This research discusses the tensions and relations between the typifications of soccer players, built by the special series with the Brazilian national team players on Jornal Nacional, and the elements present in the lived culture, from the political, economic and social context. The concept of lived culture will be based on the concept of practical consciousness developed by Williams (1979), that relates to what is actually being experienced, or the social experiences being defined and actively experienced by subjects in a given context. The aim of this study is to analyze the typifications built by the special series, in contrast with the elements of the lived culture. As specific objectives, this research aims: to study the typifications of soccer players in the sports television journalism; understand the relations between soccer and the political and economic developments of Brazil; check reinforced and silenced themes in the representations of sports television journalism and map the elements of the lived culture, from the political, economic and social context, present during the display of the special series on the TV news. For this, by drawing up a proposal for cultural-media analysis of the sports television journalism, from the perspective of the Cultural Studies, we developed an own diagram to observe our object through dynamic and interdependent spheres: the economy, the politics, the society and the sports television journalism, all inserted in the social environment as material practices. To map the typifications built in Maxwell's, Victor‟s and Daniel Alves‟ life stories in the series, we use the methodology of textual analysis (CASETTI; CHIO, 1999), from the use of the categories of a) subjects and interactions and b) history. Through the analysis, we came to three typifications of the soccer players represented in the series: the poor type, characterized as hegemonic and representative of most of these athletes, which is highlighted in the series; the graduated type, represented in the series only by the case of the player Victor, for whom is made a concession in the series, and finally, the rich type, represented by the single example of the player Maxwell in the series, which is represented by an attenuated form. The graduated and the rich types, since they are rare cases in the sport, are regarded as counter-hegemonic representations because they challenge the narrative pattern of such life stories. In seeking to highlight the role of the soccer players, placing them as main characters, the TV channel and the TV news comply only with a marketing task, trying to gain audience and generate identification through an illusory and homogeneous representation. On the other hand, this false role covers many problematic situations, conveying the idea that the soccer players are valued and represented in the series, without taking into account the diversity and the plurality of their life stories. Thus, the series does not put at issue new representations that could lead to different identity constructions of the soccer player in Brazil. / A presente pesquisa problematiza as tensões e relações entre as tipificações dos jogadores de futebol, construídas pela série especial com os jogadores da Seleção no Jornal Nacional, e os elementos presentes na cultura vivida, a partir do contexto político, econômico e social. O conceito de cultura vivida terá como base o conceito de consciência prática desenvolvido por Williams (1979), que se relaciona com aquilo que está sendo realmente vivido, ou seja, as experiências sociais que estão sendo definidas e sentidas ativamente pelos sujeitos em determinado contexto. O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar as tipificações construídas pela série especial, em contraposição com os elementos da cultura vivida. Como objetivos específicos, esta pesquisa busca: estudar as tipificações de jogadores de futebol no telejornalismo esportivo; compreender as relações do futebol com os desdobramentos político-econômicos do Brasil; verificar os temas reforçados e silenciados nas representações do telejornalismo esportivo e mapear os elementos da cultura vivida, a partir do contexto político, econômico e social, presentes durante a exibição da série especial no Jornal Nacional. Para isso, através da elaboração de uma proposta de análise cultural-midiática do telejornalismo esportivo, com base na perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais, desenvolvemos um diagrama próprio para observar nosso objeto através de esferas dinâmicas e interdependentes: a economia, a política, a sociedade e o telejornalismo esportivo, todas inseridas no meio social enquanto práticas materiais. Para mapear as tipificações construídas nas histórias de vida de Maxwell, Victor e Daniel Alves na série, utilizamos a metodologia de análise textual (CASETTI; CHIO, 1999), a partir da utilização das categorias de a) sujeitos e interações e de b) história. Através da análise, chegamos a três tipificações de jogadores representadas na série: o tipo pobre, caracterizado como hegemônico e representativo da maioria desses atletas, o qual é destacado na série; o tipo graduado, representado na série unicamente pelo caso do jogador Victor, ao qual é feita uma concessão na série, e, por fim, o tipo rico, representado pelo exemplo único do jogador Maxwell na série, o qual é representado de forma atenuada. Os tipos graduado e rico, por se tratarem de casos raros no esporte, são tidos como representações contra-hegemônicas por desafiarem o padrão narrativo de tais histórias. Ao buscar evidenciar o protagonismo dos jogadores de futebol, colocando-os como personagens principais da série, a emissora e o telejornal cumprem apenas com uma tarefa mercadológica, na tentativa de ganhar audiência e gerar identificação através de uma representação ilusória e homogênea. Por outro lado, esse falso protagonismo encobre inúmeras situações problemáticas, transmitindo a ideia de que se valoriza e representa todos os jogadores de futebol, sem levar em conta a diversidade e a pluralidade de suas histórias de vida. Assim, a série não coloca em discussão novas representações, que poderiam levar a construções diferentes sobre a identidade do jogador de futebol no Brasil.

