High-resolution spectroscopy can be used to measure leaf chemical and structural traits. Such leaf traits are often highly correlated to other traits, such as photosynthesis, through the leaf economics spectrum. We measured VNIR (visible-near infrared) leaf reflectance (400-1,075nm) of sunlit and shaded leaves in similar to 150 dominant species across ten, 1ha plots along a 3,300m elevation gradient in Peru (on 4,284 individual leaves). We used partial least squares (PLS) regression to compare leaf reflectance to chemical traits, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, structural traits, including leaf mass per area (LMA), branch wood density and leaf venation, and higher-level traits such as leaf photosynthetic capacity, leaf water repellency, and woody growth rates. Empirical models using leaf reflectance predicted leaf N and LMA (r(2)>30% and %RMSE<30%), weakly predicted leaf venation, photosynthesis, and branch density (r(2) between 10 and 35% and %RMSE between 10% and 65%), and did not predict leaf water repellency or woody growth rates (r(2)<5%). Prediction of higher-level traits such as photosynthesis and branch density is likely due to these traits correlations with LMA, a trait readily predicted with leaf spectroscopy.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-04T22:57:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Felipe Rocha da Costa.pdf: 741317 bytes, checksum: 923dc646ea34ede74f15dfc2ce5f31b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-17T22:59:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Felipe Rocha da Costa.pdf: 741317 bytes, checksum: 923dc646ea34ede74f15dfc2ce5f31b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T22:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Felipe Rocha da Costa.pdf: 741317 bytes, checksum: 923dc646ea34ede74f15dfc2ce5f31b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / CAPES / Ulomoides dermestoides é um besouro cosmopolita, praga de produtos armazenados, nativo da Ásia. Popularmente conhecido como besouro do amendoim, e considerado um “remédio” na medicina popular sendo indicada sua utilização em casos como asma e artrite. Alguns trabalhos têm demonstrado que metabólitos obtidos a partir do U. dermestoides apresentam atividade biológica como, por exemplo, ação anti-inflamatória e citotóxica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo purificar proteases de U. dermestoides e caracterizar frente a substratos específicos, variação de temperatura e diferentes faixas de pH. Para tanto, uma criação de U. dermestoides foi mantida no laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica submetida a temperatura de 25ºC ±2 e umidade de 50-60%. O extrato foi preparado utilizando-se 10g de besouro triturados e homogeneizados em 20ml do tampão de extração (Tris-HCl 10mM, NaCl 130mM, KCl 5mM pH7,4) por 30min. Após centrifugação (8000 rpm, 20min) o sobrenadante foi coletado para realização dos testes propostos. A atividade proteolítica total foi avaliada utilizando-se o teste da hidrolise da azocaseína com leitura em comprimento de onda de 366nm. Os testes enzimáticos também foram realizados utilizando-se substratos específicos para serino protesases (Bapna/Tripsina e Sucphenan/Quimiotripsina) sendo a leitura realizada em comprimento de onda de 405nm. Para a caracterização térmica o extrato foi aquecido por 30mim nas temperaturas de 40ºC, 50ºC, 60ºC e 100ºC. O pH ótimo foi determinado aplicando o extrato bruto a uma faixa de pH variando do pH1 ao pH10. A purificação foi realizada usando cromatografia em coluna de exclusão molecular HiPrep 16/60 Sephacryl S-100HR e em uma coluna de troca iônica DEAE HiprepTM FF 16/10, ambos acoplados ao sistema AKTA-Prime. A leitura da atividade proteolítica mostra que o extrato de U. dermestoides apresentou elevada atividade (75,5U). A atividade proteolítica permaneceu mesmo após o material ser aquecido 100ºC (18,3U). A atividade enzimática demonstrou que o este inseto possui pelo menos uma enzima da classe serino protease do tipo tripsina, porem não apresentou proteases do tipo quimmiotripsina. A atividade enzimática revelou também que as serino proteases mantiveram sua atividade catalítica a 40ºC e na faixa de pH entre o pH3 e o pH8. A purificação mostrou que a enzima obtida é pequena apresentado peso molecular aproximado de 20,6KDa apos a exclusão molecular e 22,3 KDa após eletroforese. Por fim, a serino protease purificada apresentou Km =0,62 mM e Vmₐₓ =0,33 x 10⁻³ μmol BApNA/min. Os resultados obtidos apontam a necessidade de técnicas adicionais na purificação das enzimas de U. dermestoides visando a caracterização mais precisa da protease identificada e identificação e caracterização da protease termoestável. / Ulomoides dermestoides is a cosmopolitan beetle, pest