Abstract Recently fishing industry in Taiwan is under hugely severe business environment. Due to distinctness of diplomatic situation, it is totally different competitive situation Taiwan is facing. Therefore, not only development of ultra-low-temp tuna fishing industry and managerial means and of international or regional incubate organization will be deeply described but also diamond model of Porter will be explored to analyze the competitive advantages of ultra-low-temp tuna fishing industry of Taiwan in the thesis. Definitely, the conclusion will used to develop practical plans for future severe situation. After well understanding literature about development of ultra-low-temp tuna fishing industry in Taiwan, I concluded the followings based on perspective of diamond model: 1. The first is that operations of Taiwan Tuna Association and cluster effects build the competitive advantages other countries are hard to get beyond. 2. Secondly, under relatively stable variation of tuna prices, the fishing boat owners are emphasizing on cost reduction in order to maintain business operations and get above average earnings. The ability of cost control is competitive advantage of fishing industry of Taiwan. Keywords: diamond model ,ultra-low-temp tuna fishing industry ,competitive advantage

Assignment (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many species of tilapia such as Oreochromis mossambicus are euryhaline, able to adapt to different salinity waters. Their ability to withstand high salinity levels has given rise to the possibility of using tilapia as baitfish for tuna line fishery. The purpose of the study was to determine the survival rate of tilapia O. mossambicus during direct transfer from freshwater to the salinity levels of 0, 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, and 35 ppt. The data was analysed through means of univariate ANOVAand regression analysis. O. mossambicus showed no mortality to all salinity regimes up to 25 ppt. Mortality was observed at 27.5 ppt, with 100% mortality at 35 ppt. LC 50 and LC 90 were found to be 30.5 and 34.2 ppt, respectively. The results indicate that tilapia (0. mossambicus) will survive a direct transfer to salinities up to 25 ppt. acclimation will be required in the event of transfer to salinity levels above 25 ppt, in order to prevent significant levels of mortalities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meeste van die tilapia spesies soos Oreochremis mossambicus het die vermoë om by water van verskillende soutgehaltes aantepas. Dit is hierdie vermoë om hoë sout vlakke te weerstaan wat die moontlikheid vir gebruik as lewende aas in die tuna langlyn visvangbedryf moontlik maak. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die oorlewingsvlak van tilapia, O. mossambicus te bepaal by die oorplasing van varswater direk na soutwater by vlakke van 0, 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, en 35 dele per duisend. Die data is verwerk deur gebruik te maak van eenvariant ANOVAen regressie analises. O. mossambicus het geen mortaliteite tot gevolg gehad by al die oorplasings van vlakke tot en met 25 dele per duisend sout nie. Mortaliteite is wel gevind vanaf 27.5 dele per duisend, met 100 % mortaliteite by 35 dele per duisend. LC 50 en LC90 was gewees 30.5 en 34.2 dele per duisend onderskeidelik. Die resultate toon aan dat tilapia (0. mossambicus) sal oorleef by direkte oorplasing na soutwater by vlakke van tot en met 25 dele per duisend. Tilapia wat na hoër vlakke as 25 dele per duisend oorgeplaas wil word, sal eers geleidelik moet akklimatiseer om mortaliteite te beperk.

