<p>Since the Renaissance, the normative approach to a philosophy of music has concerned itself primarily with the subjective experience of the listener. This was not always the case. From Greek Antiquity to the Renaissance, music was considered a rigorous, mathematical discipline that shed light on objective truths concerning cosmology and cosmogony. <i>Musica theorica</i>, therefore, took precedence over musica practica and was taken much more seiously in musical scholarship. Although tension had always existed between <i>Musica theorica</i> and <i>Musica practica</i>, such tension reached its peak during the Renaissance and as a result, a shift occurred: <i>Musica theorica</i> was pushed into the background, and <i>Musica practica</i> stepped forward.</p><p>The intention of this thesis is to convince its reader of the need to bring <i>Musica theorica</i> back to its proper place in musical and philosphical scholarship, where objective answers can be found, and music's innate eternal nature is revealed. The thesis begins with a historical survey of musical scholarship that eventually brings the reader to the center of the controversy that ensued during the Renaissance, and then forward to present day discussions in philosphy of music that are concerned with music's subjective and temporal properties. It is hoped that the reader will see the need for a new shift to occur in philosophy of music that focuses on music's objective and eternal properies (that are wholly distinct from the subject experiencing it), and will come away with a new perspective regarding the interdisciplinary nature of philosphy and music.

<p>Since the Renaissance, the normative approach to a philosophy of music has concerned itself primarily with the subjective experience of the listener. This was not always the case. From Greek Antiquity to the Renaissance, music was considered a rigorous, mathematical discipline that shed light on objective truths concerning cosmology and cosmogony. <i>Musica theorica</i>, therefore, took precedence over musica practica and was taken much more seiously in musical scholarship. Although tension had always existed between <i>Musica theorica</i> and <i>Musica practica</i>, such tension reached its peak during the Renaissance and as a result, a shift occurred: <i>Musica theorica</i> was pushed into the background, and <i>Musica practica</i> stepped forward.</p><p>The intention of this thesis is to convince its reader of the need to bring <i>Musica theorica</i> back to its proper place in musical and philosphical scholarship, where objective answers can be found, and music's innate eternal nature is revealed. The thesis begins with a historical survey of musical scholarship that eventually brings the reader to the center of the controversy that ensued during the Renaissance, and then forward to present day discussions in philosphy of music that are concerned with music's subjective and temporal properties. It is hoped that the reader will see the need for a new shift to occur in philosophy of music that focuses on music's objective and eternal properies (that are wholly distinct from the subject experiencing it), and will come away with a new perspective regarding the interdisciplinary nature of philosphy and music.

<p>Modern industrial, government, and academic organizations are collecting massive amounts of data ("Big Data") at an unprecedented scale and pace. The ability to perform timely and cost-effective analytical processing of such large datasets in order to extract deep insights is now a key ingredient for success. These insights can drive automated processes for advertisement placement, improve customer relationship management, and lead to major scientific breakthroughs.</p><p>Existing database systems are adapting to the new status quo while large-scale dataflow systems (like Dryad and MapReduce) are becoming popular for executing analytical workloads on Big Data. Ensuring good and robust performance automatically on such systems poses several challenges. First, workloads often analyze a hybrid mix of structured and unstructured datasets stored in nontraditional data layouts. The structure and properties of the data may not be known upfront, and will evolve over time. Complex analysis techniques and rapid development needs necessitate the use of both declarative and procedural programming languages for workload specification. Finally, the space of workload tuning choices is very large and high-dimensional, spanning configuration parameter settings, cluster resource provisioning (spurred by recent innovations in cloud computing), and data layouts.</p><p>We have developed a novel dynamic optimization approach that can form the basis for tuning workload performance automatically across different tuning scenarios and systems. Our solution is based on (i) collecting monitoring information in order to learn the run-time behavior of workloads, (ii) deploying appropriate models to predict the impact of hypothetical tuning choices on workload behavior, and (iii) using efficient search strategies to find tuning choices that give good workload performance. The dynamic nature enables our solution to overcome the new challenges posed by Big Data, and also makes our solution applicable to both MapReduce and Database systems. We have developed the first cost-based optimization framework for MapReduce systems for determining the cluster resources and configuration parameter settings to meet desired requirements on execution time and cost for a given analytic workload. We have also developed a novel tuning-based optimizer in Database systems to collect targeted run-time information, perform optimization, and repeat as needed to perform fine-grained tuning of SQL queries.</p> / Dissertation

