I april 1999 satte Sveriges regering upp 15 miljömål (utökades till 16 under 2005) vilka strävar efter att lösa Sveriges stora miljöproblem till nästa generation. Det första miljömålet är ”begränsad klimatpåverkan” och ett av dess delmål är att utsläppen av växthusgaser under perioden 2008-2012 skall vara minst 4 procent lägre än utsläppen var år 1990. Ett sätt att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser är att byta ut de fossila fordonsbränslena mot förnyelsebara. Inom EU är målsättningen att andelen förnyelsebart bränsle skall vara 5,75 procent av allt fordonsdrivmedel år 2010 och 20 procent år 2020. Etanolinblandningen uppgår till ca hälften av de förnyelsebara bränslena pga. att all 95-oktanig bensin i Stockholms län innehåller 5 procent etanol. Det bränsle som ökade mest i Stockholm under perioden 2001- 2006 är dock biogasen. Detta är bra då biogasen klassas som det miljövänligt bästa fordonsbränslet. Detta examensarbete utförs för Stockholm Vatten AB som i dagsläget producerar biogas från det slam som blir restprodukten vid rening av avloppsvatten. Syftet för examensarbete är att undersöka hur stor metanpotentialen är i detta slam samt att granska den nyinköpta laborationsutrustning, ”BCS-CH4-biogas” med vilken försöken görs. Slammet som beskickas till rötkammarna vid Henriksdals reningsverk består av primärslam, förtjockat överskottslam samt fettslam. En sammansättning av detta slam, med värden från år 2006, exklusive fettslammet gav en biogas- respektive metangasproduktion på 0,50 Nm3 biogas/kg VSin respektive 0,30 Nm3 CH4/VSin efter 35 dagar. Ett jämförande försök vid JTI med samma sammansättning av slam, taget vid samma tidpunkt, gav en biogas- respektive metangasproduktion på ca 0,65 Nm3 biogas/kg VSin respektive ca 0,33 Nm3 CH4/kg VSin efter 31 dagar. En jämförelse mellan dessa två metoder och utrustningar gav följande fördelar och nackdelar för BCS-utrustningen: Fördelar - Enkel att handskas med, när man väl lärt sig - Sköter sig själv, tar inte mycket tid - Mycket data att laborera med - Relativt robust - Lätt att starta upp och avsluta - God repeterbarhet inom ett försök Nackdelar - Kan köra väldigt få flaskor åt gången, max åtta per BACVis, jämfört med JTI där man kan köra så många man hinner analysera. - Kan inte köra försöken lika länge som Hansen då flödesmätaren inte klarar mindre flöden än 1 ml per timme, varför de slutgiltiga värdena antagligen är lite mindre än de skulle kunna vara. Efterrötning av rötslammet från primärslambehandlingen på Bromma reningsverk gav en ökning på 8,6 % på biogasproduktionen från primärslammet räknat på medelvärden från år 2006 / In April 1999 the Swedish government established 15 environmental goals (increased to 16 during 2005) that strive to solve Sweden’s largest environmental issues until the next generation. The first of these goals are “limited climate change” and one of its sub goals is that the greenhouse gas emissions should decrease by 4 percent, compared to the emissions of 1990, during the period 2008-2012. One way of decreasing the emissions of greenhouse gas is to shift from fossil fuels to renewable. Within the European Union the goal is that the portion of renewable fuels should amount to 5, 75 percent of all fuels for vehicles before 2010 and 20 percent by the year 2020. In the district of Stockholm all of the 95-octane petrol is mixed with 5 percent ethanol, and this sums up to half of all the renewable fuels used in Stockholm. However biogas is the fuel that increased the most in Stockholm during the period 2001-2006. This is good because the biogas is classified as the most environmental vehicle fuel. This master thesis is written for Stockholm Vatten AB who amongst other things clean the sewage water and from the sludge they produce biogas. The purpose of this master thesis is to examine the methane potential of different sewage sludge’s and to develop a method to do this with new laboratory equipment, “BCS-CH4-biogas”, designed for this function. The sewage sludge in the Henriksdal waste-water treatment plant is composed of primary, secondary (biosludge) and external fat sludge. A composition of this sludge given as a mean value from 2006, excluding the fat sludge, gave a biogas and methane production of 0,50 Nm3 biogas/kg VSin and 0,30 Nm3 CH4/kg VSin after 35 days. As a comparison the same sludge was digested at JTI and they got a biogas and methan potential of 0,65 Nm3 biogas/kg VSin and 0,33 Nm3 CH4/kg VSin after 31 days. An assessment of these to methods and equipments gave “BCS-CH4-biogas” the following advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: - Easy to handle ones you know how it works - Takes care of it self, doesn’t take a lot of time - A lot of data - Relatively robust - Easy to start and shut down - Repeatable results Disadvantages: - One can run very few flasks at a time, maximum eight per BACvis, compared to JTI where you can run as many flasks as you have time to check on. - It is not possible to run the experiment all the way till there is no organic matter left at all since the flow counter doesn’t work when the flow count is lower than 1 mL per hour. Post digestion of digested primary sludge from Bromma waste-water treatment plant showed an increase of 8,6 % of the biogas production, counted from the mean value of year 2006. / www.ima.kth.se

