Glaciers in the North Patagonian Ice Fields are temperate glaciers and can be studied to understand the dynamics of climate change. However, the ice field has been neglected in mass balance studies. In this study, multi decadal study of glacial mass balance, glacier retreat and glacial lake expansion in the North Patagonia were studied. Landsat (TM, ETM+ and 8) and ASTER images were used. San Quintin glacier experienced the highest retreat. Demarcation of glacier lakes boundaries indicated an increase in glacial lake area from 13.49 km2 to 65.06 km2 between 1979 and 2013, with an addition of 4 new glacial lakes. Nef glacier recorded the highest mass gain of 9.91 plus or minus 1.96 m.w.e.a.-1 and HPN-4 glacier recorded the highest mass loss of -8.9 plus or minus 1.96 m.w.e.a.-1. However, there is a high uncertainty in the elevation values in the DEM due to the rugged nature of the terrain and presence of the heavy snow cover.

El presente trabajo se centra en el Clúster de Frutos Secos de la Norpatagonia, compuesto por actores del sector privado, público y científico-tecnológico, y cuyos principales productos son las nueces y avellanas. Habiendo transcurrido 5 años desde su conformación, se plantea como objetivo analizar los resultados en la competitividad de los actores del Clúster, y el impacto en el territorio. En relación al desempeño, la hipótesis planteada se fundamenta en la formulación de un plan estratégico, elaborado de forma consensuada y participativa entre los diversos actores, como inicio para el desarrollo de articulaciones públicas-privadas y acciones colectivas, que repercuten en una mejora de la competitividad de forma sistémica. En la segunda hipótesis, el impacto en el territorio se enfoca en la generación de empleo y el desarrollo de actores involucrados directa e indirectamente al Clúster. La metodología propuesta inició con el análisis de la conformación del Clúster y del plan estratégico, luego se enfocó en la estructura y funcionamiento del Clúster, para finalmente centrarse en las variables que afectan al desempeño del Clúster y el impacto en el territorio. Las fuentes de información fueron primarias y secundarias, se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a actores del sector primario para el análisis de la estructura y el funcionamiento, y luego se realizaron dos rondas de entrevistas a actores claves para la evaluación de desempeño del Clúster e impacto en el territorio. Los resultados obtenidos son coherentes con la primera hipótesis, donde la formulación y consecución de un plan estratégico posibilita el desarrollo de articulaciones entre los distintos sectores, que permitieron avanzar en el desarrollo competitivo del sector a través del agregado de valor de la producción primaria, acceso a la tecnología, investigación y desarrollo de productos, entre otras. Se resaltan además dos variables claves en el desempeño del Clúster: el acceso al financiamiento y la formalidad del Clúster a través de la conformación de una Asociación Civil. En relación a la segunda hipótesis, se concluyó que el Clúster ha contribuido a facilitar las condiciones del entorno para los actores e instituciones que lo conforman, pero esos impactos son mensurables en el mediano y largo plazo, por la naturaleza y grado de desarrollo de las variables. Por ello se concentró en los efectos secundarios e intermedios del proceso, ejemplificando esta mejora del entorno en 5 variables, a saber: superficie implantada, productividad, formación de capacidades locales, experiencias de exportación e inversiones intraprediales y colectivas. / This paper is focused on the Norpatagonia Dry Fruits Cluster which is made up of private, public and scientific-technologic sector actors. The main products of this cluster are the nuts and hazelnuts. Five years after its creation, there is a clear objective: to analyze the results of the competitiveness of the Cluster’s actors and its impact in the territory. The hypothesis is based on the formulation of a strategic plan that will act as the beginning of public and private collective actions, which will have an impact in the competitiveness. This