This diploma thesis deals with the tax reliefs, focusing on direct taxes in the Czech Republic. First, I have chosen those tax reliefs that have a social element. The thesis deals with their evolution and their comparison with other countries. Furthermore, the thesis examines the tax reliefs in more detail in terms of their objectives, utilization, and efficiency conditions. This is achieved with using various tax load indicators and effective taxation, comparing costs and additionally also the views of experts. Generally, however, this issue lacks a comprehensive study and analysis, and thus also the particular data. Tax reliefs along with social benefits constitute a redistribution system. Their costs and impacts are different. At the beginning of the writing of this thesis, I thought that the tax system should primarily be transparent, simple, focusing on its primary fiscal function and should therefore be free of social politics. I have, however, changed my opinion, because it has turned out that the social tax elements have their positive specifics that are difficult and expensive to transport to the system of direct benefits.

This diploma thesis deals with the media representation of social classes and inequalities in the popular Czech series Most!. It focuses primarily on the conception of classes in Czech society and on aspects of the construction of everyday reality through the series. It also identifies the stereotypes, which have a potential influence on the formation of the viewer's opinions and attitudes. The thesis was created on the basis of a qualitative content analysis of the series with the aid of multimodal analysis, which focuses on linguistic and visual communication of the characters. To enrich this analysis, an element of the type was also added to the analysis. This type provides a comparison the characters with the social types in Czech society. The analysis of the paper was also inspired by the project Divided by Freedom, from the year of 2019, which divided society into several classes. The paper follows this research and class sorting and applies it to the series Most!. This diploma thesis defines social classes, the way in which they are represented and how this representation forms reality through stereotypes. Thanks to the element of type in the analysis, a set of typical characteristics was recognized which connected the series and living world.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to present artistic objects conceived within the architecture of cultural houses since the onset of the communist regime in 1948. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the development of architectural tendencies of the first and second half of the 20th century, the process of construction of cultural houses and, in context, the mood of the society at that time. The practical part presents a selection of five houses of culture built between 1948 - 1989, which are located in the geographical area of Prague and Central Bohemia. Data collection was carried out using field research methodology, through a critical evaluation of available historical sources and secondary literature. The supporting element of the research is the photographic documentation of the artworks and architecture of the cultural houses, which is accessible within the appendices of the thesis. Keywords Cultural Houses, Art in Architecture, Czech Architecture after 1948, Socialist Realism, Typification, Communism, Prague, Central Bohemia

The thesis deals with phylogeny, taxonomy and nomenclature of selected groups of the lichen genus Caloplaca. Particularly, the C. cerina group was closely investigated using molecular methods (ITS sequences), morphology and chemistry, based on material from Europe, and to some extent also from North America and western Asia. This approach resulted in the description of three new species (C. sterilis, C. subalpina, C. thracopontica), and detected an unexpected richness of lineages. Nomenclature, taxonomy, morphology and ecology of C. aurantia and C. flavescens from the C. aurantia group were studied in detail, including selection of the neotype of the former species. Their distribution was reviewed for the territory of the Czech Republic. Poorly known taxon C. aurantiomurorum from Algeria was lectotypified and synonymized with C. aurantia. Apart from the two groups, C. phlogina and C. scythica, differing partly in thallus colour and distinctly in distribution, were examined using both molecular (ITS sequences) and phenotypic data and found to be conspecific.