Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-25T17:32:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Correia, 2014. Migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arqu.pdf: 826813 bytes, checksum: 00687ea39607e8dbd933fd417ff647dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T17:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Correia, 2014. Migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arqu.pdf: 826813 bytes, checksum: 00687ea39607e8dbd933fd417ff647dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A presente dissertação é composta por dois manuscritos. O primeiro foi elaborado com o intuito de responder ao objetivo principal da dissertação: caracterizar a migração vertical do microzooplâncton do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP). A partir das amostras analisadas, ainda foi possível obter um manuscrito adicional, registrando a primeira ocorrência de Aetideus australis para o Brasil e Aetideus giesbrechti para o ASPSP. Para isto, foram realizadas coletas diurnas e noturnas em três campanhas (C1: junho de 2010; C2: setembro de 2011; C3: outubro de 2011), em duas estações fixas, uma a leste (E1) e outra a oeste (E2) do ASPSP. Foram feitos arrastos verticais com rede de plâncton com sistema de fechamento tipo Nansen e malha com abertura de 64 μm, em cinco camadas pré-determinadas de 20 metros, até 100 m de profundidade (L1: 0-20 m, L2: 20-40 m, L3: 40-60 m, L4: 60-80 m e L5: 80-100 m). Adicionalmente, para caracterizar a estrutura termohalina, foram obtidos perfis com um CTD da superfície até 100 m; ainda, foram realizados perfis verticais através de sonda perfiladora SCAMP para obtenção de dados de clorofila-a em C1. Para obter os dados de clorofila-a em C2 e C3, foi coletada água com auxílio de uma garrafa de Niskin. Foi observado um pico subsuperficial deste parâmetro aproximadamente a 70 m de profundidade. A diversidade de espécies foi muito alta (3,60 ± 0,36 bits.ind-1 ), sendo identificados 102 taxa, considerando a menor unidade taxonômica possível de se identificar. Estes taxa estiveram representados por 9 Filos (Dinophyta, Ciliophora, Protozoa, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha, Chordata), com predomínio de organismos pertencentes ao protozooplâncton (dinoflagelados, foraminíferos, radiolários e tintinídeos) e à classe dos Copepoda (náuplios, juvenis e adultos). Copepoda destacou-se com cerca de 60 espécies, dentre as quais Aetideus australis e Aetideus giesbrechti foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil e o ASPSP, respectivamente. Foi observada uma estratificação na coluna d’água em duas camadas (acima e abaixo da termoclina) diferentes significativamente uma da outra: superfície (L1, L2 e L3) e subsuperfície (L4 e L5). Os organismos puderam ser separados em três grupos: os que se distribuíram por toda coluna d’água (Dinoflagelados, Copepoda (Náuplio), Oithona spp., Oncaea spp.), os que ocorreram em águas superficiais (Clausocalanus furcatus, Farranula gracilis, Appendicularia) e os que parecem evitar águas acima da termoclina média (Ostracoda, Aetideus spp., Haloptilus spp.). Através do uso da WMD (Weighted Mean Depth), não foi identificado um padrão típico de migração vertical diária em nenhum taxa no presente estudo, fato já mencionado para organismos de classes de tamanho menores, sendo geralmente o padrão de migração vertical atribuído a organismos zooplanctônicos de classes de tamanho maior. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os períodos diurno e noturno bem como não foi observada uma variação temporal nem a curto (C2 ≠ C3) nem a longo prazo (C1 ≠ C2 e C3). Deste modo, esta dissertação descreve, pela primeira vez, padrões de distribuição vertical dos principais taxa e constata a ausência de padrões de MVD em organismos microzooplanctônicos no ASPSP. Além disso, mostra a alta diversidade destes organismos neste ambiente oceânico tropical, destacando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de mais estudos envolvendo a estrutura básica desta comunidade. / This dissertation consists of two manuscripts. The first was designed with the intuite of answer the main objective of the dissertation: characterize the vertical migration of microzooplankton of Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA). From the samples analised, it was still possible to obtain an additional manuscript, recording the firt occurrence of Aetideus australis to Brazil e Aetideus giesbrechti to SPSPA. For this, diurnal and nocturnal sampling were carried out in three campaigns (C1: June/2010; C2: September/2011; C3: October/2011), in two fixed stations, one in the East (S1) and another to the West (S2) from SPSPA. Vertical hauls with plankton net with a closing system Nansen type and mesh size of 64 μm were made, considering five predetermined layers of 20 m. (L1: 0-20 