Detta examensarbete, på uppdrag av Swedbank och med handledning från enheten för Industriell ekologi på KTH, jämför kort- och kontantbetalningssystemet i Sverige ur ett miljöperspektiv. Studien görs som en jämförande livscykelanalys mellan de bägge systemen. Resultaten från studien är endast relativa och inte absoluta. Det går därför inte att säga något om kort- eller kontantbetalningssystemets absoluta miljöpåverkan utan endast skillnader i miljöpåverkan systemen emellan. Livscykelanalysen har genomförts i enighet med rådande ISO-standard (14040:2006, 14044:2006) och har granskats av Lars-Gunnar Lindfors, forskningsdirektör på IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. För att rättvist kunna jämföra de bägge betalsystemen har den funktionella enhet en transaktion valts. En transaktion med kontanter som betalningsmedel jämförs alltså med en transaktion med bankkort. Eftersom uppgifter om kombinationen av sedlar och mynt för en genomsnittlig betalning saknas redovisas resultaten som en jämförelse mellan kortbetalning och kontantbetalning med sju olika belopp och sex kombinationer av sedlar och mynt för vart och ett av dessa belopp. För de kombinationer av sedlar och mynt som valts för att representera den funktionella enheten visar resultaten att kortbetalning har mindre påverkan på växthuseffekt och övergödning än kontantbetalning. Det motsatta gäller för försurning och marknära ozon, då kontantbetalning har mindre påverkan. Den osäkerhetsanalys av resultaten som gjorts med hjälp av Monte Carlo simulering visar på låg variation och därmed säkra resultat. De osäkerheter som finns i resultaten beror på att det genomsnittliga antalet transaktioner per valör och livstid inte är säkert fastställt. En analys av värsta fall, normalfall och bästa fall för antalet transaktioner per valör och livstid visar att detta har stor inverkan på resultatet, i synnerhet värsta fall scenariot för kontanter. Ett framtidsscenario har ställts upp baserat på prognoser från inblandade parter om förändringar i systemen. Framtidsscenario talar starkt till kortets fördel, då kortsystemets minskade miljöpåverkan är klart större än minskningen för kontantsystemet. / www.ima.kth.se

SRV återvinning AB is a joint-stock waste company located in the south of Stockholm. Since the first operation, three landfills have been practiced successively. The landfill generates about 200,000 to 250,000 cubic meters of leachate per year. An on-site leachate treatment plant consists of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and constructed wetland was build for Landfill III. The research was to find out: - the capacity and efficiency of the existing on-site leachate treatment plant; - to analyse the costs and environmental benefits of different alternatives; and - using the above results, to assess and suggest supplementary methods to treat total landfill leachate concerning the site-specific conditions. This thesis contains a literature review of leachate production and composition as well as leachate treatment technologies. The technologies are described, evaluated or compared. The contents of this thesis divided into 11 chapters. Various calculations and assumptions that have been developed for effective controlling and treating leachate from landfills. Chapter 1 is devoted to basic facts of the leachate problems at SRV återvinning AB. Chapter 2 presented the methodologies that have been set up for solutions and suggestions. Chapter 3 provides a general background of the generation and compositions of waste leachate. A general overview of leachate treatment methods and systems is presented in Chapter 4. Costs of different leachate treatment methods is also exhibited. Chapter 5 provides a detailed current situation review of SRV återvinning AB on landfilling site, leachate quality and quantity and the existing treatment plant. Chapter 6 showed the previous application experience from other treatment plant. The calculation and comparison procedure for the capacity and efficiency of the plant at the landfill is presented in Chapter 7. Different alternatives to solve the leachate problem concerning the site-specification are proposed in Chapter 8. Their applicability, effectiveness are analyzed. Chapter 9 provides detailed discussion of alternatives and calculation procedure. After the conclusion of the thesis, recommendations for the further work are presented. This thesis will provide SRV återvinning AB different alternatives to solve leachate problems. Finally, considering the site-specification, economic perspective and environmental benefits, applying reverse osmosis after SBR as final step; the combination of aerated lagoon, sand filter and soil infiltration are proposed. Furthermore, the control of leachate production is also taken into account. Eventually, recommendations for the further work were presented. / www.ima.kth.se