The purpose of this study was to explore the ways tuning to A = 432 Hz affects emotional response, timbre, sound quality, character and tone compared to the standard tuning of A = 440 Hz, and whether or not it is humanly possible to discern a difference between these two. This was all done in an effort to evaluate claims that A = 432 Hz is superior to standard tuning in regards the previously mentioned factors. For this to be done, the history and development of tuning standards as well as intonation systems, presented alongside theories on the basic physics of sound, the effect of spectral manipulation on timbre and sound, and finally memory structures for remembering musical pitches. As a musician and composer, exploring new ways of creating emotion and controlling the effects of a composition, and dispelling potential misinformation is always a worthwhile pursuit. The study was performed by way of surveys where respondents were asked to listen to a composition in two versions, one in A = 440 Hz and the other in A = 432 Hz and then rate the perceived similarity between these two. They were then asked to give their answer regarding preference and associations of character and emotional response to each version. Results show that the claims of the A = 432 Hz proponents might not be as simple as portrayed, but rather a more complex series of relationships. There is support for the idea that the two tunings are unique enough for the average human to discern a difference between the two, and that some type of unique character is contained in each tuning.

Orientador: Jonatas Manzolli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porres_AlexandreTorres_M.pdf: 11455716 bytes, checksum: ea6618983f2e1d8ab253db22a60f9f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Foram estudados, na presente pesquisa, Sistemas de Afinação com o intuito de investigar a aplicação desse conhecimento em Processos Criativos. Para tal, desenvolvemos uma distinção de abordagens composicionais na música do Século XX, e também estudamos o mecanismo de construção de escalas adotando, principalmente, o estudo da Psicoacústica (i.e. Modelo de Dissonância Sensorial), que propiciou o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional tanto de análise de sons e Sistemas de Afinação, quanto de criação sonora. Os estudos serviram de base para o desenvolvimento de Processos Criativos com comentários de acordo com os objetivos de pesquisa / Abstract: On the present research, Tuning Systems were studied in order to investigate its application in Creative Processes. For such, we created a distinction of compositional approaches in the music of the 20th Century, and we also studied mechanisms of scale development by mainly adopting Psychoacoustics (i.e. Roughness Model), which enabled the development of a computational tool for the analysis of sounds and Tuning Systems, as well as musical creation. The studies have been applied in Creative Processes with comments and discussions over the research¿s objectives / Mestrado / Mestre em Música

A dissonância sensorial é um conceito que restringe a noção da dissonância à sua dimensão psicofísica, por meio do fenômeno psicoacústico conhecido como rugosidade. Esse conceito foi explorado neste trabalho experimentalmente tendo como foco o teste da hipótese de que é possível modelar a dissonância sensorial em escalas do temperamento por igual utilizando-se timbres inarmônicos. A dissertação é dividida em 5 partes. No capítulo 2, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica compilando os principais modelos de dissonância sensorial baseados em estudos experimentais, e uma revisão do sistema de afinação conhecido como temperamento por igual. No capítulo 3 apresenta-se uma proposta de síntese de espectros inarmônicos que modelam a dissonância para o temperamento por igual. Em seguida, apresenta-se um teste subjetivo realizado que avaliou a dissonância sensorial em espectros construídos com dissonância modelada para uma escala temperada de 8 partes iguais. No capítulo 4, são apresentadas aplicações artísticas realizadas, consequentes do estudo da modelagem da dissonância sensorial em escalas do temperamento por igual, como uma proposta de mapeamento de escalas em um teclado MIDI e dois relatos composicionais. Discussões acerca dos resultados e apontamentos para trabalhos futuros são abordados no capítulo final. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para o fato de os modelos de dissonância sensorial estudados não serem suficientemente eficazes na tarefa de realizar uma avaliação precisa do fenômeno da dissonância sensorial em sons inarmônicos. Além disso, como resultado, abriram-se novas perspectivas para práticas artísticas com dissonância modelada, onde discutimos o impacto do uso dos modelos de dissonância na prática composicional e no contexto da música atual. / Sensory dissonance is a concept that restricts the dissonance to their psychophysical dimension, through the psychoacoustics phenomenon known as roughness. This concept was explored in this work experimentally, based on the assumption that it is possible to model the sensory dissonance in equal tempered scales, using inharmonic spectra. Our dissertation is divided into five parts. Firstly, on chapter 2, a literature review exposing the main models of sensory dissonance that are based on experimental studies is presented, as well as a revision of the equal tempered scale system. Secondly, the first part of Chapter 3 presents a method and an algorithm to synthetize inharmonic spectra that models the dissonance for equal tempered scales. Then, in the second part of chapter 3, we expose an experimental test that aims to evaluate the sensory dissonance on a spectrum generated to model the dissonance in a scale that divides the octave into 8 equal parts. On chapter 4, we propose artistic applications using the dissonance studies developed in this work, as well as a prototype of equal tempered scales controller using a MIDI keyboard and two compositional reports. Finally, the results of this research are shown in chapter 5, that highlights the fact that the models of sensory dissonance approached in this dissertation are not effective to calculate a precise estimation of sensory dissonance in inharmonic spectra. Besides that, as a result, new perspectives for artistic practices using dissonance modeling are presented, as we discuss the impact of dissonance models in the context of composition and contemporary music.