m, L2: 20-40 m, L3: 40-60 m, L4: 60-80 m and L5: 80-100 m). Additionally, to characterize the thermohaline structure, CTD profiles were obtained from surface to 100 m depth; and vertical profiles were carried out using a Self Contained Autonomous MicroProfiler SCAMP in C1 to obtain data of chlorophyll-a. To obtain data of chlorophyll-a in C2 and C3, water was collected with the support of a Niskin bottle. A chlorophyll-a subsurface peak of this parameter was observed at approximately at 70 m depth. Species diversity was very high (3.60 ± 0.36 bits.ind-1 ), being identified 102 taxa, considering the smallest taxonomic unit possible to be identified. These taxa have been represented by 9 Phyla (Dinophyta, Ciliophora, Protozoa, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chaetognatha, Chordata). Among these, predominated organisms belonging to protozooplankton (dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, radiolarians and tintinnids) and to Copepoda (nauplii, juveniles and adults). Copepoda showed highest richness with 60 species, among which Aetideus australis e Aetideus giesbrechti was register for the first time to Brazil and SPSPA, respectively. A stratification was observed in the water column separing in two layers (above and below the thermocline) significantly different from each other: surface (L1, L2 and L3) and subsurface (L4 and L5). The organisms presented three groups: those who was distributed throughout the water column (Dinoflagellates, Copepoda – nauplius –, Oithona spp., Oncaea spp.), those who occurred in superficial waters (Clausocalanus furcatus, Farranula gracilis, Appendicularia) and those that seem to avoid water above the medium thermocline (Ostracoda, Aetideus spp., Haloptilus spp.). Through the use of WMD (Weighted Mean Depth), it was not identified a typical pattern of daily vertical migration (DVM) to none taxa in the present study. This fact was already mentioned to organisms of smaller size classes, as vertical migration pattern being generally attributed to zooplanktonic organisms of larger size. No significant differences were observed between day and night periods and it was not observed a temporal variation nor at short (C2 ≠ C3) or long term (C1 ≠ C2 e C3). Thus, this work describes, for the first time, patterns of vertical distribution of the main taxa and notes the lack of patterns of DVM in microzooplanktonic organisms in the SPSPA. Furthermore, it shows the high diversity of these organisms in this tropical ocean environment, highlighting the need to develop more studies involving the basic structure of this community.

Ce travail est l'expression d'une volonté de chercheurs, de la Carabe d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques méso- et micro-météorologiques appliquées aux milieux insulaires sous influence des alizés et de développer la recherche dans ces domaines.On sait que le phénomène météorologique le plus remarquable impactant les îles de la Caraïbe reste le cyclone tropical. Mais d'autres phénomènes, a des échelles inferieures, telles que les pluies intenses, les houles, la dégradation de la qualité de l'air ont une importance aigüe en termes de risques naturels ou de risques sur la sante. Ces exemples attestent la nécessité d'utiliser des méthodes de descente d'échelle pour exploiter l'information météorologique et/ou climatique de grande échelle et dériver des scenarios locaux et régionaux appliques aux territoires insulaires. Ce défi est important car l'attente d'analyses scientifiques pertinentes dans ces domaines est grande.Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour principaux objectifs la simulation numérique puis l'analyse des mécanismes méso- et micro-échelles qui induisent des circulations locales diurnes et nocturnes sur l'archipel de la Guadeloupe à l'aide de codes numériques météorologiques éprouves car largement utilises en recherche et en prévision opérationnelle.Ils constituent donc la première étude de modélisation numérique à haute résolution en basse atmosphère, par descente d'échelle dynamique, pour des intervalles d'espace compris entre 1 km et 111 m sur cet archipel.Le modelé atmosphérique Weather Research and Forecasting ARW V3.4 (WRF ARW), non-hydrostatique, a été utilise pour l'ensemble des simulations pour modéliser la troposphère depuis l'échelle globale à l'échelle de la turbulence.Trois situations météorologiques classiques réelles d'une durée de 48 heures, correspondant à 80 % des situations météorologiques observées dans la zone, alizes soutenus (AS), alizes moyens (AM), alizes faibles (AF) ont été examinées. Ces situations sont caractérisées par les valeurs du nombre de Froude local suivantes : 0,82 (AS), 0,41 (AM) et 0,21 (AF). Six domaines de modélisation ont été sélectionnés pour effectuer les descentes d'échelle dynamiques : D01 (maille de 27 km), D02 (maille de 9 km), D03 (maille de 3 km), D04 (maille de 1 km), D05 (maille de 333 m) et D06 (maille de 111 m) avec soixante-dix niveaux verticaux. Les quatre premiers domaines (D01 à D04) couvrent l'archipel de la Guadeloupe et sont utilisés en mode méso-échelle à l'aide d'un schéma d'ensemble de couche limite planétaire YSU. Les domaines D05 (couvrant l'île de la Basse-Terre et le centre de l'archipel) et D06 (couvrant la zone littorale et rurale du Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin et la zone urbaine de l'agglomération pointoise) sont utilisés en mode Large Eddy Simulation avec une fermeture de la turbulence 1,5 TKE 3D. Le modèle WRF a été forcé toutes les six heures par l'assimilation des champs d'analyses globales du modèle NCEP FNL (1° de résolution). Les simulations effectuées ont permis d'obtenir des champs de variables météorologiques 10-minutes à très hautes résolutions spatiales.Les résultats des simulations méso- et micro-échelles ont été confrontés aux valeurs expérimentales obtenues à l'aide de capteurs places sur des mâts météorologiques (campagne Atmo-Mangrov et réseau de mesure Météo-France). Il s'agissait d'optimiser l'utilisation des couplages de codes numériques tout en conservant la possibilité de les confronter aux observations expérimentales.Les résultats des simulations numériques micro-échelles, des différents cas (AS, AM, AF) sont utilisées pour forcer (c'est-à-dire définir les conditions limites) un modèle lagrangien de dispersion de particules : FLEXPART. Le système couple FLEXPART-WRF a été employé dans le domaine D06 pour étudier la dispersion du panache d'oxydes d'azote émis par la principale usine de production d'électricité de l'île. / The present work expresses the will of Caribbean researchers to improve the meso- and micro-meteorological scientific knowledge of the trade winds influenced island areas, and to develop research in these domains.It is well known that tropical hurricanes remain the most remarkable meteorological phenomena that affect the Caribbean islands. But some other phenomena, of smaller scale, such as intense rainfall events, swells, or air quality degradation, are of extreme importance for natural or health hazards. These examples show the need to use downscaling methods to exploit large scale meteorological or climatic information, and to obtain local and regional scenarios for the island areas. This is an important challenge, as sound scientific studies in these matters are eagerly expected. The aim of the research works exposed in the present dissertation is numerical simulation and analysis of the meso- and microscale mechanisms that induce diurnal and nocturnal local circulations in the Guadeloupe archipelago, using numerical meteorological models that are widely used in research and in operational forecasting.These works represent the first high-resolution (1 km to 111 m) numerical study of the lower atmosphere over the Guadeloupe archipelago. The Weather Research and Forecasting ARW 3.4 (WRF-ARW) model is used to simulate the troposphere from global scale to turbulence scale. Real cases of three typical weather types (80% of cases during a year) are examined during 48 hours : strong trade winds (STW), medium trade winds (MTW) and weak trade winds (WTW). These weather types are characterized by values of the local Froude number : 0.82 (STW), 0.41 (MTW) and 0.21 (WTW). Six domains have been selected for the dynamical downscaling : D01 (grid spacing of 27 km), D02 (grid spacing of 9 km), D03 (grid spacing of 3 km), D04 (grid spacing of 1 km), D05 (grid spacing of 333 m) and D06 (grid spacing of 111 m), including 70 vertical levels. The first four domains (D01 to D04) cover the Guadeloupe archipelago and are used in the meso-scale simulations with the planetary boundary layer scheme YSU (ensemble mean). Domain D05 (covering the Basse-Terre island and the middle of the archipelago) and domain D06 (covering the coastal and rural area of Le Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin and the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre), are employed in the micro-scale simulation (LES) with the 3D TKE 1.5 order closure scheme. WRF has been 6 hourly reinitialized with the NCEP FNL global analyses (resolution of 1°). These simulations permitted to obtain 10-minutes meteorological variable fields with a very high resolution (111 m).Meso-scale and micro-scale model results have been evaluated with observational data from meteorological stations (field campaign Atmo-Mangrov, French Met Office).Once validated, the micro-scale model outputs have been used for the assimilation of the lagrangian particle dispersion model : FLEXPART. The coupling FLEXPART-WRF has been employed in domain D06, in order to analyze the dispersion of the nitrogen oxide plume emitted by the main power plant of the archipelago.