plan will be developed in an agreed and inclusive way, taking into account the opinions of all the actors. In the second hypotheses, the impact in the territory is focused on the employment generation and the development of actors who are directly or indirectly related to the Cluster. The methodology proposed started with the analysis of the composition of the Cluster and the strategic plan; then, it focused on the structure and the functioning of the Cluster; and finally, it focused on the variables that affect the performance of the Cluster and its impact on the territory. The data sources were primary and secondary. Primary sector actors were interviewed to analyze the structure and the functioning of the Cluster. Different key actors were interviewed to evaluate the performance of the Cluster and its impact on the territory. The obtained results are coherent with the first hypothesis, where the formulation of a strategic plan allows the development of articulations between the different sectors. The obtained results agree with the first hypothesis, in which the creation of a strategic plan enables the development and interaction between the different sectors. These results allow a competitive development of the sector through the primary production value addition, access to technology, investigation and products development, among others. There are two key variables which are important in the Cluster development: access to finance and the Cluster creation through the formation of a Civil Association. The result of the second hypothesis is that the Cluster has enabled the right conditions for the actors and institutions which take part on it; although those impacts can be measured in the medium to long term. Thus, the focus is on the secondary and intermediary outcomes of the process. This improvement of the environment can be exemplified in five variables: planted area, productivity, exporting experience, investment level, and local capacity building. / TEXTO PARCIAL en período de teletrabajo

Na ilha Diego de Almagro, localizada na Patagônia Chilena, ocorrem metabasitos de alta pressão que compõem, juntamente com metatufos, xistos cloríticos, metacherts (coticulitos), xistos micáceos, xistos grafitosos e quartzo micaxistos, uma seqüência metavulcanossedimentar. Relíquias de pillow lavas com tufos finos inter pillow e camadas com pillow breccias indicam, em conjunto com a composição geoquímica, que esta seqüência formou-se em ambiente oceânico. As rochas da seqüência vulcanossedimentar foram transformadas em xistos azuis e rochas eclogíticas, os quais registram ainda a evolução retrometamórfica para as fácies epidoto anfibolito e xisto verde. A gênese das rochas de alta pressão é atribuída a uma zona de subducção cretácica desenvolvida na margem oeste do supercontinente Gondwana. Os cálculos termobarométricos, realizados mediante o software TWQ 1.02, apontam para a presença de xistos azuis transicionais para eclogitos, gerados em condições de 18 kbar e 400 °C e rocha eclogítica com pico metamórfico calculado entre 19,5 e 21 kbar e 580 e 650 °C. O registro do retrometamorfismo que afetou os xistos azuis ocorreu sob condições de pressão entre 8,5 e 9,5 kbar e temperaturas entre 420 e 500 °C. A rocha eclogítica evidencia uma primeira etapa de descompressão a 18 kbar, com temperaturas entre 615 e 670 °C, seguida de 10 kbar e 540 °C. Granada anfibolito que ocorre associado à rocha eclogítica mostra condições semelhantes de pico metamórfico, por volta de 20 kbar e 630 °C. Mapas composicionais de raios X em granada, das rochas de alta pressão, associados a seus perfis composicionais, mostram que as rochas eclogíticas são resultado da progressão do metamorfismo dos xistos azuis. Os porfiroblastos de granada das rochas eclogíticas constituem complexas texturas em atol, e registram as condições de pico metamórfico em suas bordas, formadas num estágio posterior ao desenvolvimento dos atóis. Estas texturas parecem indicar que a formação dos atóis na rocha eclogítica ocorreu pela liberação de fluidos, possivelmente durante uma pausa na subducção, e sua retomada culminou