of stored products and native from Asia. Popularly known as “besouro do amendoim” it is considered a medicine resource in folk medicine being indicated in cases such as asthma and arthritis. Some reports have demonstrated that metabolites obtained from the U. dermestoides exhibit biological activity eg. anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. This paper aims to purify U. dermestoides proteases and characterize in relation to the specific substrates, variation of temperature and pH ranges and by eletrophoretic and zimography assays. For this purpose, Stock cultures of U. dermestoides were kept in the Laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco at a relative humidity of 50-60% and temperature of 25 ±2ºC. Raw peanuts were offered as food source to beetles. Adult males and females were crushed for preparation of extracts and homogenized in 20 ml of extraction buffer (10mM Tris-HCl, 130 mm NaCl, 5mM KCl, pH 7, 4) for 30min. After centrifugation (8000 rpm, 20 min) the supernatant was saved for later use. The proteolytic activity was assessed using the azocaseinolitic assay for general proteases, read at a wavelength of 366nm and assessed by the specific substrates BApNA and SucPHenan, read at a wavelength of 405nm. Extract thermal an pH characterization were performed by heating crude extract for 30 minutes at temperatures of 40ºC, 50ºC, 60ºC and subjecting crude extract to a pH range from 1 to 10, respectively. Purification was carried out using gel filtration chromatography column HiPrep 16/60 Sephacryl S-100HR and an ion exchange Hiprepᵀᴹ 1D39 DEAE FF 16/10 column, both coupled to AKTA-Prime system. Proteolytic activity shows that the extract of U. dermestoides presents high proteolitic activity (75.5U). The proteolytic activity remains even when the material is heated to 100ºC (18.3U). The enzyme activity demonstrated that this insect has at least one enzyme of the serine protease class of the trypsin but does not presents chymotripsin type. The enzymatic activity also revealed that serine proteases maintained its catalytic activity at 40ºC and at pH values ranging from pH3 and pH8 with maximal activity at pH=7. Purification showed that the enzyme obtained is small and presents approximate molecular weight of 20.6 kDa on gel filtration and 22.3 kDa on electrophoresis. Zimography assay displays tow bands presenting caseinolitic activity weighting 49,5 and 43,9, respectivey. Finally, the purified serine protease showed Km = 0.62 mM Vmₐₓ = 0.33 x 10⁻³ μmol BApNA/min. The results indicate the need for additional techniques in order to completely purification of U. dermestoides proteases aiming to a more precisely characterization and identify and characterize the thermostable protease.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Examina el impacto de la bacteriemia nosocomial en la evolución clínica de los pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue. Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de cohortes, analítico que se llevó a cabo en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue en población adulta con más de 48 horas de hospitalización, entre enero y setiembre de 2013. Se recolectaron los datos de 35 pacientes con resultados de hemocultivo positivo y 35 pacientes con resultado de hemocultivo negativo. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio demuestran que ambos grupos son muy similares, las variables en las que se encontró una diferencia significativa fueron: muerte, presencia de catéter venoso central, presencia de tubo endotraqueal, hipotensión, y el POFi. Hay un predominio de pacientes procedentes de las áreas de cuidados críticos en el grupo que presentó resultado de hemocultivo positivo. El germen más comúnmente aislado es el Estafilococo coagulasa negativo. El grupo con hemocultivo negativo tiene una sobrevida acumulada mayor que el grupo con hemocultivo positivo. La estancia hospitalaria fue similar en ambos grupos. El grupo de individuos con resultado de hemocultivo positivo tuvo una mayor mortalidad que el grupo con resultado de hemocultivo negativo. La sobrevida acumulada del grupo con resultado de hemocultivo positivo fue menor que la del grupo con resultados de hemocultivo negativo. La estancia hospitalaria de ambos grupos fue similar. El tratamiento de los casos de hemocultivos positivos debe ser según el cuadro clínico del paciente.se requiere nuevos estudios para evaluar las causas de estancia hospitalaria prolongada, las causas de muerte por infección intrahospitalaria y en los que se controle las limitaciones del presente estudio. Además de establecer protocolos para indicación de toma de muestras de hemocultivo e implementar un comité de vigilancia para el uso racional de antibióticos. / Trabajo de investigación

