Serpentinization is a complex set of hydration reactions, where olivine and pyroxene are replaced by serpentine, magnetite, brucite, talc and carbonate minerals. Serpentinization reactions alter chemical, mechanical, magnetic, seismic, and hydraulic properties of the crust. To understand the complicated nature of serpentinization and the linkages between physical and chemical changes during the reactions, I performed flow-through laboratory experiments on cylindrically cored samples of ultramafic rocks. Each core had a well-mated through-going tensile fracture, to investigate evolution of fracture permeability during serpentinization. The samples were tested in a triaxial loading machine at an effective pressure of 30 MPa, and temperature of 260°C, simulating a depth of 2 km under hydrostatic conditions. Fracture permeability decreased by one to two orders of magnitude during the 200 to 340 hour experiments. Electron microprobe and SEM data indicated the formation of needle-shaped crystals of serpentine composition along the walls of the fracture, and chemical analyses of sampled pore fluids were consistent with dissolution of ferro-magnesian minerals. The rate of transformation of olivine to serpentine in a tensile fracture is calculated using the data on evolution of fracture permeability assuming the fracture permeability could be represented by parallel plates. Assuming the dissolution and precipitation reactions occur simultaneously; the rate of transformation at the beginning of the experiments was ~ 10-8-10-9 (mol/m2s) and decreased monotonically by about an order of magnitude towards the end of the experiment. Results show that dissolution and precipitation is the main mechanism contributing to the reduction in fracture aperture. The experimental results suggest that the fracture network in long-lived hydrothermal circulation systems may be sealed rapidly as a result of mineral precipitation, and generation of new permeability resulting from a combination of tectonic and crystallization-induced stresses may be required to maintain fluid circulation. Another set of flow through experiments were performed on intact samples of ultramafic rocks at room temperature and effective pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa to estimate the pressure dependency of intact permeability. Porosity and density measurements were also performed with the purpose of characterizing these properties of ultramafic rocks. The pressure dependency of the coefficient of matrix permeability of the ultramafic rock samples fell in the range of 0.05-0.14 MPa-1. Using porosity and permeability measurements, the ratio of interconnected porosity to total porosity was estimated to be small and the permeability of the samples was dominantly controlled by microcracks. Using the density and porosity measurements, the degree of alteration of samples was estimated. Samples with high density and pressure dependent permeability had a smaller degree of alteration than those with lower density and pressure dependency. / Ph. D.

A Nappe Lima Duarte, localizada na porção oriental do sistema orogênico Tocantins Meridional, sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais, é constituída por rochas supracrustais de alto grau (gnaisses e micaxistos com e sillimanita e quartzitos) com lascas de ortognaisses arqueanos tonalíticos - granodioríticos (antigos terrenos TTG) tectônicamente intercaladas. É nesta Nappe de Lima Duarte que ocorrem os dois corpos metaultramáficos tema deste estudo. O corpo ultra máfico de Lima Duarte, bandado - estratificado, sem foliação evidente, encontra-se encaixado em uma zona de cisalhamento entre hornblendabiotita gnaisses e migmatitos, e sillimanita - muscovita - biotita - quartzo xistos/gnaisses. Trata-se de um corpo lenticular alongado em direção NW - SE, com 700 metros de comprimento e aproximadamente 300 metros de largura. Já o corpo ultramáfico de Olaria aflora como um conjunto de blocos anguloso de alguns metros de tamanho, e ocorre como corpo lenticular pequeno encravado em hornblenda - biotita ortognaisses. Em ambos corpos o grau de intemperismo impossibilita estabelecer as relações de contato com as rochas encaixantes. O corpo de Lima Duarte apresenta bandamento composicional como relíquia ígnea, indicando que se trata do fragmento de um corpo bandado - estratificado desmembrado. Seus litotipos, que ocorrem alternados em bandas centimétricas, são constituídos por proporções variáveis de olivina, ortopiroxênio, magnésio-hornblenda, espinélio / magnetita, Mg-clorita e serpentina e, considerando a Mg-hornblenda como substituta do clinopiroxênio ígneo, representam metadunitos, metaharzburgitos, meta-olivina- ortopiroxenitos e metalherzolitos, serpentinizados com intensidade variável. O corpo de Olaria apresenta texturas grano-nematoblásticas poligonizadas a lobadas, e é constituído de ortopiroxênio e hornblenda - espinélio + Mg-clorita + olivina, com serpentinização apenas incipiente em olivina. Os minerais do corpo de Lima Duarte são mais magnesianos (Mg/Mg+Fe2+mais altos, hornblenda e ortopiroxênio sem pleocroísmo), enquanto os de Olaria são mais ricos em ferro (Mg/Mg+Fe2+mais baixo, ortopiroxênio e hornblenda pleocróicos), sugerindo protólitos mais magnesianos para Lima Duarte. As texturas e paragêneses metamórficas (ortopiroxênio - olivina - Mg-hornblenda - Mg-Al-espinélio, + Mg-clorita) sugerem