Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-14T15:53:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PENIDO YP 2009 27 10 13 (2).pdf: 5657970 bytes, checksum: 21d6cd6d8ae33e9630b66b151f8e6b19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T15:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PENIDO YP 2009 27 10 13 (2).pdf: 5657970 bytes, checksum: 21d6cd6d8ae33e9630b66b151f8e6b19 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / No presente trabalho foram analisados quatro testemunhos lacustres (comprimento entre 68 - 113 centímetros) coletados na Lagoa da pata, São Gabriel da cachoeira (AM). O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão das mudanças paleoclimáticas e paleohidrológicas ocorridas na região durante os últimos 45,000 anos AP. As mudanças na composição isotópica (δ13C e δ15N), C/N, alterações granulométricas e mineralógicas contém registros hidrológicos e das mudança na Amazônia Sul-americana durante o Pleistoceno superior, Último Máximo Glacial e Holoceno. As análises revelaram um evento seco durante o periodo de 25550 a 21300 cal anos AP, quando lago atingiu o nível mais baixo, apresentando a oxidação quase total da matéria orgânica. Um período marcado por chuvas torrenciais com alto hidrodinamismo no lago intercaladas por secas prolongadas. Durante a transição Pleistoceno-Holoceno, fase Younger Dryas (12800 a 11500 anos cal AP), observou-se redução da percentagem da goetita o que reflecte condições climáticas mais úmidas, indicando um aumento gradual do nível do lago. O Holoceno se destaca por grandes oscilações no nível do lago, sendo a última fase seca datada em 5500 anos cal AP, quando se iniciou o gradual aumento do nível do lago (5180 a 3750 anos cal AP). O nível permanece relativamente alto durante todo o Holoceno superior / This work analyzed six lacustrine sediment cores (68 to 113cm) from a remote lake localized in northern Brazil. The aim of this work is to contribute to understand paleoclimatic and paleohidrologic changes occured in the region during the last 40,000 years AP. Changes in the isotopic composition (δ13C and δ15N), C/N ratio, stratigraphy, mineralogy and metal concentrations (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) contais records of past water level and hidrological change in the South American Amazon during the upper Pleistocene, Last Glacial Maximun and Holocene. The lacustrine core analysis revealed dry events during 21,300 to 25,550 cal years AP, when water level reached lowest conditions, with almost total oxidation of the organic matter. The period was marked by events of heavy rainfall (high hydrodynamics) interspersed by prolonged drought. During the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, Younger Dryas phase (11,400 to 13,840 cal years AP), reduction of goethite percentage reflecs humid climatic condictions with gradual increase of the lake level. The following period, early and middle Holocene, is caracterised by large water level fluctuations. The last dry period is around 5500 years cal AP, when it began to change, with the gradual increase in the level of the lake (3750 to 5180 years cal AP). The level remains relatively high and constant throughout the latest Holocene

