)6 (PF6)2 are as follows: triclinic P1, a = 17,138 (3) &#197;, b = 27,263 (5) &#197;, c = 27,543 (6) &#197;, &#945; = 101,70 (3) &#176;, ¨&#946; = 105,80 (3) &#176;, &#947; = 90,19 (3) &#176;, T= 273°C, Z = 4, V= 12 102 &#197;3, R = 0,1149 and Rw = 0,2669 for 23 620 observed reflections and Mo K&#945; radiation. The catalytic application of the cluster [Pd(PPh3)(AuPPh3)6](NO3)2 in the hydrogenation of 1,5-COD brought promising results when the reaction is developed at high pressure.