com a geração das bordas grossularíticas na granada. As trajetórias metamórficas das rochas de alta pressão são horárias e indicam descompressão com pequeno aquecimento associado. Os minerais dos xistos azuis registram o início da exumação nas bordas dos minerais do domínio microestrutural da foliação Sn, ao passo que os porfiroblastos de granada da rocha eclogítica indicam, no mesmo domínio microestrutural, as condições de pico metamórfico em suas bordas. Geoquimicamente os protolitos dos metabasitos de alta pressão mostram afinidade geoquímica com basaltos de fundo oceânico, transicional entre MORB e intraplaca, e ambiente tectônico de geração do magma precursor em cadeia meso-oceânica, com possível interação com pluma mantélica. Foram também identificadas rochas com alterações hidrotermais superimpostas que modificaram as composições originais dos litotipos, localizadas na continuidade de uma importante feição estrutural da ilha, a Zona de Cisalhamento Seno Arcabuz, que está possivelmente relacionada à exumação das rochas de alta pressão. / At Diego de Almagro Island, localized at Chilean Patagonia, occur high pressure metabasites which constitute, in association with meta tuffs, chloritic schists, metacherts (coticules), micaceous schists, graphite schists and quartz micaschist, a metavolcanosedimentary sequence. Relics of pillow lavas, inter pillow fine tuffs and lenses of pillow breccias, together with the geochemical data, indicate that this sequence was formed in an intra-oceanic environment. These lithotypes were transformed in blueschists and eclogitic rocks, recording a late metamorphic evolution to epidote amphibolite and greenschist facies. Their origin is attributed to a cretaceous subduction zone developed at the western margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. Thermobarometry was carried out using the software TWQ 1.02 and points to the presence of blueschists in transitional metamorphic conditions to eclogites, generated at 18 kbar and 400 °C. The eclogitic rock has a calculated metamorphic peak between 19.5 and 21kbar, and temperatures in the range of 580-650 °C. The retrograde metamorphism recorded in the blueschists occurred with pressures between 8.5 and 9.5 kbar and temperatures in the range of 420500 °C. For the eclogitic rock the first decompression points to P=18 kbar with temperatures between 615 and 670 °C, followed by metamorphic conditions of 10 kbar and 540 °C. Garnet amphibolite associated to the eclogitic rock exhibits similar metamorphic peak conditions around 20 kbar and 630 °C. Compositional X rays maps obtained in garnets of high pressure rocks, used together with their compositional profiles, show that eclogitic rocks are products of the blueschists progressive metamorphism. The garnet porphyroblasts of the eclogitic rock comprise complex atoll textures which were generated before the metamorphic peak recorded at their rims. The textures could indicate that the atolls generation occurred as a consequence of fluids release, probably achieved during a subduction cessation, and the subduction restarting was responsible for the formation of grossular rich rims. The high pressure metamorphic P-T paths are clockwise and point out a decompression in association with a little heat increasing. The blueschists minerals record the beginning of exhumation at their rims in the Sn foliation microstructural domain, whilst garnet porphyroblasts of the eclogitic rock, from the similar microstructural domain, indicate metamorphic peak at their rims. Geochemical studies, realized for the high pressure metabasites, exhibit geochemical affinity with ocean floor basalts, transitional between MORB-type and intraplate, and paleotectonic environment of mid ocean-ridge, with possible mid ocean-ridge/plume interactions during the generation of the pristine magma. Rocks overprinted by hydrothermal alterations, which modified their original compositions, were also identified and are located at the continuity of an important structural feature at the island, the Seno Arcabuz Shear Zone, that is probably related to the high pressure rocks exhumation.