ABSTRACT Our Atlantic Ultra-Low-Temperature Tuna Fishing fleets were under attack from Japan during the 2004 ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) Annual Meeting. Japan openly called for tough penalty for our fleet such as significantly cutting our fishing quotas in the Atlantic and revoking our national membership in the ICCAT for over-fishing, violating International Conservation Regulations and washing fish right on the ocean. This resulted in catastrophic damage in our Ultra-Low-Temperature fishing operation in the pacific and undue pressure from our international competitors. Under the strict monitoring of international conservation groups, our government was forced reform its regulations of the fishing industry and focus on the long-neglected area of offshore fishing. To express its sincerity in active management of the industry, the government offered a series of matching measures. The first of these measures was the reduction of the number of ships to achieve cutback in fishing capacity. The three-year plan spanning from 2005 to 2007 involved a joint venture by the government and the offshore industry with joint contribution of 12.5 million US dollars to disassemble 183 large Tuna Long line Fishing Vessels in the three oceans. Fishing vessels in the Atlantic were reduced from 100 to 76. The next measures were to improve the monitoring of the fishing industry and to end any and all illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. How will our offshore fishing industry recover after a series of attack? How will our industry thrive in the austere environment of conservatism? Do we still possess any competitive advantage after the vessel-reduction measure? This thesis will cover the analysis of the competitive advantage of the Offshore Ultra-Low-Temperature Fishing Industry after the vessel-reduction, the analysis of the supply-and-demand of the Ultra-Low-Temperature market and SWOT analysis. It will also discuss in depth the post-reform fishing industry management strategy for reference.

Tuna are of significant global economic importance and a prime food source. Increased levels of fishing have resulted in many stocks being under threat and a number of species are considered to be overfished. The South African tuna industry has had limited management attention from the South African fisheries management agency. A recent development has been an increase in the number of tuna caught by small vessels that target the fresh tuna market in South Africa and overseas. This has highlighted the importance of developing a holistic management plan for the sector and creating an awareness, among vessel owners, of the importance of compliance with initiatives such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). The South African tuna fishery comprises three sectors: baitboat, sport and longline, all of which are currently in need of acquiring more biological and fisheries data. This project was initiated to collate existing information and to collect additional information where possible. This encompassed a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the size and shape of the tuna fishing industry, which included estimates of total catch, effort, catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE) and stock structure (obtained through comparative estimates of age and growth), as well as socio-economic and economic information. A technique involving an examination of specific vertebrae was used to obtain age-growth information for T. albacares. These data were used to estimate von Bertalanffy (VBGF) growth parameters: F 2 1. , k 0.1 , and t₀ -0. 1 year. No significant differences in growth parameters were found in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from different localities around the South African coast, i.e. from the south eastern Atlantic and the south western Indian Ocean. In addition, growth did not differ between South Africa and other regions (Draganic and Pelzcarski 1984, Fonteneau 1980, Gascuel et al. 1992, LeGuen and Sakagawa 1973, Lehodey and Leroy 1999, Lessa and Duarte-Neto 2004, Shuford et al. 2007, Stequert et al. 1996, Wild 1986, Yang et al. 1969). Further substantiation of the above-mentioned observations was found by recording differences in the sizes of fish caught in the inshore (baitboat and sport fishery vessels) and offshore (large pelagic longline vessels) sectors of South African tuna fisheries. A significant difference between the regions — in terms of the size of fish caught inshore — was noted, with mostly-juvenile fish being caught in KwaZulu-Natal (5.4 ± 3.5kg), sub-adult fish in the Eastern Cape (26.2 ± 13.4kg), and adult fish in the Western Cape (42.3 ± 14.4kg). Since mostly-adult fish were caught offshore by longliners, with no significant differences between regions, it is however possible th at adult fish predominantly inhabit the offshore region. Yellowfin tuna caught by the large pelagic longline fishery in the three managerial zones (A, B and C) were predominantly adult fish of similar size, namely Zone A: 38.9 ± 6.9kg; Zone B: 28.7 ± 4.6kg, and Zone C: 36.0 ± 5.1kg. The recreational ski boat sport fishery has remained stable, in terms of