condições de limiar fácies anfibolito-fácies granulito. A evolução metamórfica é modelada com base nas variações composicionais que ocorrem no anfibólio cálcico e na Mg-clorita. A quebra final da Mg-clorita, definida pela reação: Mg-Clorita forsterita + enstatita + espinélio + H20, representa as condições de pico alcançadas, com reconstituição parcial retrometamórfica da clorita. . Estimativas termobarométricas com o programa Thermocalc para a paragênese olivina - ortopiroxênio - espinélio - hornblenda forneceram temperaturas de 810ºC para o corpo de Lima Duarte e 840ºC para o de Olaria, compatíveis com as estimativas citadas na literatura para as rochas encaixantes e com as condições de quebra da Mg-clorita. No corpo de Lima Duarte, a intensa serpentinização ocorreu inicialmente através e substituições por domínios composicionais, resultando em texturas pseudomórficas de olivina (mesh) e ortopiroxênio (bastita), tornando-se mais pervasiva a seguir, com serpentinização da hornblenda e clorita, implicando mobilidade de Ca e Al no sistema. / The ultramafic rocks of this study occur in the Lima Duarte nappe, which is constituted of high-grade metassedimentary rocks such as sillimanite schists and gneisses as well as quartzites, with intercalated tectonic slices of tonalitic-granodioritic gneisses and migmatites from the archean TTG basement. This nappe belongs to the eastern part of the southern Tocantins Orogenic system, in southwestern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The ultramafic rocks make up two bodies in the Lima Duarte nappe. The Lima Duarte body is stratified, without foliation, included in a shear zone between sillimanite-garnet schists and gneisses and hornblende-biotite gneisses and migmatites as a lenticular body approximately 700 m long and 300 m thick. The Olaria body outcrops as a few meter-size boulders, possibly as a lenticular body intercalated in hornblende-biotite orthogneisses. Neither body exhibits its contacts with the country rocks due to the intense weathering. The Lima Duarte body exhibits layering inherited from stratified igneous rocks, and thus represents a fragment of a dismembered stratified igneous complex. It´s rock types, constituted by varying proportions of olivine, orthopyroxene, magnesian hornblende, green spinel, magnetite, Mg-chlorite and serpentine, occur alternated in centimetric bands and, if hornblende is taken as correspondent to clinopyroxene, can be identified as metadunites, meta-olivine orthopyroxenites, metaharzburgites and metalherzolites, all serpentinized in various degrees. The Olaria body exhibits grano-nematoblastic, polygonized to lobate textures, and is constituted by orthopyroxene - hornblende - green spinel + olivine + Mg-chlorite, with incipient serpentinization in olivine grains. The Lima Duarte rocks are more magnesian (higher Mg/Mg+Fe2+ in minerals, non-pleochroic orthopyroxene and hornblende) than the ones from Olaria (lower Mg/Mg+Fe2+ in minerals, pleochroic hornblende and orthopyroxene). The metamorphic textures and parageneses (olivine - orthopyroxene - hornblende - Mg-Al-spinel + Mg-chlorite) suggest metamorphic conditions transitional from amphibolites to granulite facies, with late low-grade serpentinization in the Lima Duarte body. The metamorphic evolution is modeled through continuous compositional changes in calcic amphibole and Mg-chlorite. The final breakdown of chlorite, through the reaction: Mg-chlorite olivine + orthopyroxene + spinel + H2O represents peak conditions, with later partial retrometamorphic reconstitution of chlorite. Thermobarometric estimates for the paragenesis orthopyroxene - hornblende - olivine - spinel with the help of Thermocalc yielded 810oC for Lima Duarte rocks and 840oC for Olaria rocks, in good agreement with previous results for the high-grade country rocks from literature and for the chlorite breakdown conditions. In the Lima Duarte body, the intensive serpentinization started with compositional domain substitutions, mainly in olivine and orthopyroxene, resulting in pseudomorphic textures (mesh and bastite, respectively). In later stages, calcic amphibole as well as chlorite suffered serpentinization, thus indicating Ca and Al mobility in the system.

A Nappe Lima Duarte, localizada na porção oriental do sistema orogênico Tocantins Meridional, sudoeste do estado de Minas Gerais, é constituída por rochas supracrustais de alto grau (gnaisses e micaxistos com e sillimanita e quartzitos) com lascas de ortognaisses arqueanos tonalíticos - granodioríticos (antigos terrenos TTG) tectônicamente intercaladas. É nesta Nappe de Lima Duarte que ocorrem os dois corpos metaultramáficos tema deste estudo. O corpo ultra máfico de Lima Duarte, bandado - estratificado, sem foliação evidente, encontra-se encaixado em uma zona de cisalhamento entre hornblendabiotita gnaisses e migmatitos, e sillimanita - muscovita - biotita - quartzo xistos/gnaisses. Trata-se de um corpo lenticular alongado em direção NW - SE, com 700 metros de comprimento e aproximadamente 300 metros de largura. Já o corpo ultramáfico de Olaria aflora como um conjunto de blocos anguloso de alguns metros de tamanho, e ocorre como corpo lenticular pequeno encravado em hornblenda - biotita ortognaisses. Em ambos corpos o grau de intemperismo impossibilita estabelecer as relações de contato com as rochas encaixantes. O corpo de Lima Duarte apresenta