A dissonância sensorial é um conceito que restringe a noção da dissonância à sua dimensão psicofísica, por meio do fenômeno psicoacústico conhecido como rugosidade. Esse conceito foi explorado neste trabalho experimentalmente tendo como foco o teste da hipótese de que é possível modelar a dissonância sensorial em escalas do temperamento por igual utilizando-se timbres inarmônicos. A dissertação é dividida em 5 partes. No capítulo 2, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica compilando os principais modelos de dissonância sensorial baseados em estudos experimentais, e uma revisão do sistema de afinação conhecido como temperamento por igual. No capítulo 3 apresenta-se uma proposta de síntese de espectros inarmônicos que modelam a dissonância para o temperamento por igual. Em seguida, apresenta-se um teste subjetivo realizado que avaliou a dissonância sensorial em espectros construídos com dissonância modelada para uma escala temperada de 8 partes iguais. No capítulo 4, são apresentadas aplicações artísticas realizadas, consequentes do estudo da modelagem da dissonância sensorial em escalas do temperamento por igual, como uma proposta de mapeamento de escalas em um teclado MIDI e dois relatos composicionais. Discussões acerca dos resultados e apontamentos para trabalhos futuros são abordados no capítulo final. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para o fato de os modelos de dissonância sensorial estudados não serem suficientemente eficazes na tarefa de realizar uma avaliação precisa do fenômeno da dissonância sensorial em sons inarmônicos. Além disso, como resultado, abriram-se novas perspectivas para práticas artísticas com dissonância modelada, onde discutimos o impacto do uso dos modelos de dissonância na prática composicional e no contexto da música atual. / Sensory dissonance is a concept that restricts the dissonance to their psychophysical dimension, through the psychoacoustics phenomenon known as roughness. This concept was explored in this work experimentally, based on the assumption that it is possible to model the sensory dissonance in equal tempered scales, using inharmonic spectra. Our dissertation is divided into five parts. Firstly, on chapter 2, a literature review exposing the main models of sensory dissonance that are based on experimental studies is presented, as well as a revision of the equal tempered scale system. Secondly, the first part of Chapter 3 presents a method and an algorithm to synthetize inharmonic spectra that models the dissonance for equal tempered scales. Then, in the second part of chapter 3, we expose an experimental test that aims to evaluate the sensory dissonance on a spectrum generated to model the dissonance in a scale that divides the octave into 8 equal parts. On chapter 4, we propose artistic applications using the dissonance studies developed in this work, as well as a prototype of equal tempered scales controller using a MIDI keyboard and two compositional reports. Finally, the results of this research are shown in chapter 5, that highlights the fact that the models of sensory dissonance approached in this dissertation are not effective to calculate a precise estimation of sensory dissonance in inharmonic spectra. Besides that, as a result, new perspectives for artistic practices using dissonance modeling are presented, as we discuss the impact of dissonance models in the context of composition and contemporary music.