Na ilha Diego de Almagro, localizada na Patagônia Chilena, ocorrem metabasitos de alta pressão que compõem, juntamente com metatufos, xistos cloríticos, metacherts (coticulitos), xistos micáceos, xistos grafitosos e quartzo micaxistos, uma seqüência metavulcanossedimentar. Relíquias de pillow lavas com tufos finos inter pillow e camadas com pillow breccias indicam, em conjunto com a composição geoquímica, que esta seqüência formou-se em ambiente oceânico. As rochas da seqüência vulcanossedimentar foram transformadas em xistos azuis e rochas eclogíticas, os quais registram ainda a evolução retrometamórfica para as fácies epidoto anfibolito e xisto verde. A gênese das rochas de alta pressão é atribuída a uma zona de subducção cretácica desenvolvida na margem oeste do supercontinente Gondwana. Os cálculos termobarométricos, realizados mediante o software TWQ 1.02, apontam para a presença de xistos azuis transicionais para eclogitos, gerados em condições de 18 kbar e 400 °C e rocha eclogítica com pico metamórfico calculado entre 19,5 e 21 kbar e 580 e 650 °C. O registro do retrometamorfismo que afetou os xistos azuis ocorreu sob condições de pressão entre 8,5 e 9,5 kbar e temperaturas entre 420 e 500 °C. A rocha eclogítica evidencia uma primeira etapa de descompressão a 18 kbar, com temperaturas entre 615 e 670 °C, seguida de 10 kbar e 540 °C. Granada anfibolito que ocorre associado à rocha eclogítica mostra condições semelhantes de pico metamórfico, por volta de 20 kbar e 630 °C. Mapas composicionais de raios X em granada, das rochas de alta pressão, associados a seus perfis composicionais, mostram que as rochas eclogíticas são resultado da progressão do metamorfismo dos xistos azuis. Os porfiroblastos de granada das rochas eclogíticas constituem complexas texturas em atol, e registram as condições de pico metamórfico em suas bordas, formadas num estágio posterior ao desenvolvimento dos atóis. Estas texturas parecem indicar que a formação dos atóis na rocha eclogítica ocorreu pela liberação de fluidos, possivelmente durante uma pausa na subducção, e sua retomada culminou com a geração das bordas grossularíticas na granada. As trajetórias metamórficas das rochas de alta pressão são horárias e indicam descompressão com pequeno aquecimento associado. Os minerais dos xistos azuis registram o início da exumação nas bordas dos minerais do domínio microestrutural da foliação Sn, ao passo que os porfiroblastos de granada da rocha eclogítica indicam, no mesmo domínio microestrutural, as condições de pico metamórfico em suas bordas. Geoquimicamente os protolitos dos metabasitos de alta pressão mostram afinidade geoquímica com basaltos de fundo oceânico, transicional entre MORB e intraplaca, e ambiente tectônico de geração do magma precursor em cadeia meso-oceânica, com possível interação com pluma mantélica. Foram também identificadas rochas com alterações hidrotermais superimpostas que modificaram as composições originais dos litotipos, localizadas na continuidade de uma importante feição estrutural da ilha, a Zona de Cisalhamento Seno Arcabuz, que está possivelmente relacionada à exumação das rochas de alta pressão. / At Diego de Almagro Island, localized at Chilean Patagonia, occur high pressure metabasites which constitute, in association with meta tuffs, chloritic schists, metacherts (coticules), micaceous schists, graphite schists and quartz micaschist, a metavolcanosedimentary sequence. Relics of pillow lavas, inter pillow fine tuffs and lenses of pillow breccias, together with the geochemical data, indicate that this sequence was formed in an intra-oceanic environment. These lithotypes were transformed in blueschists and eclogitic rocks, recording a late metamorphic evolution to epidote amphibolite and greenschist facies. Their origin is attributed to a cretaceous subduction zone developed at the western margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. Thermobarometry was carried out using the software TWQ 1.02 and points to the presence of blueschists in transitional metamorphic conditions to eclogites, generated at 18 kbar and 400 °C. The eclogitic rock has a calculated metamorphic peak between 19.5 and 21kbar, and temperatures in the range of 580-650 °C. The retrograde metamorphism recorded in the blueschists occurred with pressures between 8.5 and 9.5 kbar and temperatures in the range of 420500 °C. For the eclogitic rock the first decompression points to P=18 kbar with temperatures between 615 and 670 °C, followed by metamorphic conditions of 10 kbar and 540 °C. Garnet amphibolite associated to the eclogitic rock exhibits similar metamorphic peak conditions around 20 kbar and 630 °C. Compositional X rays maps obtained in garnets of high pressure rocks, used together with their compositional profiles, show that eclogitic rocks are products of the blueschists progressive metamorphism. The garnet porphyroblasts of the eclogitic rock comprise complex atoll textures which were generated before the metamorphic peak recorded at their rims. The textures could indicate that the atolls generation occurred as a consequence of fluids release, probably achieved during a subduction cessation, and the subduction restarting was responsible for the formation of grossular rich rims. The high pressure metamorphic P-T paths are clockwise and point out a decompression in association with a little heat increasing. The blueschists minerals record the beginning of exhumation at their rims in the Sn foliation microstructural domain, whilst garnet porphyroblasts of the eclogitic rock, from the similar microstructural domain, indicate metamorphic peak at their rims. Geochemical studies, realized for the high pressure metabasites, exhibit geochemical affinity with ocean floor basalts, transitional between MORB-type and intraplate, and paleotectonic environment of mid ocean-ridge, with possible mid ocean-ridge/plume interactions during the generation of the pristine magma. Rocks overprinted by hydrothermal alterations, which modified their original compositions, were also identified and are located at the continuity of an important structural feature at the island, the Seno Arcabuz Shear Zone, that is probably related to the high pressure rocks exhumation.