A research report submitted to faculty of health sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Epidemiology in the field of implementation science University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. November, 2017. / Background There is a dearth of information about how well this intervention is conducted in communities (implementation fidelity) as fidelity data are not included in routine program data. Therefore, this study measured the implementation fidelity of mass drug administration for onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil transmitted helminthiasis control, described factors affecting it, and determined the relationship between identified factors and implementation fidelity. Methodology A cross sectional survey was conducted in Nassarawa and Gezawa local government areas of Kano State, Nigeria, where a total 348 community directed distributors were interviewed. Scores were calculated by linearly combining responses obtained using Likert scales. Mean and median of implementation fidelity score were computed. Also, the mean of key determinants were calculated. Adjusted and unadjusted general linear regression models were then fitted to determine the relationship between implementation fidelity and identified determinants. Results The mean(SD) implementation fidelity score was 55.39(8.10) and median(IQR) was 56(60 - 49). Minimum implementation fidelity score obtained was 36 and maximum score was 72. The mean(SD) quality of delivery score, intervention complexity score, facilitation strategy score and participant responsiveness score were 16.77(2.74), 11.03(3.04), 8.83(0.99) and 4.62(0.52) respectively. Evidence of association between some factors and implementation fidelity score were found at p < 0.05. They include: intervention complexity (Adj Coef: -0.62(-0.93 to -0.30), iv facilitation strategies (Adj Coef:-1.68(-3.05 to -0.32), participants responsiveness (Adj Coef: 2.99(1.58 to 4.39), knowledge of NTD (Adj Coef: 0.75(0.36 to 1.13), CDD selection by local government staff (Adj Coef: 7.48(2.85 to 12.11), CDD who volunteered (Adj Coef: 8.38(4.59 to 12.16) CDD with formal training in a health-related field (Adj Coef: 7.34(2.61 to 12.07), and CDD participation in other public health activities (Adj Coef: -6.16(-9.49 to -2.83). Conclusion This study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring implementation fidelity of mass drug administration. In addition, key determinants such as intervention complexity and participant responsiveness were found to be important factors affecting implementation fidelity and could be the target of future implementation strategies. / LG2018

Tillage practices on agricultural fields have an impact on not only the amount of soil erosion from the fields, but also on the hydrologic and other environmental characteristics of the land. This erosion takes away soil that is necessary for sustainable agriculture, and the sediment and nutrient removal from the fields can pollute surrounding waterbodies. The Llanos Orientales of Colombia used to be a region of extended savannas and native fragile ecosystems dedicated to extended cattle ranch that has been transitioning to crop production. Agricultural expansion in this area, involving mechanization, could importantly accelerate the degradation of soils, limiting the development of sustainable agricultural systems. As a first step to understand long term effects of different tillage practices on new agricultural areas in the region, this study aims to evaluate the performance of the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model to simulate runoff, soil erosion and crop yield from fields under conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no tillage in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. Calibrated APEX model predictions were compared against measured runoff, soil loss and crop yield data from row crop plots established in the Experimental Station la Libertad in Colombia under conventional, reduced and no-tillage management. APEX satisfactorily predicted runoff (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency NSE>0.53, Percent Bias - [PBIAS] < 21%) and crop yield for all three tillage systems (NSE>0.82, [PBIAS] <15%), but was not successful in predicting soil loss from the studied plots. Unsuccessful results were related to model limitations to predict erosion (USLE equations), but also to any uncertainty attributed to issues in the data collection. A calibrated APEX model could be used to predict runoff and crop yield responses under different management practices in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia, but needs improvements for prediction of soil erosion in tropical soils.

No description available.

