Arquitecto / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo

Thesis (doctoral)-- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Antropólogo Social / La Memoria busca generar conocimiento actualizado respecto a la configuración del territorio rural de la Patagonia Occidental (chilena), particularmente en las comunas de Futaleufú y Palena. Estos territorios manifiestan diversas transformaciones debido a la reciente expansión de relaciones capitalistas asociadas a procesos de globalización, que se consolidan desde la década de 1990 en la zona. Desagrarización de sus espacios rurales, revalorización de la naturaleza asociado al turismo de intereses especiales, pluriactividad económica en las unidades familiares tradicionales, la emergencia creciente de parques privados de conservación ecológica, así como el despliegue de intereses minero-energéticos en sus recursos naturales, son algunas transformaciones que complejizan el territorio patagónico, lo que podría dar cuenta de la transición hacia una nueva ruralidad con características peculiares. Donde se desarrollaban modos de vida tradicionales-caracterizados por el poblamiento disperso y estrategias de subsistencia asociadas a la actividad agropecuaria, se imponen recientemente actores exógenos con otros modelos de poblamiento y apropiación territorial. Se indaga en las dinámicas territoriales locales en la zona, vale decir tanto en su dimensión económica-material que permite la vida social, como en sus significaciones simbólicas, ante la reorganización presionada por fuerzas e imaginarios globales

No description available.

La familia Psychodidae incluye unas 3000 especies de pequeños dípteros nematóceros de distribución cosmopolita. Se distinguen fácilmente de otros grupos de dípteros por poseer el cuerpo densamente cubierto de pelos o escamas, así como por la forma de las alas y la disposición de sus nervaduras. Los adultos son de patas cortas, malos voladores y usualmente se los encuentra habitando sitios húmedos, como todo tipo de humedales, baños y cocinas. Los estados inmaduros de algunas especies son encontrados en ambientes acuáticos o semiacuáticos, tales como mallines, arroyos, charcos o incluso en fitotelmata y en ambientes antrópicos como drenajes, rejillas, desagotes y plantas de tratamientos de líquidos cloacales.

The study of biological invasions is important to management and conservation. I assessed the occurrence of invasive mammals and native mesocarnivores in northern Patagonia. Invasive species had varying responses to anthropogenic disturbance, and were differentially influenced by environmental and anthropogenic factors. Invasive species were also a substantial part of native mesocarnivores diets and appeared to influence their temporal activity, but not occupancy. Overall, I observed high spatial and temporal overlap between native carnivores and coexistence seemed facilitated by diet. Humans had both a positive and negative influence in this community, being responsible for the introduction of invasive species and possibly further facilitating their expansion, while also limiting other invasive species and potentially benefiting native species directly and indirectly. Undoubtedly, biological invasions, anthropogenic disturbance, and native communities can present complex interactions which will require further study to provide effective tools for protected areas.

Three continuous terrestrial high-resolution palaeoenvironmental records for the Late-glacial and the Holocene have been reconstructed for different ecosystems in Fuego-Patagonia on a longitudinal transect at latitude 53°S. The records describe the nature and extent of environmental and climatic changes inferred from palynological evidence supported by lithostratigraphy, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating. The environmental changes recorded at the three sites displays a significant degree of synchrony in response to similar large-scale climatic changes. Clear stratigraphical evidence alongside the pollen record indicates a shift to warmer interstadial conditions between c. 14,800 Cal yr BP and 14,400 Cal yrs BP. During the period coeval with ACR the vegetation was dominated by cold resistant dry land herbs such as Poaceae, Asteraceae (Suf. Asteroideae) and Acaena, by c. 13,200 Cal yr BP the vegetation changed from the dominance of cold resistant dry land herbs towards more mesic conditions and the expansion of steppe dominated by Poaceae with patches of Nothofagus forest. The establishment of the forest and an eastward shift of the forest-steppe ecotone by c. 12,500 Cal yr BP from which a gradual shift from colder to warmer conditions and the relatively stronger influences of the SSWs is inferred. The sequence of Late-glacial environmental changes places Fuego-Patagonia within the new palaeoecological data provided by this study includes “the earliest” evidence for the establishment of subantarctic Nothofagus forest during the LGIT in Fuego-Patagonia. During the Early-Holocene two major phases of Nothofagus forest expansion were registered between c. 11,700 - 10,500 Cal yr BP and c. 9,500 - 8,200 Cal yr BP. These intervals of expansion of Nothofagus forest are separated by an interval of forest contraction in response to lower effective moisture between c. 10,500 - 9,500 Cal yr BP. An intense arid phase is inferred between c. 8,250 Cal yr BP and 6,800 Cal yr BP and probably leading to an increase in the amount of dry fuel available during the mid-Holocene in Fuego-Patagonia leading to the highest fire activity promoted by very weak SSWs at this time. The later Holocene was characterised by an increase in humidity and an inferred intensification of the SSWs.