bandamento composicional como relíquia ígnea, indicando que se trata do fragmento de um corpo bandado - estratificado desmembrado. Seus litotipos, que ocorrem alternados em bandas centimétricas, são constituídos por proporções variáveis de olivina, ortopiroxênio, magnésio-hornblenda, espinélio / magnetita, Mg-clorita e serpentina e, considerando a Mg-hornblenda como substituta do clinopiroxênio ígneo, representam metadunitos, metaharzburgitos, meta-olivina- ortopiroxenitos e metalherzolitos, serpentinizados com intensidade variável. O corpo de Olaria apresenta texturas grano-nematoblásticas poligonizadas a lobadas, e é constituído de ortopiroxênio e hornblenda - espinélio + Mg-clorita + olivina, com serpentinização apenas incipiente em olivina. Os minerais do corpo de Lima Duarte são mais magnesianos (Mg/Mg+Fe2+mais altos, hornblenda e ortopiroxênio sem pleocroísmo), enquanto os de Olaria são mais ricos em ferro (Mg/Mg+Fe2+mais baixo, ortopiroxênio e hornblenda pleocróicos), sugerindo protólitos mais magnesianos para Lima Duarte. As texturas e paragêneses metamórficas (ortopiroxênio - olivina - Mg-hornblenda - Mg-Al-espinélio, + Mg-clorita) sugerem condições de limiar fácies anfibolito-fácies granulito. A evolução metamórfica é modelada com base nas variações composicionais que ocorrem no anfibólio cálcico e na Mg-clorita. A quebra final da Mg-clorita, definida pela reação: Mg-Clorita forsterita + enstatita + espinélio + H20, representa as condições de pico alcançadas, com reconstituição parcial retrometamórfica da clorita. . Estimativas termobarométricas com o programa Thermocalc para a paragênese olivina - ortopiroxênio - espinélio - hornblenda forneceram temperaturas de 810ºC para o corpo de Lima Duarte e 840ºC para o de Olaria, compatíveis com as estimativas citadas na literatura para as rochas encaixantes e com as condições de quebra da Mg-clorita. No corpo de Lima Duarte, a intensa serpentinização ocorreu inicialmente através e substituições por domínios composicionais, resultando em texturas pseudomórficas de olivina (mesh) e ortopiroxênio (bastita), tornando-se mais pervasiva a seguir, com serpentinização da hornblenda e clorita, implicando mobilidade de Ca e Al no sistema. / The ultramafic rocks of this study occur in the Lima Duarte nappe, which is constituted of high-grade metassedimentary rocks such as sillimanite schists and gneisses as well as quartzites, with intercalated tectonic slices of tonalitic-granodioritic gneisses and migmatites from the archean TTG basement. This nappe belongs to the eastern part of the southern Tocantins Orogenic system, in southwestern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The ultramafic rocks make up two bodies in the Lima Duarte nappe. The Lima Duarte body is stratified, without foliation, included in a shear zone between sillimanite-garnet schists and gneisses and hornblende-biotite gneisses and migmatites as a lenticular body approximately 700 m long and 300 m thick. The Olaria body outcrops as a few meter-size boulders, possibly as a lenticular body intercalated in hornblende-biotite orthogneisses. Neither body exhibits its contacts with the country rocks due to the intense weathering. The Lima Duarte body exhibits layering inherited from stratified igneous rocks, and thus represents a fragment of a dismembered stratified igneous complex. It´s rock types, constituted by varying proportions of olivine, orthopyroxene, magnesian hornblende, green spinel, magnetite, Mg-chlorite and serpentine, occur alternated in centimetric bands and, if hornblende is taken as correspondent to clinopyroxene, can be identified as metadunites, meta-olivine orthopyroxenites, metaharzburgites and metalherzolites, all serpentinized in various degrees. The Olaria body exhibits grano-nematoblastic, polygonized to lobate textures, and is constituted by orthopyroxene - hornblende - green spinel + olivine + Mg-chlorite, with incipient serpentinization in olivine grains. The Lima Duarte rocks are more magnesian (higher Mg/Mg+Fe2+ in minerals, non-pleochroic orthopyroxene and hornblende) than the ones from Olaria (lower Mg/Mg+Fe2+ in minerals, pleochroic hornblende and orthopyroxene). The metamorphic textures and parageneses (olivine - orthopyroxene - hornblende - Mg-Al-spinel + Mg-chlorite) suggest metamorphic conditions transitional from amphibolites to granulite facies, with late low-grade serpentinization in the Lima Duarte body. The metamorphic evolution is modeled through continuous compositional changes in calcic amphibole and Mg-chlorite. The final breakdown of chlorite, through the reaction: Mg-chlorite olivine + orthopyroxene + spinel + H2O represents peak conditions, with later partial retrometamorphic reconstitution of chlorite. Thermobarometric estimates for the paragenesis orthopyroxene - hornblende - olivine - spinel with the help of Thermocalc yielded 810oC for Lima Duarte rocks and 840oC for Olaria rocks, in good agreement with previous results for the high-grade country rocks from literature and for the chlorite breakdown conditions. In the Lima Duarte body, the intensive serpentinization started with compositional domain substitutions, mainly in olivine and orthopyroxene, resulting in pseudomorphic textures (mesh and bastite, respectively). In later stages, calcic amphibole as well as chlorite suffered serpentinization, thus indicating Ca and Al mobility in the system.