Th. doct.-ing.--Bordeaux 1, 1983. N°: 332.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-25T17:32:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Correia, 2014. Migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arqu.pdf: 826813 bytes, checksum: 00687ea39607e8dbd933fd417ff647dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T17:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Correia, 2014. Migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arqu.pdf: 826813 bytes, checksum: 00687ea39607e8dbd933fd417ff647dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A presente dissertação é composta por dois manuscritos. O primeiro foi elaborado com o intuito de responder ao objetivo principal da dissertação: caracterizar a migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP). A partir das amostras analisadas, ainda foi possível obter um manuscrito adicional, registrando a primeira ocorrência de Aetideus australis para o Brasil e Aetideus giesbrechti para o ASPSP. Para isto, foram realizadas coletas diurnas e noturnas em três campanhas (C1: junho de 2010; C2: setembro de 2011; C3: outubro de 2011), em duas estações fixas, uma a leste (E1) e outra a oeste (E2) do ASPSP. Foram feitos arrastos verticais com rede de plâncton com sistema de fechamento tipo Nansen e malha com abertura de 64 μm, em cinco camadas pré-determinadas de 20 metros, até 100 m de profundidade (L1: 0-20 m, L2: 20-40 m, L3: 40-60 m, L4: 60-80 m e L5: 80-100 m). Adicionalmente, para caracterizar a estrutura termohalina, foram obtidos perfis com um CTD da superfície até 100 m; ainda, foram realizados perfis verticais através de sonda perfiladora SCAMP para obtenção de dados de clorofila-a em C1. Para obter os dados de clorofila-a em C2 e C3, foi coletada água com auxílio de uma garrafa de Niskin. Foi observado um pico subsuperficial deste parâmetro aproximadamente a 70 m de profundidade. A diversidade de espécies foi muito alta (3,60 ± 0,36 bits.ind-1 ), sendo identificados 102 taxa, considerando a menor unidade taxonômica possível de se identificar. Estes taxa estiveram representados por 9 Filos (Dinophyta, Ciliophora, Protozoa, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha, Chordata), com predomínio de organismos pertencentes ao protozooplâncton (dinoflagelados, foraminíferos, radiolários e tintinídeos) e à classe dos Copepoda (náuplios, juvenis e adultos). Copepoda destacou-se com cerca de 60 espécies, dentre as quais Aetideus australis e Aetideus giesbrechti foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil e o ASPSP, respectivamente. Foi observada uma estratificação na coluna d’água em duas camadas (acima e abaixo da termoclina) diferentes significativamente uma da outra: superfície (L1, L2 e L3) e subsuperfície (L4 e L5). Os organismos puderam ser separados em três grupos: os que se distribuíram por toda coluna d’água (Dinoflagelados, Copepoda (Náuplio), Oithona spp., Oncaea spp.), os que ocorreram em águas superficiais (Clausocalanus furcatus, Farranula gracilis, Appendicularia) e os que parecem evitar águas acima da termoclina média (Ostracoda, Aetideus spp., Haloptilus spp.). Através do uso da WMD (Weighted Mean Depth), não foi identificado um padrão típico de migração vertical diária em nenhum taxa no presente estudo, fato já mencionado para organismos de classes de tamanho menores, sendo geralmente o padrão de migração vertical atribuído a organismos zooplanctônicos de classes de tamanho maior. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos diurno e noturno bem como não foi observada uma variação temporal nem a curto (C2 ≠ C3) nem a longo prazo (C1 ≠ C2 e C3). Deste modo, esta dissertação descreve, pela primeira vez, padrões de distribuição vertical dos principais taxa e constata a ausência de padrões de MVD em organismos microzooplanctônicos no ASPSP. Além disso, mostra a alta diversidade destes organismos neste ambiente oceânico tropical, destacando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de mais estudos envolvendo a estrutura básica desta comunidade. / This dissertation consists of two manuscripts. The first was designed with the intuite of answer the main objective of the dissertation: characterize the vertical migration of microzooplankton of Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). From the samples analised, it was still possible to obtain an additional manuscript, recording the firt occurrence of Aetideus australis to Brazil e Aetideus giesbrechti to SPSPA. For this, diurnal and nocturnal sampling were carried out in three campaigns (C1: June/2010; C2: September/2011; C3: October/2011), in two fixed stations, one in the East (S1) and another to the West (S2) from SPSPA. Vertical hauls with plankton net with a closing system Nansen type and mesh size of 64 μm were made, considering five predetermined layers of 20 m. (L1: 0-20 m, L2: 20-40 m, L3: 40-60 m, L4: 60-80 m and L5: 80-100 m). Additionally, to characterize the thermohaline structure, CTD profiles were obtained from surface to 100 m depth; and vertical profiles were carried out using a Self Contained Autonomous MicroProfiler SCAMP in C1 to obtain data of chlorophyll-a. To obtain data of chlorophyll-a in C2 and C3, water was collected with the support of a Niskin bottle. A chlorophyll-a subsurface peak of this parameter was observed at approximately at 70 m depth. Species diversity was very high (3.60 ± 0.36 bits.ind-1 ), being identified 102 