In this study, energy analysis of Upplands Väsby municipality was carried out with the aim of reducing the CO2 emissions in compliance with Kyoto Protocol. In order to achieve that the inventory of the current fossil fuel use, analysis of possible energy saving measures, and inventory of current potential for biomass production was studied respectively.The annual energy consumption according to different sectors which are mainly housing,transportation, public activities, construction, agriculture, forestry and fishery wasinvestigated and found as 1000 GWh. Depending on the emission factors for each fuel type,corresponding CO2 emissions were calculated. These calculations showed that 85% of thetotal CO2 emissions are caused by oil and diesel which are mainly used in transportation. The emissions from electricity and district heating came out to be negligible compared to transportation because of renewable energy use in production. Thus, depending on the results of energy analyses, the main priority was set as transportation for CO2 emission reduction measures.The intention of Upplands Väsby municipality is first to implement efficient energy use rather than CO2 reduction or the production of the renewable fuels within the municipality. The possible energy efficiency and conservation opportunities were discussed and identified intwo different perspectives; the tactical perspective that will cover the first 3 to 5 years and thestrategical perspective for a longer period of 25 years. For the first years of energy efficiencyprogram, the main objective was set to be reaching some amounts of energy savings by the easiest changes possible and advertising that to the public to gain their support and cooperation in the long term. On the other side, for the strategical perspective, the mainobjective must be reducing the CO2 emissions as much as possible and establishing a sustainable energy system depending on renewable sources.For the production of renewable fuels, biomass was preferred as the energy source as more than half of the Upplands Väsby municipality is covered with forests and farmlands. In the calculations, only the municipally owned lands were taken into consideration and privately owned lands were excluded. Furthermore, out of the land that the municipality owns, the forest lands were excluded from the biomass calculations with an aim of reserving the forests for recreational and natural conservation purposes. In the preliminary estimation in this study,the possible yields of biomass per hectare and year were used to reach the total amount of bioenergy that can be produced. Since growing different kinds of energy crops will result with different yields of dry biomass per hectare and year, the most appropriate crops for the Svealand region were identified depending on the previous researches. The possible amount of bio energy that can be produced was calculated for willow, straw, ley crop, rapeseed, wheatand reed canary grass. As a result, it is seen that whatever the crop is chosen the average yield that can be obtained from the farmlands is around 30 GWh per year.After the energy balance, efficiency options and biomass estimation; the results from thesethree parts were combined and the possible CO2 reduction values for the next 25-30 years were estimated. In order to do that, different scenarios were considered such as replacing fossil fuels with energy from biomass, increasing energy savings and reducing fuel use in transportation. From the fossil fuel replacement scenarios, replacement of heating oil appearsto be the most feasible option since the amount of energy than can be produced from biomass exactly matches the amount of heating oil used in the municipality and it is much easier thandistrict heating and fuel replacements. From energy saving scenarios, the results for electricitysavings are negligible compared to other options as a result of environmentally friendly electricity production in majority of companies in Sweden. Hence buying electricity from supplier companies with lower CO2 emissions gives more reductions in emissions than energysavings. The last scenario, which is reduction of fuel consumption, appears to be the bestoption among the others, because it results in higher CO2 reductions. Advances in technology and growing attention to environmental issues is likely to simplify the application options interms of changing the transportation patterns