A poluição por poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) é um tema de considerável importância com relação à conservação de aves marinhas e de seus habitats. A Reserva Biológica do Atol das Rocas (AR) e o Arquipélago de Trindade e Martin Vaz (AT) abrigam grandes populações de aves marinhas no Brasil. As ilhas oceânicas brasileiras podem ser consideradas áreas remotas e preservadas, devido a sua distância do continente. Entretanto, essas regiões também estão sujeitas à influência desses agentes antrópicos oriundos das regiões costeiras. No presente estudo amostras de fígado de seis espécies de aves marinhas do AR e do AT foram analisadas para presença de POPs (PCBs, pesticidas organoclorados e PBDEs) e para isótopos estáveis (13C e 15N). PCBs (3,37 a 189), DDTs (0,5 a 23,1), HCB (0,31 a 12,3) e HCHs (<0,31 a 7,60) foram os compostos predominantes (valores em ng g-1 em massa úmida). A análise de isótopos estáveis contribuiu para esclarecer a relação dos valores de concentração de POPs com os hábitos de forrageio, dieta, distribuição espacial e estágio de vida dos indivíduos em estudo. Correlações significativas entre &#948;15N e os poluentes sugere, em certo grau, uma considerável variação no perfil qualitativo dos PCBs associada ao nível trófico e ao efeito de transporte atmosférico como fonte de introdução desses contaminantes a esses organismos. Os dados de POPs e isótopos mostraram que aves que ocupam posições tróficas maiores tendiam a apresentar também maiores concentrações de contaminantes, assim como perfis qualitativos com predominância de contaminantes mais bioacumulativos. / Pollution persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an issue of considerable importance with regard to the conservation of seabirds and their habitats. The Rocas Atoll Reserve (AR) and the Trindade e Martin Vaz Archipelago (AT) houses a large population of seabirds in Brazil. Brazilian oceanic islands could be considered as remote and preserved zones, due to its distance from the coast. However, this regions are subjected to the influence of these anthropogenic agents that arising from continental zones. In the present study, liver samples were collected from six seabird species from AR and AT and analysed for the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs) and stable isotopes (13C and 15N). PCBs (3.37 to 189), DDTs (0.5 to 23.1), HCB (0.31 to 12.3) and HCHs (<0.31 to 7.60) were the predominant compounds (mean values in ng g-1 wet weight).The stable isotope analysis revealed the relationship of POP levels with foraging, diet, special distribution and living habits of the studied species. Significant correlations found between &#948;15N and POPs suggests, to some extent, that such considerable variation in qualitative PCB levels associated with the trophic level and to the long-range atmospheric transport. POPs level and stable isotope data showed that seabirds that occupy higher trophic positions trend to show the highest POPs levels, as well as, showed the predominance of the most bioaccumulative contaminants on the respective qualitative profiles.

