Ces travaux de thèse rentrent dans le cadre de l’étude de la dynamique ultra rapide de l’aimantation. Tout d’abord sont présentés des aspects théoriques, puis les aspects expérimentaux de ces expériences. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié la réponse d’alliages ferrimagnétiques à composition variables à l’aide d’un dispositif de mesure d’effet Kerr résolu en temps, puis dans une seconde partie, la dynamique de l’aimantation et de la bande de valence du gadolinium épitaxié sur tungstène. Dans ce cadre rentre une étude de l’oxydation de ce matériau, limitant dans le temps les études approfondies. Pour finir, il est mis l’accent sur un phénomène contraignant lors des études de dynamique électronique en photoémission, l’effet de charge-espace. Ceci a pour effet de générer des photoélectrons à partir de métaux, à l’aide d’un processus multiphotonique. Nous proposons dans cette partie un modèle théorique expliquant ce phénomène.Ces travaux sont inscrits dans le cadre du développement du synchrotron SOLEIL, pour permettre le développement du FEMTOSLICING, qui permettra prochainement de mesurer des dynamiques rapides résolues en éléments, à une résolution de l’ordre de la centaine de femtosecondes. / Those thesis works are included in the framework of the study of ultrafast magnetization dynamics. First of all I introduce theoretical aspects, then experimental aspects of this kind of experiments.In this aim, we have studied the answer of ferromagnetic alloys of different compositions with a bench of time resolved magneto optical Kerr effect measurement, then in a second part, the magnetization and valence band dynamics of the epitaxial Gadolinium on tungsten. In this framework, we studied the oxidization of the Gd, which limits in the time the studies. In the end, we focus on a disturbing process that happens during the study of electrons dynamics in photoemission, the space charge effect. This can generate photoelectrons from metals, with a multiphotonic process. We propose in this last part a theoretical model to explain this phenomenon.These works are included in the development of SOLEIL synchrotron facility, in order to allow the development of the FEMTOSLICING, that will next allow to perform element resolved experiments within a time resolution of a hundredth of femtoseconds.

Un des objectifs du Femtomagnetisme est de contrôler l’aimantation des matériaux avec des impulsions laser femtoseconde. Il a été démontré qu’une réponse magnéto-optique (MO) cohérente a lieu avant la thermalisation des populations de spins dans une configuration pompe-sonde MOKE. Elle résulte du couplage cohérent spin-photon dû à l’interaction spin-orbite. Une description simplifiée de cet effet a été faite en tenant compte d’un système à huit niveaux couplés au champ laser. La cohérence MO est définie par le temps de déphasage dépendent du champ T2MO. Dans ce travail, il est montré que la réponse MO cohérente d’un grenat dopé au bismuth peut être mesurée directement avec différentes configurations de mélange à quatre ondes MO. L’importance de connaître la phase spectrale de l’impulsion pour obtenir T2MO a été étudié. Avec des impulsions de 10fs dans le proche infra-rouge, une mesure de T2MO donne (2.8+/-1)fs, c. à d., du même ordre de grandeur que le temps de déphasage des charges. / One of the goals of Femtomagnetism is to manipulate the magnetization of materials using femtosecond optical pulses. It has been shown in ferromagnetic films that a magneto-optical (MO) coherent response takes place before the thermalization of the spins populations in a pump and probe MOKE experiment. It results from the coherent spin-photon coupling mediated by the spin-orbit interaction. A simplified description of this effect has been made by considering an eight-level system coupled with the laser field. The MO coherence can be defined by the magnetic field dependent dephasing time T2MO. In the present work, it is shown that the coherent MO response of a bismuth-doped garnet can be directly measured in different degenerated MO four-wave mixing configurations. The importance of well-knowing the spectral phase of the pulse to measure T2MO was studied. Using 10fs near infra-red pulses, T2MO was shown to be (2.8+/-1)fs that is of the same order of the charges dephasing time.

In this work we study the interesting physics of the rare earths, and the microscopic state after ultrafast magnetization dynamics in iron. Moreover, this work covers the development, examination and application of several methods used in solid state physics. The first and the last part are related to strongly correlated electrons. The second part is related to the field of ultrafast magnetization dynamics. In the first part we apply density functional theory plus dynamical mean field theory within the Hubbard I approximation to describe the interesting physics of the rare-earth metals. These elements are characterized by the localized nature of the 4f electrons and the itinerant character of the other valence electrons. We calculate a wide range of properties of the rare-earth metals and find a good correspondence with experimental data. We argue that this theory can be the basis of future investigations addressing rare-earth based materials in general. In the second part of this thesis we develop a model, based on statistical arguments, to predict the microscopic state after ultrafast magnetization dynamics in iron. We predict that the microscopic state after ultrafast demagnetization is qualitatively different from the state after ultrafast increase of magnetization. This prediction is supported by previously published spectra obtained in magneto-optical experiments. Our model makes it possible to compare the measured data to results that are calculated from microscopic properties. We also investigate the relation between the magnetic asymmetry and the magnetization. In the last part of this work we examine several methods of analytic continuation that are used in many-body physics to obtain physical quantities on real energies from either imaginary time or Matsubara frequency data. In particular, we improve the Padé approximant method of analytic continuation. We compare the reliability and performance of this and other methods for both one and two-particle Green's functions. We also investigate the advantages of implementing a method of analytic continuation based on stochastic sampling on a graphics processing unit (GPU).