of the public by encouraging them to use ratherpublic transport or car polls, environmentally friendly cars, and etc. As a result, combiningdifferent scenarios, the maximum amount of CO2 reduction together with energy savings was calculated to be around 26% for Upplands Väsby municipality.This study revealed the deficiencies in organization and systematic data collection in the municipality levels and the need to establish a methodology for inventory and follow-up ofenergy use, production and related environmental effects.In conclusion, the main target of the Upplands Väsby municipality should be implementing amethodology for systematically collecting data on the energy use and CO2 discharges indifferent sectors of the Upplands Väsby economy, preferably using a life-cycle perspective. A second important aim should be to focus on energy saving measures, especially in the transportation and housing areas. A third interesting possibility is to support initiatives aimingof encouraging municipal and private land owners to contribute to energy production. / www.ima.kth.se

The Swedish Polar Research Secretariat wants to compile all data from the Swedishenvironmental monitoring programme in Antarctica and present it using a Geographical Information System, GIS, in order to get a better follow-up on performed activities. The assignment of this master’s thesis has been to build a database containing geographic information for the areas around the Swedish research stations Wasa and Svea in Dronning Maud Land. The geodatabase will serve as a platform for future GIS-applications used by theSwedish Polar Research Secretariat.The work is divided into three parts, project planning, project development and an analysis. Apart of the project planning consisted of a survey of the environmental monitoring programmeand the existing data. A number of shortcomings in the existing data were discovered duringthe survey, it was therefore decided to amend the environmental monitoring programme andupdate the data handling methods in order to get better-suited data to use in a GIS.The choice of GIS-software fell on ArcGIS ArcView 9.2 from ESRI and data from theAntarctic Digital Database was used as a basemap. Additional data from the Antarctic DigitalDatabase was used in order to build the database. A file geodatabase structure was chosen which consists of a number of feature datasets containing all the geographical information.An analysis and a discussion about the existing monitoring programme have been performed and proposals on how to improve the monitoring programme have been presented. / www.ima.kth.se

China is the most populous country in the world and has an increasing economy. A growingeconomy enhances the electricity requirement, product demands and so on, which affects both the surrounding environment but also the global environment.Wuhai is an industrial city and the most polluted city in Inner Mongolia, China. Numerous amounts of the industries are lacking in the emission treatment and the PM10 is more then 10 times the allowed amount of European Union.This master thesis is a part of a bigger project, a corporation between IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd and Environmental Protection Bureau in Wuhai.The Coke Company Huaxi Jiohua Ltd. was founded 1992, and has a producing capability of300.000 tons coke per year. The treatment station is a model of an ASP, without a sludge recycling and a sludge thickener instead of sedimentation basin. The treatment efficiency is failing in phenol removal.The aim of this thesis is to perform a feasible study of the wastewater treatment methods foran improvement of the separation of pollutions in coke wastewater and to give a proposal forimprovement of energy efficiency from wastewater treatment.Treatment efficiency of methods such as A2/O, A/O, SBR, and ASP was taken inconsideration.Due to the lack of basic treatment, a first suggestion is to optimize the biological parameters,and introduce sludge recycling to the system together with either a following sedimentationpool or a MBBR as a pre-treatment step.To gain energy from the wastewater treatment station, a replacing of the current aerator system in the aeration unit to fine bubble diffusers and introduce a heat exchanger in the cooling of gas step could be done. / www.ima.kth.se