participation, consisting mostly of white middle aged males in the top 25% of household income distribution, having either permanent occupational status or being retired. Fishers within this sector are willing to incur great expense to partake in the fishery and they provide an important economic contribution to coastal towns, particularly in the Eastern Cape. The total catch (of 83t) of yellowfin tuna by the competitive sport fishery within the Western and Eastern Cape regions was considerably lower than that of commercial tuna baitboat catches, which amounted to 186t, and the large pelagic longline sector that caught t in 200. It is however likely that the competitive sport fishery's total yellowfin tuna catch (of 83t in 2009) of the Eastern and Western Cape competitive sport fishery was considerably less than the total yellowfin tuna catches of the whole South African deep-sea sport fishery. Longfin tuna are the primary target species of South Africa‘s baitboat fisheries, comprising an average of 86% of the total catch and generating ZAR49 million in employment income in 2002. South Africa was responsible for 20% of the total longfin tuna annual yield in 2004 in the southern Atlantic Ocean, behind Taiwan with 59%. However, yellowfin tuna only contributes a small percentage towards total catches (8.4 ± 8.2% between 1995 and 2009), generating ZAR1.3 million in employment income in 2002. Of the four vessel categories comprising the tuna baitboat fishery, ski boats had the highest yellowfin tuna CPUE in 2009 (117 ± 62 kg.vessel⁻¹.day⁻¹) and the lowest effort. The ski boats sector is the most opportunistic fishery as they are only active when either longfin or yellowfin tuna are in high abundance. At such times catches are guaranteed, so can be expected to offset expenses. In 2009 the CPUE for yellowfin tuna for 15–19m vessels and freezer deckboats was 12 ± 20kg.vessel⁻¹.day⁻¹ and 3 ± 6kg.vessel⁻¹.day⁻¹, respectively. These vessels specifically target longfin tuna when they are in abundance. Since the start of the tuna baitboat fishery in 1995, there has been a substantial increase in the number of new entrants. In 2002 this sector had a fleet size of 82 vessels with a capital value of ZAR163 million and a total employment income of ZAR58 million, employing 2 173 fishers, of which 87% were black African. The commercial tuna baitboat fleet has subsequently grown to 200 vessels and 3600 crew, with 110 active vessels fishing for a combined fleet average of 46 days per year. There are a high number of owner-operated vessels. Since 2007 the fishery's profit to cost ratio has been low due to the low abundance of tuna stocks off the coast of South Africa, which has resulted in poor catch returns, placing economic pressure on the fishery. The baitboat industry is a low-profit-margin fishery with a total net catch value worth ZAR90 million in 2009 (Feike 2010). The abundance of yellowfin tuna influences profit margins, with very high profits being made when abundance and catches are high. The large pelagic longline fishery has a total allowable effort of 43 vessels of which only 30 vessels fished during 2009, when a reported 766t of yellowfin tuna were caught, representing a total tonnage far in excess of that obtained by the combined effort of the baitboat and sport fishery. It is, however, assumed that considerable underreporting of catches takes place within this fishery, which means that the estimated total net catch value of ZAR100 million could, in fact, be much higher. Such underreporting of catches is of great concern for this fishery, as is the high bycatch of Chondricthians spp. that significantly outweighs imposed regulatory limits (DEAT 2007). The present study demonstrates the current lack of comprehensive catch and effort data for the sport, baitboat and longline fisheries as well as the serious limitations and flaws associated with current databases. Results from the present study have drawn attention to a number of high-priority research needs, as outlined below. (1) A major lack of comprehensive catch and effort data for the sport fishery, which can be rectified by focussing on obtaining more competition data, as well as high-quality catch and effort and socio-economic information, as opposed to relying on information from non-club anglers (Gartside et al. 1999, Williams 2003, Cass-Calay 2008). Acquisition of such data is relatively inexpensive: the location of organized clubs and their frequent competition meetings provide widespread coverage along the Southern African coastline. Such data acquisition efforts have the potential to provide reliable information on spatial catch trends. (2) Validation of vessel catch return data is required for commercial fisheries and on some recent data that has emerged from studies of catch rates and trends for target species, particularly in the longline fishery. In this context it should be noted that the most recent peer-reviewed publications on this exploratory fishery were published more than a decade ago (Kroese 1999, Penny and Griffiths 1999). Additional studies need to be undertaken and journal articles published on the current stock status of South African catches of yellowfin and bigeye tuna and swordfish.