Une étude de faisabilité de poutres en bois lamellé-collé a été menée en Guyane Française en utilisant les essences locales. Le but est de déterminer les paramètres de collage assurant la bonne résistance mécanique des assemblages par lamellation et par aboutage, nécessaires à la fabrication de poutres en bois lamellé-collé en climat tropical. Trois essences de bois abondantes de différentes densités ont été sélectionnées. Les adhésifs de types Mélamine-Urée-Formol et Résorcinol-Phénol-Formol ont été utilisées. Les paramètres de collage considérés sont : le grammage, le temps d’assemblage fermé et la pression.En utilisant les normes Européennes, plusieurs campagnes de tests ont été conduites sur des échantillons normalisés. Concernant le collage par lamellation, des tests élémentaires de délamination et de cisaillement des joints de colle ont été réalisés. Le test de délamination consiste en deux cycles d’immersion dans l’eau sous pression et de séchage, il induit de sévères variations d’humidité du bois susceptibles de créer des ouvertures des joints de colles. Le collage par aboutage est réalisé sur des poutres normalisées aboutées. Les entures sont obtenues grâce à un outillage standard communément utilisé pour les résineux. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l’influence des propriétés du bois et des paramètres de collage sur la résistance du joint et la résistance mécanique du produit. En effet, les paramètres du bois, tels que la densité, la rétractibilité et l’imprégnation, ont une forte influence sur le collage, en particulier sur la pression et le grammage nécessaires à la production d’un produit commercialisable. Il apparait qu’un bois de densité moyenne et poreux nécessite un grammage et une pression élevés comparé à un bois de densité élevée qui nécessite des valeurs moindres. Aussi, l’influence d’autres paramètres de fabrication, tels que le rabotage, l’encollage double face et simple face ainsi que l’épaisseur des lamelles, a été établie. Par contre il semblerait que le matériel communément utilisé pour l’aboutage des résineux n’est pas adapté aux feuillus tropicaux. En final, des paramètres de collage ont été validés pour la fabrication de lamellé-collé endémique en Guyane Française et une étude du coût de production d’une poutre lamellé-collé standard a identifié les conditions économiques d’une fabrication en Guyane Française. / A feasibility study of glued-laminated timber beams was carried out in French Guiana using local wood species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gluing parameters that could ensure good mechanical properties for the manufactured glued-laminated beams in tropical climates. Three abundant wood species with different specific gravity were selected for the study. Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde and Resorcinol-Phenol-Formaldehyde resins were used for gluing. The three gluing parameters considered are: adhesive spread rate, closing assembly time and gluing pressure.Using European standards, several laboratory tests were performed on normalized samples. The evaluation of a successful lamella’s gluing was done by using elementary tests of delamination and shearing. A delamination test consists of two cycles of water immersion at high pressure and drying which induces severe hygroscopic variation in wood thus causing joints opening. The finger-joints are made using a standard tool usually used for cutting softwoods. The performed tests revealed the influence of wood properties and the gluing parameters on the joint resistance and the mechanical properties of the product. Results show that wood properties such as specific gravity, shrinkage coefficient, and permeation, have a high degree of influence on the gluing step especially on the gluing pressure and on the adhesive spread rate needed to produce a commercial product. Furthermore, wood with medium specific gravity needs more adhesive and more pressure than the one with high specific gravity. Additionally, the effects of other manufacturing parameters, such as planning, double or simple side glue spreading and lamellae thicknesses, on the glue joint resistance were demonstrated. Finally, the common tools used for softwoods are not adapted to making the finger joints with tropical hardwoods.In conclusion, optimal gluing parameters for manufacturing glued-laminated timber beams in French Guiana were established and an economical study using standard glued-laminated timber beams revealed the economic conditions under which a successful manufacturing of these local beams can be implemented in French Guiana.

Large-scale climate modes such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Asian monsoon, and the Arctic Oscillation are responsible for much of the Earth’s climate variability. Despite the importance of these modes, we have limited understanding of how they vary on long (multidecadal to millennial) timescales due to the short length of instrumental climate records. Fortunately, climate information stored in natural archives can provide us with information on how these modes varied in the more distant past. Lake sediments are an ideal climate archive since they are continuous, have high temporal resolution, and contain many potential climate proxies. In the present study, I use lake sediment records to assess past climate and environmental changes associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Asian monsoon, and the Arctic Oscillation. Exploring modern precipitation variability across the Asian monsoon region, I found that precipitation within this broad area is not coherent, which holds implications for paleorecords that are hypothesized to represent monsoon variability, including many lake sediment records on the Tibetan Plateau. Monsoon precipitation in the Arabian Sea is distinct from precipitation in India and China, and increased precipitation in the Arabian Sea coincides with decreased precipitation in the western North Pacific. Furthermore, only precipitation in southwestern Tibet responds to the Southwest monsoon, whereas precipitation in southeastern Tibet responds to the western North Pacific monsoon. In southwestern Tibet, I have reconstructed dust variability over the last millennium using the lake sediment record from Kiang Co. The sediment record shows a trend toward increasing dust over the 20th century, and our hypothesized dust proxy is positively correlated with the June-November Arctic Oscillation Index. A trend toward more positive Arctic Oscillation Index values as well as higher temperatures over the 20th century likely drove increased dustiness in southwestern Tibet, due the influence of temperature on glaciofluvial sediment availability in the Himalayas. Sediment trap, sediment core data, and modern measurements of local climate and lake water variables at Genovesa Crater Lake, Galápagos, indicate the lake and its sediments respond to local climate variability, with carbonate-rich sediments forming during prolonged dry periods (La Niña events), and organic-rich sediment forming during the warm season and El Niño events. The ratios of silica to calcium and strontium to calcium also reflect cool season SST. Thus, this lake sediment record has potential to provide a record of both seasonal and ENSO variability spanning the Holocene.

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