taxa, considering the smallest taxonomic unit possible to be identified. These taxa have been represented by 9 Phyla (Dinophyta, Ciliophora, Protozoa, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha, Chordata). Among these, predominated organisms belonging to protozooplankton (dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians and tintinnids) and to Copepoda (nauplii, juveniles and adults). Copepoda showed highest richness with 60 species, among which Aetideus australis e Aetideus giesbrechti was register for the first time to Brazil and SPSPA, respectively. A stratification was observed in the water column separing in two layers (above and below the thermocline) significantly different from each other: surface (L1, L2 and L3) and subsurface (L4 and L5). The organisms presented three groups: those who was distributed throughout the water column (Dinoflagellates, Copepoda – nauplius –, Oithona spp., Oncaea spp.), those who occurred in superficial waters (Clausocalanus furcatus, Farranula gracilis, Appendicularia) and those that seem to avoid water above the medium thermocline (Ostracoda, Aetideus spp., Haloptilus spp.). Through the use of WMD (Weighted Mean Depth), it was not identified a typical pattern of daily vertical migration (DVM) to none taxa in the present study. This fact was already mentioned to organisms of smaller size classes, as vertical migration pattern being generally attributed to zooplanktonic organisms of larger size. No significant differences were observed between day and night periods and it was not observed a temporal variation nor at short (C2 ≠ C3) or long term (C1 ≠ C2 e C3). Thus, this work describes, for the first time, patterns of vertical distribution of the main taxa and notes the lack of patterns of DVM in microzooplanktonic organisms in the SPSPA. Furthermore, it shows the high diversity of these organisms in this tropical ocean environment, highlighting the need to develop more studies involving the basic structure of this community.

Submitted by LINDBERG NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR (juniohr@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T15:41:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lindberg Júnior_TESE.pdf: 16570476 bytes, checksum: 513b332e8811648289b77d07cd85e9eb (MD5) / Rejected by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Arrumar ordem das páginas pré-textuais seguindo a norma ABNT NBR 14724:2011 (Folha de rosto; Ficha catalográfica (verso da folha de rosto na versão impressa); Folha de aprovação; Dedicatória; Agradecimentos; Epígrafe; Resumo na língua vernácula; Resumo em língua estrangeira; Lista de ilustrações; Lista de tabelas; Lista de abreviaturas e siglas; Lista de símbolos; Sumário) - A ficha catalográfica deve ser revisada por um bibliotecário. Entrar no site da biblioteca para saber como proceder (http://www.fct.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca2340/servicos/elaboracao-de-ficha-catalografica/). Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-05-30T17:54:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by LINDBERG NASCIMENTO JÚNIOR (juniohr@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T19:07:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lindberg Junior_TESE.pdf: 18151655 bytes, checksum: 00da5babb2fac365e1672343c6b11cc6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-05-30T19:57:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimentojunior_l_dr_prud.pdf: 18151655 bytes, checksum: 00da5babb2fac365e1672343c6b11cc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T19:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimentojunior_l_dr_prud.pdf: 18151655 bytes, checksum: 00da5babb2fac365e1672343c6b11cc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / L'étude était basée sur le Système Climat Urbain articulé dans l'approche de la Géographie du Climat. Il a été développé par des processus comparatifs des climats urbains de Santos au Brésil, Maputo au Mozambique et Brisbane en Australie. Les trois villes sont situées dans les régions tropicales côtières du Hémisphère Sud, situé au sud du tropique du Capricorne, et positionnés dans les secteures l'Est de chaque pays. Ils ont eu un régime pluviométrique tropical, présent des occurrences d'inondations enregistrées annuelemnt et sont situés dans pays avec différents moment de développement inégal et combiné. Ainsi que l'objectif est d'étudier la constitution des climats urbains dans la même domaine climatique et avec différents moments de développement. En ce sens, les impacts des précipitations sur les villes ne sont pas considérés comme un phénomène climatique défavorable. Sinon, c'est l'un des phénomènes du climat urbain, un problème géographique classique qui est ancré dans les structure sociospatiales. La recherche a été organisée dans: l'analyse de la variabilité mensuelle et interannuelle des précipitations sur la période de 1951 à 2015; l'identification des systèmes de précipitations dans le monde tropical et dans les secteurs côtiers; cartes géotechniques caractérisant le site urbain et la susceptibilité aux inondations; l'élaboration d'indices de vulnérabilité aux catastrophes naturelles; et la géographie historique de l'urbanisation. L’analize comparative offres des moments de égalisation comme occupation des zones écologiquement fragiles et naturellement sensibles aux catastrophes, et de différenciation a partir du processus