A poluição por poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) é um tema de considerável importância com relação à conservação de aves marinhas e de seus habitats. A Reserva Biológica do Atol das Rocas (AR) e o Arquipélago de Trindade e Martin Vaz (AT) abrigam grandes populações de aves marinhas no Brasil. As ilhas oceânicas brasileiras podem ser consideradas áreas remotas e preservadas, devido a sua distância do continente. Entretanto, essas regiões também estão sujeitas à influência desses agentes antrópicos oriundos das regiões costeiras. No presente estudo amostras de fígado de seis espécies de aves marinhas do AR e do AT foram analisadas para presença de POPs (PCBs, pesticidas organoclorados e PBDEs) e para isótopos estáveis (13C e 15N). PCBs (3,37 a 189), DDTs (0,5 a 23,1), HCB (0,31 a 12,3) e HCHs (<0,31 a 7,60) foram os compostos predominantes (valores em ng g-1 em massa úmida). A análise de isótopos estáveis contribuiu para esclarecer a relação dos valores de concentração de POPs com os hábitos de forrageio, dieta, distribuição espacial e estágio de vida dos indivíduos em estudo. Correlações significativas entre &#948;15N e os poluentes sugere, em certo grau, uma considerável variação no perfil qualitativo dos PCBs associada ao nível trófico e ao efeito de transporte atmosférico como fonte de introdução desses contaminantes a esses organismos. Os dados de POPs e isótopos mostraram que aves que ocupam posições tróficas maiores tendiam a apresentar também maiores concentrações de contaminantes, assim como perfis qualitativos com predominância de contaminantes mais bioacumulativos. / Pollution persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an issue of considerable importance with regard to the conservation of seabirds and their habitats. The Rocas Atoll Reserve (AR) and the Trindade e Martin Vaz Archipelago (AT) houses a large population of seabirds in Brazil. Brazilian oceanic islands could be considered as remote and preserved zones, due to its distance from the coast. However, this regions are subjected to the influence of these anthropogenic agents that arising from continental zones. In the present study, liver samples were collected from six seabird species from AR and AT and analysed for the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs) and stable isotopes (13C and 15N). PCBs (3.37 to 189), DDTs (0.5 to 23.1), HCB (0.31 to 12.3) and HCHs (<0.31 to 7.60) were the predominant compounds (mean values in ng g-1 wet weight).The stable isotope analysis revealed the relationship of POP levels with foraging, diet, special distribution and living habits of the studied species. Significant correlations found between &#948;15N and POPs suggests, to some extent, that such considerable variation in qualitative PCB levels associated with the trophic level and to the long-range atmospheric transport. POPs level and stable isotope data showed that seabirds that occupy higher trophic positions trend to show the highest POPs levels, as well as, showed the predominance of the most bioaccumulative contaminants on the respective qualitative profiles.

This is a study about how Swedish travel magazines write about tropical islands with a history of colonization. The study investigates how the islands of Mauritius, the Seychelles, Haiti, the Maldives, the Dominican Republic, Aruba, Zanzibar and Guadeloupe are being portrayed in four Swedish travel magazines. Travel articles published in the travel magazines Vagabond, Allt om Resor, Res and Escape 360° during the period January 2004 to December 2009 have been analyzed through critical discourse analysis. The study concludes that the travel magazines tend to idealize and aestheticize the tropical islands. The islands are being presented as paradises on earth. They are described as fairy tales, magical, dreams and as playgrounds for Westerners. The inhabitants of the tropical islands are being judged by how well they attend to the tourists’ needs and wishes. The inhabitants are presented as unreliable, while the tourists are presented as reliable. The inhabitants are also being portrayed as childish, exotic and primitive.  Theories about how old colonial ways of thinking continue to flourish in travel journalism are being used to give depth to the findings of the study.

<p>This is a study about how Swedish travel magazines write about tropical islands with a history of colonization. The study investigates how the islands of Mauritius, the Seychelles, Haiti, the Maldives, the Dominican Republic, Aruba, Zanzibar and Guadeloupe are being portrayed in four Swedish travel magazines.</p><p>Travel articles published in the travel magazines Vagabond, Allt om Resor, Res and Escape 360° during the period January 2004 to December 2009 have been analyzed through critical discourse analysis.</p><p>The study concludes that the travel magazines tend to idealize and aestheticize the tropical islands. The islands are being presented as paradises on earth. They are described as fairy tales, magical, dreams and as playgrounds for Westerners. The inhabitants of the tropical islands are being judged by how well they attend to the tourists’ needs and wishes. The inhabitants are presented as unreliable, while the tourists are presented as reliable. The inhabitants are also being portrayed as childish, exotic and primitive. </p><p>Theories about how old colonial ways of thinking continue to flourish in travel journalism are being used to give depth to the findings of the study.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>