Hand raising is a common method in schools and a way for students to engage in the classrooms turn-allocation (Andersson & Haglund 2006, p 35), but not all benefit from it. According to Dylan Wiliam (2011) hand raising divides the students by putting the students that participate in hand raising at an advantage versus the students that do not. This study aims to examine hand raising as a phenomenon and the students and teachers thoughts about hand raising. The main research questions were: How do the students perceive hand raising? How do the teachers reflect upon hand raising? How is hand raising usedas a tool by the students? The main reference to this study has been senior lecture Fritjof Sahlströms (1999) thesis Up the Hill Backwards. On International Constraints and Affordances for Equity-Constitution in the Classrooms of the Swedish Comprehensive School, were he debates around hand raising as a method for interaction with teachers and students. This study has also raised issues from social psychology such as norm and that humans are affected by the mere presence of other humans. The study has come about using both observations and group-intervjues with students from the range of six to eleven and a singel group-intervju with teachers. Results from the study shows that students consider hand raising as a method for keeping the classrooms atmosphere composed and that they raised their hands if they know the answer. The teachers discussed the difficulties concerning turn-allocations.

Användningen av digitala konferensverktyg (DKV) har ökat under pandemin Covid-19 ochanvändare har rapporterat att de upplever kommunikationen mer ansträngande än öga-mot-öga. En utmaning i DKV är att det inte går att rikta uppmärksamhet mot specifika samtalsdeltagare för att det inte går att skapa ögonkontakt vilket försvårar turtagning eftersom det är på så vis turen fördelas mellan samtalsdeltagare. Tidigare forskning visar att turtagning stöds av icke-verbala signaler och främst ögonkontakt och att stöd för turtagning i DKV kan designas utifrån att en ögonscanner som läser av var samtalsdeltagare tittar implementeras. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur olika designval vid design av DKV kan användas för att förbättra användaresupplevelser av turtagning vid samtal mellan flera parter i DKV. För att undersöka nya sätt att designa DKV har en designorienterad studie genomförts där designförslag formats baserade på ögonkontakt och dessa har utvärderats tillsammans med användare. Studiens resultat påvisar att turtagning kan stödjas i flerpartssamtal i DKV genom att addera rörliga visuella element som visar vem som talar nu och vem denne etablerar ögonkontakt med för att lämna över turen. Tre designförslag presenteras för hur detta kan göras. / The use of Digital conference tools (DKV) has increased because of the pandemic Covid-19 and DKV users has reported that the communication is more exhausting than communication face-to-face. A challenge in DKV is the inability to direct attention towards specific conversational participants because of absence of eye contact which makes turn-taking difficult since that is how the turn is allocated between conversational participants. Related work shows that turn-taking is supported by non-verbal signals, primarily eye-contact, and that turntaking can be supported by implementing an eyescanner that interpret where conversational participants direct their gaze. The aim of the study is to investigate how different design choices when designing DKV can be used to improve users’ experiences of turn-taking in multi-party conversations in DKV. In order to explore new ways of designing DKV design research has been used to empirically evaluate suggestions for design based on eyecontact. The result of the study shows that turn-taking can be supported in multi-party conversations in DKV by adding moving visual elements that shows who is the current speaker and who this person is establishing eye contact with to allocate the turn. Three suggestions for design are presented for how this could be done.