de vulnérabilizaton sociospatiale. Ces caractéristiques favorisent l'hétérogénéisation des climats urbains, les valorisant comme privés, puisque les aléas naturels sont relativisés par la sélectivité socio-spatiale des impacts. De cette manière, les processus sociospatiaux s'associent aux formes de contenu et aux spatiotemporalités de soutien. D'atténuation et de dépassement des risques résultant des climats urbains construits dans des lieux et des pays à différents moments de développement inégal et combiné. Organisé par l'expérience historique des lieux, le clima urbant est produit de la connaissance de la dynamique naturelle le quel a été favorisée par des interventions technico-scientifiques cumulatives et un contrôle des inondations pour le maintien et la reproduction des rapports sociaux de production de la nature. / O estudo foi baseado no Sistema do Clima Urbano articulado na abordagem da Geografia do Clima e desenvolvido por processos comparativos dos climas urbanos de Santos, no Brasil, Maputo, em Moçambique, e Brisbane, na Austrália. As três cidades estão situadas em ambientes tropicais costeiros do Hemisfério Sul, localizadas ao sul do Trópico de Capricórnio e posicionadas nos setores leste de cada país. Todas elas apresentam regime pluviométrico de clima tropical, situam-se em países em diferentes momentos do desenvolvimento desigual e combinado e apresentam anualmente registros de ocorrências de inundações e alagamentos. O objetivo foi investigar a constituição de climas urbanos que estão inseridos no mesmo domínio climático sob diferentes momentos do desenvolvimento. Neste sentido, os impactos das chuvas nas cidades não são vistos como manifestação climática adversa, de outro modo, a chuva é um dos fenômenos do clima urbano, um problema geográfico clássico que é incorporado nas tessituras socioespaciais que qualifica o fenômeno climático em risco climático. A pesquisa foi organizada com base em: análises da variabilidade mensal, sazonal e interanual da precipitação no período de 1951 a 2015; identificação de sistemas produtores de chuva no mundo tropical e nos setores costeiros; cartas geotécnicas de caracterização do sítio urbano e da susceptibilidade a inundações; elaboração de índices de vulnerabilidade a desastres naturais; e na geografia histórica da urbanização. A análise comparada oferece o encontro de similaridades e diferenças que organizam a interpretação da produção do espaço urbano em ocupação de áreas ambientalmente frágeis e naturalmente suscetíveis a desastres e processos de vulnerabilização das populações. Essas características promovem a particularização dos climas urbanos, já que os perigos naturais são relativizados pela seletividade dos processos socioespaciais que organizam os impactos em formas-conteúdo e espaçotemporalidades distintas de suporte, mitigação e superação dos riscos. Assim, devido a experiência histórica dos lugares, o clima urbano é resultado do conhecimento da dinâmica natural promovido pelas cumulativas intervenções técnico-científicas e controle das inundações para manutenção e reprodução das relações sociais de produção, que tem o Estado, o principal agente de consolidação e legitimação desses processos em espaço urbano. / Based on the Urban Climate System articulated in approach to Geography of Climate this study had developed by comparative processes between the urban climates of Santos - Brazil, Maputo - Mozambique and Brisbane - Australia. The three cities are located in Southern Hemisphere, located in the south of Tropic of Capricorn, and positioned in eastern sectors of each country. The three cities shows the rainfall patterns of tropical climate and occurrences of floods registered annually and located in counties on different moments of uneven and combined development. The objective was to investigate the constitution of urban climates at the same climatic domain witth different moments of development. That is why the rainfall impacts on the cities are not seen as an adverse climatic event. Otherwise, it is a phenomena of the urban climate, a classical geographical problem that embodied in sociospatial structure. The research was organized with: precipitation monthly and interannual variability analysis from 1951 to 2015; identification of sinoptic systems in the tropical world and coastal sectors; characterization of urban structure and susceptibility to floods; elaboration if social vulnerability index to natural disasters; historical geography of urbanization analysis. Ther comparative analisys offers a equalization moments of occupation of environmentally fragile areas and naturally susceptible to disasters, and differentiation moments as processes of sociospatial vulnerabilization. These characteristics shows a particularity of urban climates by relativization of natural hazards and the sociospatial selectivity of impacts. In this way, sociospatial conditions and processes for vulnerability to natural hazards are associated with spatiotemporalities forms and support of mitigation and overcoming risks. The result is a urban climates built in places and countries at different times of the development. This is organized by the historical experience of the places, the urban climat is a product of knowledge about the natural dynamics that was promoted by cumulative technical-scientific interventions and flood control, for maintenance and reproduction of social relations of production of nature.