Orientadores: Alvaro Penteado Crosta, Jorge Enrique Coniglio, Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:02:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ducart_DiegoFernando_D.pdf: 12616114 bytes, checksum: 269fcd23fc0d54b276f58844eebbd62f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O prospecto epitermal Cerro La Mina, localizado na região de Los Menucos, Patagônia Argentina, está sendo atualmente alvo de exploração de depósitos epitermais de metais preciosos. Atividade hidrotermal Triássica Superior produziu intensa alteração em riolitos, andesitos, ignimbritos e tufos do Grupo Los Menucos de idade Triássico Média a Superior, no maciço de Somún Curá. O emprego de técnicas de mapeamento geológico, sensoriamento remoto multi- e hiperespectral, espectroscopia de reflectância e de análise de isótopos estáveis permitiu a caracterização de cinco eventos de alteração de origem hidrotermal na área de estudo. O evento 1 resultou em um sistema epitermal de baixa sulfetação com veios de quartzo, alguns deles com ocorrências de ouro com teores entre 1 a 10 g/t e alteração sericítica, que afetou ignimbritos riolíticos e rochas sedimentares da Formação Vera. As alterações relacionadas aos eventos 2 e 3, as mais importantes do ponto de vista volumétrico, se relacionam a um sistema epitermal de alta sulfetação, afetando riolitos, dacitos e andesitos da Formação Sierra Colorada. Estas rochas vulcânicas constituem um complexo de domos de ressurgimento, localizado no interior de uma provável caldeira vulcânica de forma oval, vinculada a uma zona transtensiva entre duas falhas transcorrentes destrais regionais. Algumas das características mais importantes deste sistema epitermal incluem a presença de brechas hidrotermais, algumas com ocorrências de ouro com teores muito locais de até 60 g/t, silicificação pervasiva e quartzo vuggy, junto com alteração argílica avançada com alunita- 1 hipogênica, woodhouseita, svanbergita, minamiita, pirofilita, diásporo, dickita e caulinita. A alunita-l formou-se a 267°C, indicando uma origem hidrotermal-magmática. Valores de d 'POT. 34¿S da alunita-l (4,4 a 10,3 %0) são maiores do que os obtidos para a pirita contemporânea (-14,8 a -10,8%0) sugerindo que o sulfato aquoso foi derivado da reação de desproporção do S 'O IND. 2¿ em um ambiente hidrotermal-magmático. Os valores de d 'POT. 34¿S e d 'POT. 18¿ O da alunita-1 sugerem que o vapor que transportava o S 'O IND. 2¿ condensou em água meteórica com uma razão 'H IND. 2¿ S/¿SO IND.4¿ <1. Os valores isotópicos de oxigênio e hidrogênio da caulinita e dickita também são compatíveis com uma origem hidrotermal-magmática. A alteração relacionada ao evento 4, de forma estratiforme horizontal e caracterizada por intensa silicificação com calcedônia e opala, gradando localmente em profundidade para alteração argílica avançada com alunita-2 mais caulinita ± dickita, foi originada em um ambiente steam-heated. A alunita-2 está enriquecida em 'S SOB. 34' relativamente ao sulfeto, refletindo troca isotópica parcial de enxofre entre os componentes aquosos 'H IND. 2¿ S e ¿SO IND.4¿. Esta alteração se superpõe localmente às alterações dos eventos 2 e 3, sugerindo uma queda do nível do lençol freático, provavelmente somado à denudação sin-hidrotermal da parte superior das rochas. O evento 5 está metalogeneticamente relacionado com a formação de depósitos de fluorita, comparáveis de forma descritiva aos mundialmente conhecidos como "veios de fluorita-quartzo de baixa temperatura". Estas mineralizações de fluorita não estariam vinculadas com os processos metalogenéticos relacionados às mineralizações de ouro dos sistemas epitermais do prospecto. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem significativamente no entendimento de aspectos relacionados à gênese deste sistema epitermal complexo, constituindo parâmetros importantes para a formulação de um modelo de exploração mineral para a região. Uma consistente discriminação de minerais de alteração deste prospecto foi também conseguida por meio de sensoriamento remoto orbital. A aplicação de técnicas de processamento em imagens dos sensores multiespectral Terra/ASTER e hiperespectral Hyperion resultou em diferentes mapas litológicos, minerais e estruturais. A correlação satisfatória entre estes resultados e dados de campo demonstra a importância do sensoriamento remoto nos trabalhos de um programa de exploração, tanto para as etapas iniciais em escala regional, como também para etapas mais avançadas em escala de prospecto ou de depósito / Abstract: The epithermal Cerro La Mina prospect, located in the Los Menucos region, Patagonia Argentina, is currently being explored for epithermal precious-metal mineralization. Triassic hydrothermal activity produced intense alteration of rhyolites, andesites, ignimbrites, and tuffs of the Middle- to Late Triassic Los Menucos Group, in the Somún Curá massif. The use of techniques, including geological mapping, multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing, reflectance spectroscopy and staple isotope analysis, alIowed the characterization of five hydrothermal alteration stages in the study area. Event 1 resulted in a low-sulfidation epithermal system with quartz veins, some of them with gold grades between I and 10 g/t and sericitic alteration, which affected riolitic ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks of the Vera Formation. Alteration associated to stages 2 and 3, the most important from the volumetric viewpoint, is related to a high-sulfidation alteration system, which affected rhyolites, dacites and andesites of the Sierra Colorada Formation. These volcanic rocks comprise a complex of resurgent domes, located within a likely oval-shaped volcanic caldera, formed in a transtensive zone placed between two regional dextral strike-slip faults. Some of the most important characteristics of this epithermal system include the presence of hydrothermal breccias, some with gold occurrences with grades locally reaching up to 60 g/t, pervasive silicification and vuggy quartz, together with advanced argillic alteration with hypogenic alunite-l, woodhouseite, svanbergite, minamiite, pyrophyllite, diaspore, dickite and kaolinite. Alunite-l was formed at 267°C, indicating a hydrothermal-magmatic origino Values of d 'POT. 34¿S of alunite-l (4.4 to 10.3 %0) are higher than those obtained for contemporary pyrite (-14.8 to -10.8%0), suggestirig that aqueous sulfate was derived of the S 'O IND. 2¿ disproportion reaction in a hydrothermal-magmatic system. d 'POT. 34¿S and d 'POT. 18¿ O values from alunite-l suggest that the vapor that carried S 'O IND. 2¿ condensate in meteoric water with a ratio of 'H IND. 2¿ S/¿SO IND.4¿ <1. Isotopic values of oxygen and hydrogen for kaolinite and dickite are ais o compatible with a hydrothermal-magmatic origino Alteration related to event 4, characterized by intense silicification blanket with chalcedony and opal, locally grading at depth to advanced argillic alteration with alunite-2 plus kaolinite ± dickite, was originated in a steam-heated environrnent. Alunite-2 is enriched in 'S SOB. 34' in relation to sulfide, reflecting a partial isotopic exchange of sulfur between the aqueous components 'H IND. 2¿ S e ¿SO IND.4¿. This alteration localIy overprints those from stages 2 and 3, suggesting a fall in the level of the water table, probably adding up to syn-hydrothermal erosion of the upper portion of the rocks. Event 5 is related to the formation of fluorite veins, comparable to low-temperature quartz-fluorite veins. These fluorite mineralizations are apparently not linked with the processes related to the gold epithermal. systems of the prospect. The results of this study contribute significantly in the understanding of metallogenic aspects of this complex epithermal system, constituting important parameters to the formulation of a mineral exploration model for the region. Consistent discrimination of the main alteration minerais of this prospect was also achieved by means of satellite remote sensing. The application of processing techniques on images of the multispectral- Terra/ASTER and hyperspectral Hyperion sensors resulted in different lithologic, mineral and structural maps. Satisfactory correlations between these results and field data demonstrate the key importance of the remote sensing in the work of an exploration program, in the initial stages of regional scale and also in more advanced stages, at prospect or deposit scales / Doutorado / Metalogenese / Doutor em Ciências