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Eutrofiering är ett stort problem för Östersjön där den största tillförseln av näringsämnen kommer som diffusa utsläpp. I Östersjön leder eutrofieringen till ökad tillväxt och algblomningar. Den ökade tillväxten leder även till grumling av vattnet vilket försvårar för makroalger, samt till bottendöd då stora mängder organiskt material faller ner på botten och måste brytas ned med syreförbrukning och svavelbildning som konsekvens. På västkusten, utanför Långevik vattenreningsverk, bedrivs musselodling i syfte att renavattnet från kväve. Det är ett alternativ till utbyggnad av kvävereduktionssteget i reningsverket. Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka om det är möjligt att genom musselodling minska kvävebelastningen i Östersjön. Den tittar på praktiska och ekonomiska effekterrörande odling och avsättning av musslorna. Analysen visar att de metoder och material som används på Västkusten skulle kunna användas i Östersjön. De största skillnaderna är att musslorna, på grund av den låga salthalten i Östersjön, växer långsammare och blir mindre. Detta leder till att det jämfört med Västkusten kommer att krävas en större odlingsareal. Eftersom musslorna blir så små kommer det inte att gå att sälja dem till humankonsumtion. Det går dock bra att göra antingen djurfoder eller gödningsmedel av dem. Av dessa två alternativ är djurfoder det mest intressanta. Slutsatsen blir att det visserligen finns åtskilliga praktiska frågor att hantera, men musselodling som metod för kväverening fungerar även i Östersjön. / www.ima.kth.se

Solutions to the current calamity of fossil fuels are becoming more urgent with each moments passing. It is not news for those in technical professions as well as many others, that reserves of oil are diminishing and prices for petroleum based products are increasing. A most transparent option exists today, and is becoming exploited by many countries worldwide. This solution answers to the title of biofuels, consisting of gases, liquids and even biomass for various energy requirements. Two biofuels in particular hold precedence with regard to transportation fuels, namely biodiesel and ethanol, and have been studied in the following report. The said fuels are produced by transesterification of oils and fermentation of sugar based crops respectively, for use in transport fleets worldwide. Stockholm, Sweden is in the forefront for use of the said fuels in their public transportation sector, with nearly the entire fleet fueled with ethanol. Persistence, extensive research and unprecedented environmental support equate to the success of this fuel, which is used competitively to petroleum diesel, while including reduced environmental impacts. Other cities in Europe also have similar capacities to utilize biofuels, although some have failed to hold to this technology. Troyes, France, the home of CREIDD (Center of Research and Interdisciplinary Studies on Sustainable Development) and UTT (University of Technology of Troyes), has been further studied to produce the relative measures needed for biofuel implementation in this municipality, while generating the impacts toward the environment and municipality in the form of costs, emissions and savings. Surprisingly, and hereafter, it has been concluded that the use of biodiesel, and not ethanol like Stockholm, offers the best course of action for Troyes both economically and environmentally. Cities throughout Europe can follow suit and discover the biofuel most applicable to their locality and promote further sustainability, although the question still arises of whether biofuels are indeed sustainable. / www.ima.kth.se

This thesis project is a continuation of a project that was previously done at KTHenvironmental management course during Fall 2006 semester at Veidekke to identify the deficit and the flaws of the current way of dealing with the environmental matters.The purpose of this thesis project is to plan the environmental management system according toISO 14001 standards specifically for Veidekke Anläggning Öst AB. The first part of the work was to identify the environmental aspects that relate to the activities and the processes at Veidekke Anläggning’s projects. From these aspects, the significant environmental aspects would be identified, in order to act upon them, and minimize the environmental risks as much as possible. An environmental management system is mainly a combination of an environmental policy, environmental requirements, environmental goals, and an emergency response plan. So in order for the environmental goals to be set, an accurate identification of the aspects needs to occur before the process of building an environmental management system starts. Then proper solutions and recommendations will be provided in order to motivate the employees at Veidekke Anläggning Öst to increase their environmental awareness and to take responsibility for their actions. All employees need to undergo a series of educational courses in order to, change their behaviour towards the environment, and to take environmental responsibility for thecompany. The basic foundation to start building an environmental management system is to provide the employees with the necessary environmental knowledge, and the motivation to do the best they can. The most important factor is the willingness of the top management to change. / www.ima.kth.se