This thesis is a phylogeographic investigation into plant species from Patagonia, and aims to infer their past distributions from the study of genealogical lineages. These species have gone through several events such as glacial periods, volcanism and topographical change which are expected to contribute to the divergence of genetic lineages by shaping distributions, isolating populations and therefore changing their genetic structure. So understanding how these processes have affected populations is important to get information on how the biodiversity in the region has been assembled, to identify hotspots of intra-specific diversity and therefore to establish potential conservation priorities. Several multi-species phylogeographic studies have been done in the northern hemisphere, but only few are published for South America and even less for the studied area. Patagonia is an area of a great interest because is the only area in the southern hemisphere apart from Antarctica that have been covered buy a thick layer of ice within the glacial periods. It has high levels of endemism, due to its natural boundaries and environmental processes, and is a biodiversity hotspot for conservation. Its varied topography (two big mountain ranges with a north-south distribution divided by a low flat area) also makes Patagonia interesting to study, due to the likelihood of this impacting on phylogeographic patterns. This study encompass seven different Patagonian species of which one is a range restricted conifer and the rest are all angiosperms and include trees, shrubs and herbs with a broad distributions. The reason why I have chosen so many different species is to look for general phylogeographic patterns in species in this region. The thesis was constructed in five chapters. The first is an introductory chapter that provides background to the study system and concepts. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are empirical phylogeographic studies. These are written as self-contained chapters with the intention that each will be submitted as a separate paper. This leads to some repetition between chapters, but this is intentional as each will need to ‘stand alone’ when submitted for publication. Chapter 2 is a general investigation into five different Patagonian plant species: Discaria chacaye, Donatia fascicularis, Escallonia virgata, Tepualia stipularis and Weinmannia trichosperma. Chapter 3 describes the phylogeographic structure of Gentianella magellanica an annual, cold tolerant species with a wide distribution throughout Patagonia. This species was treated separately and in more detail than the previous five species due to its marked phylogeographic structure. Chapter 4 describes the phylogeographic structure of a Chilean endemic conifer Prumnopitys andina. This has a small distribution in the Andes and only one known population in the coastal cordillera. It was treated separately due to its restricted distribution and different mode of chloroplast inheritance (paternal). Chapter 5, is a general summary, bring all of the results together and giving a wider explanation of the phylogeographic patterns for all species and an outline of future research areas.