A l’échelle continentale, la Cordillère des Andes présente d’importantes courbures. Une des plus importantes est la Courbure de la Patagonie, où le cours de l’orogène et de ses principales provinces tectoniques pivotent de près de 90°, passant d’une orientation N-S à 50°C à une orientation E-O en Terre de Feu. Malgré son importance, l’origine de la Courbure de la Patagonie et son implication dans les reconstructions paléogéographiques demeurent sujet à controverse: est-elle le résultat d’un plissement oroclinal, ou bien une caractéristique héritée? C’est dans ce contexte que j’ai réalisé une étude paléomagnétique et de susceptibilité d'anisotropie magnétique dans la région des Andes Australes. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la partie intérieure de cette courbure soit une caractéristique secondaire liée à l’évolution de la Péninsule Antarctique. / At the continental scale, the Andes presents significant curvatures. One of the largest is the curvature of Patagonia, where the orogen and its main tectonic provinces are rotated about 90 ° from an NS direction at 50 ° to an EO orientation in Tierra del Fuego. Despite its importance, the origin of the curvature of Patagonia and its involvement in paleogeographic reconstructions remain controversial: is the result of an oroclinal bending, or an inherited characteristic? It is in this context that I made a paleomagnetic and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy in the Austral Andes region. The results suggest that the inner part of the bend is a secondary feature linked to the evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula.In this thesis, I will present the results of a paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) study of 146 sites sampled between 50 ° S and 55.5 ° S (85 sites in marine sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous-Miocene of the Magallanes fold and thrust belt; 20 sites in sedimentary and volcanic rocks south of Cordillera Darwin, 41 sites in intrusive rocks of the Cretaceous-Eocene batholith. The AMS results in the sediments show that the magnetic fabric is controlled by tectonic processes, partially or completely obliterating the sedimentary fabric. In general, there is a good correlation between the orientation of the magnetic lineation and that of the fold axes except at Peninsula Brunswick. The wide variation in the orientation of magnetic fabrics within the batholith suggests an emplacement of intrusive without tectonic constraint. Paleomagnetic results obtained in Navarino Island and Hardy Peninsula, south of the Beagle Channel, show a post-tectonic remagnetization recording a counterclockwise rotation of more than 90 ° as that recorded by the intrusive rocks older than ~ 90Ma. The Upper Cretaceous to Eocene intrusive rocks record counterclockwise rotations of lower magnitude (45 ° -30 °). In contrast, the Magallanes fold and thrust belt mainly developed between the Eocene and Oligocene records little or no rotation. Spatial and temporal variations of tectonic rotations determined in this study support a model of deformation of the Austral Andes in two steps. The first step corresponds to the rotation of a volcanic arc by closing a marginal basin (the Rocas Verdes basin) and formation of Cordillera Darwin. During the propagation of deformation in the foreland, the curvature acquired by the Pacific border of the Austral Andes is accentuated by about 30 °. The tectonic reconstructions using the most recent Global Plate Tectonic model show the essential role of the convergence between the Antarctic Peninsula and South America in the formation of Patagonian orocline during the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene.