La connaissance de la diversité microbienne des milieux ultramafiques est essentielle pour établir le fonctionnement écologique de ces milieux, qui présentent de fortes teneurs en Ni et sont caractérisés par une flore particulière, e.g. plantes hyperaccumulatrices de Ni. La rhizosphère des hyperaccumulateurs comporte une forte proportion de bactéries résistantes au Ni, qui peuvent aussi agir sur la nutrition des plantes et sur les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol. Le premier défi de cette thèse a été de cerner le déterminisme de la diversité bactérienne de la rhizosphère d’hyperaccumulateurs de Ni. Le second a été de tester l'intérêt de souches PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) pour optimiser l'agromine à partir d'interactions entre les rhizobactéries et les hyperaccumulateurs de Ni. La démarche s'est appuyée sur un ensemble de prospections dans deux régions climatiques et sur des analyses de séquençage haut débit. Des tests de cultures de plantes hyperaccumulatrices inoculées ont également été conduits. Les résultats montrent que le déterminisme de la diversité bactérienne est variable selon l'échelle spatiale. A l'échelle mondiale, le type de végétation est le facteur majeur structurant les communautés bactériennes, elle-même contrôlée indirectement par le climat. L’influence directe du climat (température et humidité) sur la diversité est significative mais moindre. A l'échelle d'une région climatique, la physico-chimie des sols ultramafiques structure et détermine la diversité des communautés bactériennes rhizosphériques. Enfin, l'inoculation de souches PGPR fortement bioaccumulatrices de Ni modifie la dynamique du Ni dans le sol, ce qui démontre qu'il existe une compétition pour le Ni entre la plante et la bactérie inoculée. En conclusion, le déterminisme de la diversité des communautés bactériennes rhizosphériques est dépendant de l'échelle spatiale considérée. En outre, le choix de la souche PGPR à inoculer, dans un contexte d'amélioration de l'agromine du Ni, est primordial. / Knowledge of the microbial diversity in ultramafic areas is essential to establish the ecological functioning of these environments, which display high level of Ni and are characterized by the presence of particular plants, e.g. Ni hyperaccumulators. The rhizosphere of these plants promotes a high proportion of Ni resistant bacteria that can act on plant nutrition and soil physicochemical properties. The first challenge of this thesis was to understand the bacterial rhizosphere diversity of Ni hyperaccumulators. The second was to test the interest of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) strains in order to improve agromining based on rhizobacteria and Ni hyperaccumulators interactions. The approach was based on two-contrasted climatic areas prospection and on high-throughput sequencing analyzes. Tests on culture of hyperaccumulator plants inoculated were also conducted. The results show that the determinism of this bacterial diversity is variable according to the spatial scale. On a global scale, the vegetation type, indirectly influenced by the climate, is the major factor structuring bacterial communities. The direct influence of the climate (temperature and humidity) on bacterial diversity is significant but lower. At the scale of a climatic region, the physic-chemistry of ultramafic soils structures and determines the rhizosphere bacterial community diversity. Finally, the inoculation of highly Ni bioaccumulative PGPR strains modifies the Ni dynamic in the soil, demonstrating that there is a competition for this metal between the inoculated bacteria and the hyperaccumulator plant. In conclusion, the rhizosphere bacterial community diversity is dependent on the considered spatial scale. Furthermore, these results emphasize how the choice of the PGPR strain to inoculate is important in order to improve Ni agromining.

The production of hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) related to olivine hydration (i.e. serpentinization) is considered a major contributor to abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis on Earth. Recent discoveries have highlighted the importance of low temperature (<100oC) serpentinization at continental peridotite outcrops. Such sites produce substantial fluxes of abiotic CH4 from gas seeps and/or springs. A limited number of studies in the southern hemisphere offer research on low temperature abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis in natural ultramafic environments, though large areas of exposed ophiolite are prevalent. This study assesses the origin and flux of CH4 and related water-rock interactions from a previously undiscovered site in the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt (DMOB), located at Red Hills, New Zealand. Methane emissions from a hyper-alkaline (pH >11.6) and reduced spring of calcium hydroxide (Ca2+-OH-) type waters near the Maitlands Fault were between 730 to 17,000 mg m 2day 1. The δ13C and δD values of CH4 emitting from this spring are consistent with CH4 of abiotic origin (δ13C: 32.7 ‰ VPDB, δD: 363 ‰ V SMOW). Hyper-alkaline fluids emitting from the spring are concentrated in dissolved CH4 (2.2 mg/L) and H2 (0.7 mg/L) and display δ13CCH4 signatures consistent with other sites worldwide. Extensive and localised carbonate precipitation occurs at the hyper-alkaline Ca-rich spring. Isotopic evaluation of carbonate nodules are kinetically fractionated with 13C and 18O depletions up to 30.8 ‰ and 9.3 ‰, respectively. This disequilibrium between the mineralogy and interacting fluids and gases represents a potential habitable environment for microorganisms. Porous, layered carbonates located on the outer edges of the hyper-alkaline spring are the result of atmospheric CO2 interaction with magnesium bicarbonate (Mg2+-HCO3) and Ca2+-OH- hyper-alkaline waters. The precipitation of these carbonates offers potential insight towards low temperature CO2 sequestration. Additionally, various forms of Fe-rich amorphous material precipitate in association with Mg2+-HCO3 type waters at the Red Hills. The identification of bacteria and diatoms within this material offers supporting information regarding microbial survival in metal-rich, reduced environments. This multidisciplinary study demonstrates the interconnected nature of geological, biological and atmospheric interactions in ultramafic environments at low temperature on Earth.