Este trabajo arqueozoológico ha tenido el fin de conocer la gestión social del recurso aves por las poblaciones canoeras nómadas que habitaron el archipielago fueguino, en la Patagonia austral, desde hace unos 6000 años hasta el siglo XIX. Estos grupos humanos fueron cazadores recolectores pescadores y basaron su economía en la explotación de especies animales marinas y litorales; entre ellas se encuentran las aves, representadas en la región por unas 200 especies. Para conocer la variabilidad en la explotación del recurso tanto espacial como temporalmente se han seleccionado siete yacimientos arqueológicos emplazados en la costa norte del canal Beagle. La metodología para desarrollar esta investigación y poder hacer asunciones de índole social, se basó en el estudio integral de los restos de animales, discriminando tafonómicamente los aprovechados antrópicamente y cuantificando las porciones aprovechadas de manera diferencial. Ello implica estudios exahustivos de las superficies de los restos óseos a altos aumentos a la vez que complejos procedimientos de digitalización de las modificaciones antrópicas asociadas a diferentes actividades. En lo que se refiere a marcas antrópicas, a la vez que se establece su morfología microscópica de alta resolución, así como la variabilidad interna de las marcas, se ha prestado especial atención a la localización anatómica de las mismas, su agrupamiento, frecuencia de aparición, orientación, distribución y cantidad de cortes, trazas y raspados, asociando lo observado a actividades de procesamiento. Sólo mediante estos análisis es factible llegar a determinar los procesos de caza y captura, despellejamiento, procesamiento, consumo de alimentos, consumo de huesos, tendones, pieles, penachos, garras, vísceras, hasta llegar al descarte de las presas, así como su combustión e historia tafonómica una vez los restos en los depósitos.Es interés primordial del trabajo conocer si las aves y mamíferos marinos se explotaban esporádicamente de manera similar a lo largo del tiempo o si, por el contrario, existieron diferencias coyunturales o tendencias de cambios en su explotación entre diferentes momentos. A lo largo del trabajo se ha definido el rol que jugaron las diferentes clases animales en la dieta humana, a la vez que se identificaron patrones diferenciales en la gestión de las presas, interpretando las estrategias seguidas en cuanto a obtención, procesamiento, consumo y descarte de las especies.Los resultados obtenidos han permitido definir el proceso de aprovechamiento de las aves por parte de estos grupos de cazadores-recolectores-pescadores, la explotación diferencial de los recursos presentes en un entorno, el tratamiento de las presas, cómo se descuartizaban, procesaban y cocinaban, cómo se utilizaban sus huesos, que porciones de las presas eran desechadas y lo que implican estos procesos a nivel social. Más allá del consumo cárnico de los animales se ha identificado el aprovechamiento de materias primas como huesos, cueros, plumas, vísceras, cuernos, pelos, garras, para la confección de instrumentos y ornamentos. Otros aspectos que han podido investigarse están en relación con la estacionalidad de las ocupaciones humanas en la región y la reconstrucción paleoambiental y ecológica de los nichos estudiados entre el Holoceno medio y la actualidad.Ha sido posible obtener conocimiento acerca de cómo estos grupos humanos pudieron llevar una dieta equilibrada, sin la sobreexplotación de los recursos explotables, en un ambiente hostil y pobre en recursos vegetales consumibles a lo largo de los 6000 años de su existencia en la región, hasta que comienza la desintegración social, pudiendo analizar los cambios en la organización de la producción y en la explotación de los recursos antes, durante y después de la colonización europea de la región. En este sentido se analizaron las respuestas de estas sociedades ante puntos de inflexión de índole catastrófica de su realidad inmediata, en este caso la explotación masiva industrial de ballenas y focas (su principal alimento) por parte de empresas europeas y americanas.Esta Tesis Doctoral demuestra que análisis arqueozoológico de los restos animales de diversos yacimientos aporta información no sólo acerca de la manera en que se aprovecharon los recursos disponibles, sino acerca de las formas de subsistencia de esas mismas poblaciones, señalando momentos de creciente aumento en la obtención de la biomasa consumible, la incorporación en la dieta de nuevas especies quizás no rentables y no explotadas o explotadas en cantidad mínima en momentos de abundancia de alimentos de mayor rédito. La investigación enfatiza en los momentos de cambio, estudiando las causas y los efectos de las transformaciones sociales y económicas. / This archaeozoological investigation intends to know the social management of birds by the nomadic populations of fishers, gatherers and hunters who inhabited the fueguian archipielago , in austral Patagonia, for about 6000 years to century XIX. These human groups based their economy on the capture of marine and coastal animals; among them are the birds. They are represented in the region by 200 species. In order to know the historical variability in the social management of this resource seven archaeological sites located in the North coast of the Beagle channel have been selected.The methodology adopted for this investigation to make assumptions of social nature, was based on the integral study of t animal archaeological remains, distinguishing the antropic and non-antropic deposits. Data were quantified. The analysis also implied an exhaustive study of the bone surface, using high and low resolution microscopy technologies, and proceeding to the computer digitalisation of observed wear traces. Special attention was paid to the morphology, internal variability, anatomical location, frequency, direction, intensity and distribution of marks produced on the surface as a result og human action. Only by means of these analyses is feasible to determine animal hunting and processing, distinguishing capture, skinning, butchery and food consumption, as well the consumption of bones, and other residues: skins, plumes, claws, guts, until arriving at the discard of the prey.Throughout the work the aim has been to establish the roles that different classes of animals played in human diet, and discover which patterns allow the identification of differences in the resource management, interpreting the strategies followed as far as obtaining, processing, consumption and discarding animal preys.It is fundamental interest of the work to know whether marine birds and mammals operated themselves sporadically throughout all the temporal span or, on the contrary, appear specific differences or tendencies of change in resource management between different moments.Obtained results have allowed the definition of the advantage birds offered to these groups of hunters-gatherers-fishermen. The differences in the management of existing resources in the immediate environment, the treatment of the preys, how they were butchered, processed and cooked, how their bones were used, which portions of the prey were rejected and what they imply these processes at a social level. Beyond the meat consumption of the animals the advantages of raw materials like bones has been identified, leathers, pens, guts, horns, hairs, claws, for the making of instruments and ornaments. Other aspects which have been investigated are in relation to the seasonality of human occupations in the region and the paleoenvironmental and ecological reconstruction of the niches studied between the Early Holocen and the present time.It has been possible to obtain knowledge about how these human groups got a balanced diet, without an overexploitation of the existing resources, in a hostile and poor environment lacking consumable vegetal resources throughout their 6000 years of history, until the social disintegration begins. This catastrophic finale is a consequence of European colonization of the region. The industrial massive exploitation of whales and seals (its main food) on the part of European and American companies generated a general food stress on local populations, and imposed changes in the organization of the production and the exploitation of resources.This Doctoral Thesis demonstrates that archaeozoological analysis of animal remains from diverse deposits contributes information not only about the way in which the available resources were exploited, but about the forms of subsistence of these populations, indicating moments of increasing volumes of consumable biomass, the incorporation to the diet of new resources, less profitable than other, and probably for that reason not consumed or perhaps consumed in minimum amount at moments of abundance of foods of greater yield. The investigation emphasizes the moments of social change, studying the causes and the effects of the social and economic transformations, using as material evidence the way the captured, processed and consumed coastal birds.

Arqueóloga / En el valle del río Cisnes se tiene registro de una larga secuencia de ocupación humana. Antiguos pobladores de Patagonia han habitado las áreas esteparias de este territorio desde alrededor de los 11.500 años cal. atrás. A partir de los ~6.000 años cal. AP. se identifica registros humanos en los bosques de la vertiente oriental de los Andes, territorios para los que hasta la fecha no se contaba con registro de presencia humana. Se presentan los resultados de análisis del conjunto lítico total de masas centrales registradas en el valle del río Cisnes. Este consistió en un análisis intensivo de cada pieza a partir del cual fue posible definir cuatro métodos de talla que nos permitieron comparar y evaluar la organización y estrategias tecnológicas que se implementaron a lo largo del territorio del valle del río Cisnes