No description available.

Current concerns about inorganic contaminants in food products have raised consumer awareness of anthropogenic sources of heavy metal contamination in ecosystems and their potential threat to human health. Mining and exploration of mineralized zones is a major source of such contamination. Mining throughout the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, has left a legacy of surface water contamination by acid mine drainage (AMD). This study assessed the impacts of AMD on soils and plants throughout the study area. Concentrations, transport, and loading of heavy metals (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in soils and plants was quantified using total concentrations, suggested toxic levels, and plant and soil pollution indices. Pollution indices were modified to include antimony and molybdenum. Pollution indices greater than 100 were found in areas disturbed by mining, remediation sites and beyond. Cattle grazing on grasses contaminated by metals were documented.

Distribution, diet, and food availability for young-of-the-year (YOY) largemouth bass (Micropeterus salmoides), YOY bluegill (lepomis macrochirus) and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) were studied to reveal any potential interactions in Patagonia Lake, a 170 ha (265 acre) recreational impoundment in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Threadfin shad, a forage species, were stocked to enhance the growth of bass. As shad became abundant, limnetic zooplankton declined, reducing the primary food supply of the YOY game fish. Diet analysis showed very little food overlap between YOY gamefish and threadfin shad. Shad ate phytoplankton when zooplankton became scarce, and continued to grow well and reproduce. As zooplankton decreased, YOY gamefish shifted their diets to aquatic insects. After the shift, the gamefish did not grow well. The continuous overgrazing of zooplankton by large numbers of threadfin shad had an impact on the growth of the juvenile largemouth bass and bluegills. This impact may result in weak year classes in the future.

Geólogo / El Campo Volcánico Pali Aike se ubica en la Patagonia Argentina, justo en el límite con Chile, entre los 46º y 52º S y está constituido por una serie de volcanes monogenéticos de composición basáltica, principalmente. Es común encontrar en las lavas de los volcanes, xenolitos en facies de granate y espinela, que representan el manto que subyace esta región. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la petrogénesis de siete xenolitos de la región de Pali Aike, con un especial enfoque en la zona de transición entre granate y espinela. Para ello se utilizan herramientas como microscopio petrográfico, microscopio electrónico de barrido y microsonda electrónica. Los xenolitos estudiados están constituidos por olivino, clinopiroxeno, ortopiroxeno, espinela, granate y en menor medida sulfuros. Se equilibraron tanto en facies de espinela como en facies de granate. A partir de la petrografía y el análisis químico de los minerales se plantea que su historia evidencia procesos de fusión parcial, diferentes grados de deformación a altas temperaturas, metasomatismo y re-equilibrio en estado sólido. El origen de los sulfuros ubicados en venillas intersticiales y en zonas de reacción se consideró como mixto, originados tanto a partir de diferentes eventos de fusión parcial como a partir de fluidos/fundidos metasomáticos ricos en Fe y con menores cantidades de P y Na. Un agente metasomático con altas concentraciones de Al, Ti y Fe, y menores concentraciones de P y Na afectó levemente a los xenolitos ultramáficos. No se puede relacionar el evento metasomático con la zona de transición granate-espinela, por lo que se plantea que es un evento de mucha mayor escala. Se interpreta que todas las muestras estudiadas se formaron en el manto litosférico bajo la región de Pali Aike, pero a diferentes profundidades. De este modo, la zona de transición de granate-espinela se pudo restringir a unas temperaturas entre 1200 y 1450ºC y a una presión de 24 kbar, aproximadamente, lo que correspondería a una profundidad de 75 km. / Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto Fondecyt # 11140005 "Decoding precious metals (platinum-group elements and gold) in upper mantle rocks of the Chilean Cordillera"