Le filtre de Kalman est largement utilisé pour l'assimilation de données en océanographie opérationnelle, notamment dans le cadre de prévisions. Néanmoins, à l'heure où les applications de l'assimilation de données tendent à se diversifier, notamment avec les réanalyses, la formulation tridimensionnelle (3D) du filtre n'utilise pas de façon optimale les observations. L'extension de ces méthodes 3D (filtre) à une formulation 4D (appelés lisseurs), permet de mieux tirer partie des observations en les assimilant de façon rétrograde. Nous étudions dans cette thèse la mise en place et les effets d'un lisseur de rang réduit sur les réanalyses, dans le cadre d'une configuration réaliste de la circulation océanique en Atlantique tropical. Ce travail expose dans un premier temps les aspects sensibles mais nécessaires de l'implémentation du lisseur, avec notamment la paramétrisation des statistiques d'erreur et leur évolution temporelle. Les apports du lissage sur les réanalyses sont ensuite étudiés, en comparant la qualité de la solution lissée par rapport à la solution filtrée. Ces résultats permettent d'exposer les bienfaits d'une assimilation 4D. On observe notamment une diminution de l'erreur globale de environ 15% sur les variables assimilées, ainsi qu'une bonne capacité du lisseur à fournir une solution cohérente avec la dynamique de référence. Ce point est illustré par le rephasage de certaines structures sensibles comme les anneaux du Brésil. Enfin, un cas moins en accord avec la théorie mais plus facile à mettre en pratique (et plus souvent utilisé dans les centres opérationnels), l'interpolation optimale, a permis d'étudier les apports du lissage et ses limites dans une telle configuration. L'évolution temporelle des erreurs pour le lissage s'est ainsi révélée nécessaire pour garder un maximum de cohérence avec les erreurs réelles. Néanmoins, le lisseur montre tout de même des résultats encourageant avec l'interpolation optimale en abaissant le niveau global d'erreur (de 10 à 15%). / The Kalman filter is widely used in data assimilation for operational oceanography, in particular for forecasting problems. Yet, now that data assimilation applications tend to diversify, with reanalysis problems for instance, the three-dimensional (3D) formulation of the filter doesn't allow an optimal use of the observations. The four-dimensional extention of the 3D methods, called smoothers, allows a better use of the observations, assimilating them on a retrospective way. We study in this work the implementation and the effects of a reduced-rank smoother on reanalysis, with a realistic tropical Atlantic ocean circulation model. First we expose some sensitive steps required for the smoother implementation, most notably the covariances evolution parametrisation of the filter. The smoother's benefits for reanalysis are then exposed, compare to a 3D reanalysis. It shows that the global error can be reduced by 15% on assimilated variables (like temperature). The smoother also leads to an analyzed solution dynamically closer to the reference (compare to the filter), as we can observe with phasing of Brazil rings for instance. Finally, we studied a case of smoothing based on optimal interpolation (instead of the filter). This case is inconsistent with the theory but often used in operational centers. Results shows that the smoother can improve the reanalysis solution in an OI case (reducing the global error from 10 to 15%), but still the dynamical evolution of error covariances (filter) are needed to get a correction according with the real error structures.