The aim of this study is to define mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of phlogopite-pargasite enriched ultramafic-mafic cumulate rocks from Kuran&ccedil / ali (Kirsehir) and their implications for petrology and regional geological setting. The Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks, found within an allochthonous sliver, are representative for the isolated members of the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, derived from closure of Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan branch of Alpine Neotethys. The rocks overthrust the Metamorphic Ophiolitic M&eacute / lange (the uppermost part of the Central Anatolian Metamorphics) and cut by felsic dykes of the Late Cretaceous Central Anatolian Granitoids. The Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks are unusually enriched in phlogopite and pargasite with varying crystal sizes. They are also composed of diopsidic augite, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, sphene, apatite and pyrite. The rocks are divided into six types / clinopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite-with-hydrous minerals-plagioclase, phlogopitite, hornblendite, layered gabbro and diorite. Evaluation of detailed EMP data from constituent minerals of different rock types showed that phlogopite with high Fe2+-Fe3+-Al[6]-Ti, diopsidic-augite with high Ca-Al(t)-Ti, Si-undersaturated pargasite with high Al[4]-K-Na-Ti-contents and intercumulus plagioclase with a wide range of composition (an%=40.61-98.58) display unusual compositions. Substitution mechanisms and elemental variations of the minerals suggest crystallization from hydrous metasomatized mantle, high water pressure and oxygen fugacities during formation of the Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks. Major oxide, trace and rare earth element abundances of the rock units were used to evaluate petrological characteristics. Chemical and tectonic discrimination diagrams, and parallel multi-element and REE patterns with highly enriched in LILE and LREE relative to HREE and HFSE show strong calc-alkaline affinity with slight alkaline features. Troughs at Nb-Ta and Ti characterize the rocks but these elements are slightly enriched than N-MORB. The rocks show high LREE/HREE ratios. Both unusual mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks show that the rocks were generated in an arc environment. Moreover, they require a mantle wedge source strongly influenced by metasomatic components (fluid/melt) derived from subducting slab and/or OIB-like alkaline melt. Comparison of the rocks with tectonically well-defined rocks displays that they are generated in an intra-oceanic arc environment, but owe a comparison with fore-arc back-arc Central Anatolian Ophiolites within supra-subduction zone environment revealed that Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks are different and generated in an arc basement.

O campo vulcânico Patagônico é composto pelo vulcanismo datado do Quaternário ao Cretáceo e está amplamente distribuído no ambiente geotectônico de extra back-arc continental. Onze vulcões associados à ocorrência de xenólitos mantélicos estão situados dos 36°13’S aos 44°52’S. Estes vulcões são dominantemente compostos por basanitos e a basaltos alcalinos, que são divididos em dois grupos com base em aspectos petrográficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos. (Grupos I e II). Estes Grupos estão relacionados a fontes mantélicas similares, mas foram submetidos a diferentes processos metassomáticos. Os Grupos I e I foram gerados a partir de baixas taxas de fusão a partir de uma fonte mantélica do tipo OIB na zona de estabilidade da granada, mas o Grupo II tem características de manto enriquecido (EMII) possivelmente herdadas de um agente metassomático relacionado à zona de subducção, enquanto que o Grupo I demonstra assinatura geoquímica de magmas tipo OIB relacionados a fontes mantélicas ricas em flogopita. Os basaltos alcalinos do vulcão Agua Poca (37º01’S - 68º07’W) pertencem ao Grupo II e são traquibasaltos. O vulcão Agua Poca é definido é piroclástico monogenético, é composto por intercalações de camadas de spatter e cinder, hospeda xenólitos mantélicos e está localizado a oeste da Província de La Pampa, no extremo norte da Argentina. As amostras de xenólitos mostram textura protogranular, protogranular a porfiroclástica, porfiroclástica e porfiroclástica a equigranular e são compostos por olivina (fosterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), clinopiroxênio (diopsídio) e espinélio (sp). Os xenólitos estudados são peridotitos da fácies espinélio e piroxenitos anidros em basaltos alcalinos do Pleistoceno com #Mg em rocha total de 89 a 91. As assinaturas geoquímicas desses xenólitos mostram correlação negativa entre os principais óxidos quando dispostos contra o #Mg e estão empobrecidos em elementos incompatíveis em relação ao manto primitivo (MP). Os xenólitos do vulcão Agua Poca são caracterizados pelo empobrecimento de ETRP e ETRM normalizados para o MP e pelo fracionamento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP (CeN/YbN = 0,15-0,5), com exceção da amostra HAP10 (1,46). Esse comportamento indica que os xenólitos do terreno Cuyania são o resultado de 1 a 10% de fusão do DMM (Manto Depletado) ou de 8 a 17% do MP (Manto Primitivo). Em geral, os peridotitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr e Ti; e anomalias negativas de Rb, Th, Nb, La e Y, enquanto que os piroxenitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta e Pb; e anomalias negativas de Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti e Y. Curvas de mistura calculadas para o resíduo de fusão do MP/DMM com a composição de fluídos/sedimentos derivados de ambientes de subducção indicam interação do manto com até 3% de fluídos/sedimentos. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,702874 - 0,704999, com média de 0,704035) são muito similares àquelas definidas para peridotitos com fonte tipo OIB. Agua Poca tem razões 87Sr/86Sr, que estão abaixo daquelas definidas para peridotitos metassomatizados (usualmente >0,705). As razões de Nb/Ta sugerem a presença de um reservatório eclogítico refratário subductado fusão parcial gerando líquidos alcalinos com razões Nb/Ta supercondríticas. / The Patagonian Volcanic Field composed of late Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism is widely distributed in a continental extra back-arc geotectonic environment. Eleven monogenetic volcanoes accompanied with ultramafic xenoliths are situated from 36°13′S to 44°52′S. These volcanoes are dominantly composed of basanite to alkaline basalt, which are divided into two groups, based on mineralogy, geochemical and isotope compositions (Groups I and II). These Groups are originated from the similar subcontinental mantle sources, but were undergone to different metasomatism processes. Groups I and II were generated from low melting degrees of an OIB-like garnet peridotite, but the Group II has enriched mantle (EMII) characteristics possibly inherited from on-going subduction related metasomatism, while Group I demonstrates the OIB-like signature, which might result from phlogopite-bearing in the subcontinental lithosphere. The alkaline basalts from Agua Poca volcano (37º01’S - 68º07’W) belong to the Group II and are trachybasalts. The Agua Poca volcano is a monogenetic pyroclastic volcano composed by intercalation of spatter and cinder layers, host ultramafic mantle xenoliths and is located in the West of the La Pampa Province, Northernmost of Argentine Patagonia. The xenoliths show protogranular, protogranular to porphyroclastic, porphyroclastic and porphyroclastic to equigranular textures, and are composed of olivine (fosterite), orthopyroxene (enstatite), clinopyroxene (diopside) and spinel (sp). The studied xenoliths are anhydrous spinel-bearing peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in Pleistocene alkali basalts with whole rock Mg# from 88 to 91. Geochemical signatures of the mantle xenoliths show negative correlation between main oxides against Mg# and depletion in incompatible elements compared to primitive mantle (PM). Agua Poca mantle xenoliths are characterized by flat Sun & McDonough (1989) primitive mantle (PM) normalized HREE and MREE patterns, and depletion of LREE compared to HREE (CeN/YbN = 0.15-0.5), with exception of the HAP10 (1.46) sample. These characteristics suggest that partial melting event is the main process responsible for the generation of these xenoliths. Model calculations suggest that the xenoliths are the result of 1 to 10% of DMM (Depleted Mantle MORB) or 8 to 17% of PM partial melting. Peridotite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr and Ti; and negative anomalies of Rb, Th, Nb, La and Y, while the pyroxenite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta and Pb; and negative anomalies of Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti and Y. Mixing curves calculated to mixtures of melting residue of PM/DMM and fluid or sediment compositions related to subduction tectonic setting end members suggest up to 3% of interaction of the fluid sediment on the depleted mantle residue. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.702874 - 0.704999, with average of 0.704035) are similar to those defined to peridotites with OIB source (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70244 to 0.70502), being close to Depleted Mantle (DM; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7023 to 0.7032) values. Nb/Ta ratios suggest that Agua Poca xenoliths were undergone to partial melting processes that generated alkaline magmas with superchondritic Nb/Ta ratios.

O campo vulcânico Patagônico é composto pelo vulcanismo datado do Quaternário ao Cretáceo e está amplamente distribuído no ambiente geotectônico de extra back-arc continental. Onze vulcões associados à ocorrência de xenólitos mantélicos estão situados dos 36°13’S aos 44°52’S. Estes vulcões são dominantemente compostos por basanitos e a basaltos alcalinos, que são divididos em dois grupos com base em aspectos petrográficos, geoquímicos e isotópicos. (Grupos I e II). Estes Grupos estão relacionados a fontes mantélicas similares, mas foram submetidos a diferentes processos metassomáticos. Os Grupos I e I foram gerados a partir de baixas taxas de fusão a partir de uma fonte mantélica do tipo OIB na zona de estabilidade da granada, mas o Grupo II tem características de manto enriquecido (EMII) possivelmente herdadas de um agente metassomático relacionado à zona de subducção, enquanto que o Grupo I demonstra assinatura geoquímica de magmas tipo OIB relacionados a fontes mantélicas ricas em flogopita. Os basaltos alcalinos do vulcão Agua Poca (37º01’S - 68º07’W) pertencem ao Grupo II e são traquibasaltos. O vulcão Agua Poca é definido é piroclástico monogenético, é composto por intercalações de camadas de spatter e cinder, hospeda xenólitos mantélicos e está localizado a oeste da Província de La Pampa, no extremo norte da Argentina. As amostras de xenólitos mostram textura protogranular, protogranular a porfiroclástica, porfiroclástica e porfiroclástica a equigranular e são compostos por olivina (fosterita), ortopiroxênio (enstatita), clinopiroxênio (diopsídio) e espinélio (sp). Os xenólitos estudados são peridotitos da fácies espinélio e piroxenitos anidros em basaltos alcalinos do Pleistoceno com #Mg em rocha total de 89 a 91. As assinaturas geoquímicas desses xenólitos mostram correlação negativa entre os principais óxidos quando dispostos contra o #Mg e estão empobrecidos em elementos incompatíveis em relação ao manto primitivo (MP). Os xenólitos do vulcão Agua Poca são caracterizados pelo empobrecimento de ETRP e ETRM normalizados para o MP e pelo fracionamento de ETRL em relação aos ETRP (CeN/YbN = 0,15-0,5), com exceção da amostra HAP10 (1,46). Esse comportamento indica que os xenólitos do terreno Cuyania são o resultado de 1 a 10% de fusão do DMM (Manto Depletado) ou de 8 a 17% do MP (Manto Primitivo). Em geral, os peridotitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr e Ti; e anomalias negativas de Rb, Th, Nb, La e Y, enquanto que os piroxenitos mostram anomalias positivas de Ba, U, Ta e Pb; e anomalias negativas de Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti e Y. Curvas de mistura calculadas para o resíduo de fusão do MP/DMM com a composição de fluídos/sedimentos derivados de ambientes de subducção indicam interação do manto com até 3% de fluídos/sedimentos. As razões 87Sr/86Sr (0,702874 - 0,704999, com média de 0,704035) são muito similares àquelas definidas para peridotitos com fonte tipo OIB. Agua Poca tem razões 87Sr/86Sr, que estão abaixo daquelas definidas para peridotitos metassomatizados (usualmente >0,705). As razões de Nb/Ta sugerem a presença de um reservatório eclogítico refratário subductado fusão parcial gerando líquidos alcalinos com razões Nb/Ta supercondríticas. / The Patagonian Volcanic Field composed of late Cretaceous to Quaternary volcanism is widely distributed in a continental extra back-arc geotectonic environment. Eleven monogenetic volcanoes accompanied with ultramafic xenoliths are situated from 36°13′S to 44°52′S. These volcanoes are dominantly composed of basanite to alkaline basalt, which are divided into two groups, based on mineralogy, geochemical and isotope compositions (Groups I and II). These Groups are originated from the similar subcontinental mantle sources, but were undergone to different metasomatism processes. Groups I and II were generated from low melting degrees of an OIB-like garnet peridotite, but the Group II has enriched mantle (EMII) characteristics possibly inherited from on-going subduction related metasomatism, while Group I demonstrates the OIB-like signature, which might result from phlogopite-bearing in the subcontinental lithosphere. The alkaline basalts from Agua Poca volcano (37º01’S - 68º07’W) belong to the Group II and are trachybasalts. The Agua Poca volcano is a monogenetic pyroclastic volcano composed by intercalation of spatter and cinder layers, host ultramafic mantle xenoliths and is located in the West of the La Pampa Province, Northernmost of Argentine Patagonia. The xenoliths show protogranular, protogranular to porphyroclastic, porphyroclastic and porphyroclastic to equigranular textures, and are composed of olivine (fosterite), orthopyroxene (enstatite), clinopyroxene (diopside) and spinel (sp). The studied xenoliths are anhydrous spinel-bearing peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in Pleistocene alkali basalts with whole rock Mg# from 88 to 91. Geochemical signatures of the mantle xenoliths show negative correlation between main oxides against Mg# and depletion in incompatible elements compared to primitive mantle (PM). Agua Poca mantle xenoliths are characterized by flat Sun & McDonough (1989) primitive mantle (PM) normalized HREE and MREE patterns, and depletion of LREE compared to HREE (CeN/YbN = 0.15-0.5), with exception of the HAP10 (1.46) sample. These characteristics suggest that partial melting event is the main process responsible for the generation of these xenoliths. Model calculations suggest that the xenoliths are the result of 1 to 10% of DMM (Depleted Mantle MORB) or 8 to 17% of PM partial melting. Peridotite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta, Pb, Zr and Ti; and negative anomalies of Rb, Th, Nb, La and Y, while the pyroxenite samples show positive anomalies of Ba, U, Ta and Pb; and negative anomalies of Th, Nb, La, Zr, Hf, Ti and Y. Mixing curves calculated to mixtures of melting residue of PM/DMM and fluid or sediment compositions related to subduction tectonic setting end members suggest up to 3% of interaction of the fluid sediment on the depleted mantle residue. 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.702874 - 0.704999, with average of 0.704035) are similar to those defined to peridotites with OIB source (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70244 to 0.70502), being close to Depleted Mantle (DM; 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7023 to 0.7032) values. Nb/Ta ratios suggest that Agua Poca xenoliths were undergone to partial melting processes that generated alkaline magmas with superchondritic Nb/Ta ratios.

Submitted by Igor Matos (igoryure.rm@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T14:38:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T15:18:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T15:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CAPES / Os estágios do período pós-cosilisional do Ciclo Brasialiano/Panafricano na região de Cocalinho, porção leste do estado de Mato Grosso, divisa com o estado de Goiás, é marcado por corpos graníticos intrusivos associados a rochas máficas e ultramáficas. O Plutão Itacaiu é um corpo extenso e alongado segundo um trend regional, na direção NE/SW. É caracterizado por um magmatismo expressivo de natureza alcalina e composição que varia de monzo a álcali-feldspato-granitos. Este extenso corpo é definido por três fácies petrográficas denominadas de Fácies Biotita-Granito, Fácies RiebeckitaBiotita-Granito e Fácies Biotita-Granito Porfirítico. Os granitóides imprimem evidências de processos deformacionais decorrentes de duas fases de deformação, representada principalmente pelo desenvolvimento da foliação penetrativa marcada pela orientação preferencial dos minerais placóides, com direção NE e mergulho para SE, variando de baixo a alto ângulo, e foliação milonítica decorrente do cisalhamento de característica transcorrente. A composição química permitiu classificar essas rochas como granitos do tipo-A, gerados em ambiente de arco magmático e intra-placa pós-colisional. Dados geocronológicos U/Pb extraídas de cristais de zircão indicaram idade de cristalização variando de 806.6±4.0 a 582.9±6.3 Ma, consistentes com aquelas registradas para o Arco Magmático de Goiás. Idades modelo TDM= 0.97 a 1.08 Ga, mostram valores positivo εNd(T) = +4.39, +4.31,+3.69. Os valores positivos de εNd sugerem um empobrecimento do magma que deu origem aos granitóides em ETR leves. O valor negativo de εNd indica origem a partir de fusão parcial de crosta continental Paleoproterozóica. As rochas máficas-ultramáficas ocorrem alinhadas aproximadamente a leste-oeste, com variáveis níveis de alteração. Definem um magmatismo toleítico a cálcio-alcalino, metaluminoso, de caráter intermediário a ultrabásico. Os estudos isotópicos sugerem caráter juvenil do magma parental, devido aos valores positivos de εNd(T). As idades modelo variam de TDM = 0,71 a 1,44Ga e estão relacionadas a outras unidades de rochas juvenis do Arco Magmático de Goiás / Post-collisional stages of the Brasiliano/Pan-African Cycle in the region of Cocalinho on eastern Mato Grosso, bordering the State of Goiás, are represented by granitic intrusive bodies associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks. The Itacaiu Pluto is an NE-SWelongated body conform to the regional trend. It is characterized by a expressive magmatism of alkaline nature and composition ranging from monzo the alkali-feldspargranites. This extensive body is defined by three petrographic facies termed biotitegranite Facies, riebeckite-biotite-granite Facies and biotite-granite porphyry Facies. The granitoids show evidence of deformational processes resulting two-phase of deformation, represented mainly by development of penetrative foliation marked by the preferred orientation of minerals placoid, with direction NE and dip to SE, ranging from low to high angle, and mylonitic foliation resultant by strike-slip shear. The chemical composition allowed to classify the rocks as granite type-A, generated in magmatic arc environment and intra-plate post-collisional. Geochronological data U / Pb extracted in zircon crystals indicated crystallization age ranging from 806.6 ± 4.0 to 582.9 ± 6.3 Ma, consistent with those recorded for the Goiás Magmatic Arc. model ages TDM= 0.97 to 1.8 Ga, show positive values of εNd(T) = +4.39, +4.31,+3.69. Positive values of εNd suggest impoverishment of the magma that gave rise to the granitoids in LREE. The negative value of εNd indicates origin from partial melting of continental crust Paleoproterozoic. The rocks mafic-ultramafic occur aligned approximately east-west, with varying degrees of alteration. Define a tholeiitic to calcium-alkaline magmatism, metaluminous, of character intermediate to ultrabasic. The Isotopic studies suggest juvenile character of the parental, magma due to positive values εNd(T). The model ages ranging from TDM = 0.71 to 1,44 Ga and are related to other units of juvenile rocks of the Goiás Magmatic Arc.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-06T16:06:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Regiane Ferreira de Oliveira.pdf: 6027017 bytes, checksum: f165c49fb24857b10d67f0c0b49ba85f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-02-02T15:10:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Regiane Ferreira de Oliveira.pdf: 6027017 bytes, checksum: f165c49fb24857b10d67f0c0b49ba85f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-02T15:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_ Regiane Ferreira de Oliveira.pdf: 6027017 bytes, checksum: f165c49fb24857b10d67f0c0b49ba85f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de estudos geológicos e petrográficos realizados na região do Distrito de Noroagro – município de Comodoro no Estado de Mato Grosso com enfoque na geoquímica e geocronologia Sm e Nd de diques e “plugs máficos”, intrudidos nas rochas do Granito Rio Piolho e do Complexo Rio Galera. Os diques estudados situam-se no sudoeste do Cráton Amazônico na província Rondoniana San – Ignacio, especificamente nos domínios da Faixa Alto Guaporé. Petrograficamente, as rochas apresentam como aspectos macroscópicos feições estruturais características de rochas maciças de granulação fina a media variando de máficas a ultramáficas e cor cinza- esverdeada a preta. Apresentam texturas inequigranulares e composição gabroica ou peridotítica, constituídas, essencialmente, por minerais máficas (piroxênios e anfibólios) e plagioclásio por vezes alterados por processos de saussuritização. Opticamente, são rochas holocristalinas, textura ofítica a cumulática (peridotitos) onde os piroxênios representam à fase cumulus e os plagioclásios a fase inter-cumulus. Dados geoquímicos enfatizam que o magmatismo é do tipo toleítico, de natureza subalcalina, estando a totalidade das rochas no campo dos Basaltos de Fundo Oceânico – OFB (Ocean Floor Basalts), sendo que duas amostras apresentam assinatura de arco de ilhas. Datações de Sm- Nd indicaram idades de 1,24 , 1,27 e 1,57 (Ga) e apresentam ɛ Nd (t)a entre +6,27e + 6,50 para os gabros +5,80 para metapiroxênito. Os valores positivos de ɛ Nd (t)a juntamente com a razão 87Sr/86Sr de 0,704 para litotipo metagabro confirma que as rochas máficas –ultramáficas da região da Fazendas Maringá e Imaculada são derivadas de manto empobrecido / This works presents the results of Geological studies and petrographics realized in the Noroagro District, Comodoro municipality of Mato Grosso State focused on Geochemistry and Sm/Nd geochronology of dykes and maphic plugs emplaced in Rio Piolho Granite and Rio Galera Complex. The studied dykes is located in southwest of Amazonian Craton, Rondonian-San Ignácio Province, specifically in the Alto Guaporé Belt. Petrographically the rocks exhibit macroscopic strutural feature characteristics of massiveslightelly oriented rocks, fine to médium grain ranging of mafic to utramafic composition and greenhish – gray to black color. They presets inequigranular textures and gabbroic or peridotite composition, consisting essentially of mafic minerals (pyroxene and amphibole) and sometimes altered plagioclase and its partial saussuritization process. Optically Show holocrystalline granular rocks, with cumulate and ophitic texture ( peridotites) where pyroxene representes the cumulus crystal phase and the plagioclase inter-cumulus phase. Geochemical data emphasize that the magmatism is tholeiitic with sub-alkaline nature, being all of the rocks in the field of Ocean Floor Basalts (OFB) and two samples representes signatures island arc. Geochoronological Sm-Nd data indicated ages of 1,24 ,1,27 and 1,57 (Ga) and Show ɛ Nd (t)a between + 6,27 and +6,50 for gabbro and +5,80 for pyroxenite. The positive ɛ Nd (t)a values together with razão 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0,704 for metagabbro suggests for the mafic- ultramafic rocks of region of Maringa and Imaculada Farm are derived of depleted mantle.