No description available.

Support materials play a vital role across the entire field of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. They are essential to provide the ability to create complex structures and features using AM. Successful implementation of support materials in ultrasonic consolidation (UC) will provide a vast opportunity for improvement of geometric complexity. Experimentation was performed to evaluate suitable support materials and their effectiveness within UC. Additionally a fused deposition modeling (FDM) system was integrated into the UC build environment to create an automated support deposition system. Finally several unique structures were built using support materials to demonstrate the improved geometric capability and to develop design rules for use in UC.

This paper introduces an alternative technique for the development of microfluidic systems for biotechnology based on mechanical machining and ultrasonic welding. Advantages of this approach over existing prototyping approaches involving the rapid development of tooling include: (a) short cycle time, (b) design flexibility, and (c) low cost manufacturing. In addition, the process provides a migration path to high volume production. A limitation of this system is that it cannot practically produce microchannels smaller than about 250 μm (0.010 in). However, for many biological cell-based biosensors, this feature scale seems well suited based on cell viability results. Several issues are discussed relevant to this approach, including bond strength, seal leakage, and sterilization. / Graduation date: 2002

The main task of the thesis is the practical verification of the ultrasonic sealing method for producing bags with a higher probability of goods in the sealing area. Most of the work deals with programming a block for the overall operation of an ultrasonic generator. Part of the solution is creation of visualization of the generator user interface. The last part is designing and implementing a reporting system to help customers get production data.

No description available.

No description available.

Use of welded titanium alloy to aluminium alloy structures in the aerospace industry has a number of potential benefits for both cost and weight saving by enabling titanium to be used only in the most critical parts, with the cheaper and lighter aluminum alloy making up the rest of the structure. However, due to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) at interface and the enormous gap in melting point, the welding of titanium to aluminium remains a major challenge. Solid state welding processes are most likely to be successful since they do not involve any melting, and so issues associated with the large difference in melting point and the high reaction rate of the liquid phase are avoided. In this study, an emerging low energy input solid state welding process - high-power ultrasonic spot welding (USW) was applied to weld Al and Ti (AA6111-T4/Ti6Al4V and AA2139-T8/Ti6Al4V combinations). No obvious intermetallic reaction layer was observed on the Al/Ti interface even using transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the maximum joint strength measured reached the same level as similar Al-Al (AA6111) welds and greatly exceeded those observed in Al-Fe and Al-Mg joints made using the same technique, in which a brittle reaction layer forms rapidly. However, the Al/Ti welds always failed at the weld interface after natural ageing, which is not desirable due to the low fracture energy associated with interfacial fracture mode. By using high resolution STEM-EDS, residual oxides and Si segregation were detected on the as-welded Al/Ti interface, which are thought to be factors that result in the no reaction layer Al/Ti interface. The Si segregation is predicted to be able to increase the weld interface cohesion through thermodynamic calculation. A series of prolonged heat treatment experiments were performed to understand the Al-Ti reaction layer growth kinetics and to explain the lack of reaction layer in as-welded Al-Ti joint. Al3Ti (D022 structure) was the only Al-Ti intermetallic phase observed in the reaction layer (IMC layer). In pure Al/Ti joints, it is found that the very long slow-growth stage of IMC layer is probably caused by the residual oxides on the interface. Calculations show that grain boundary (GB) diffusion makes the major contribution to the effective diffusion coefficient in the Al3Ti layer. In AA2139/Ti joints, the IMC layer growth is significantly slower than that in pure Al/Ti joints. The effects of alloying elements on the IMC layer growth was studied in detail. Cu was observed to segregate on both the Al3Ti grain boundaries and the Al3Ti/Ti interface. Si also segregated on the the Al3Ti/Ti interface and enriched in the Al3Ti layer. Both Cu and Si are thought to retard IMC layer growth. Interestingly small patches of Al were found trapped in the IMC layer; its formation mechanism is discussed. In pure Al/Ti6Al4V joints, the IMC layer growth rate did not change significantly. The presence of V greatly retarded the Al3Ti grain growth at high annealing temperature (630 °C) and suppressed the anisotropic growth of Al3Ti at 600 °C. Overall this study successfully joined Al/Ti by USW and systematically investigated the grain size effect and alloying effects on the Al3Ti layer growth. The present study for the first time: (a) observed the no-IMC-layer Al/Ti weld interface; (b) observed Cu segeration on Al3Ti GBs; (c) quantitatively studied the grain size effect on Al3Ti layer growth kinetics; (d) observed the orientation relationship between trapped Al islands and the adjacent Al3Ti grains; (e) observed that V greatly retarded the anisotropic growth of Al3Ti grains.

The demand for high energy battery assemblies is growing in sectors such as transportation. Alongwith it is the need for reliable, efficient and cost-effective ways to electrically connect the batteries toensure their performance. Battery cells are most often put into modules or packs when produced forelectrically driven vehicles. The variable of greatest influence when welding battery packs is thecontact resistance between the cell and the connection tab. It is crucial to minimize this variable asmuch as possible to prevent energy loss in the form of heat generation. The purpose of this project is to conduct a comparative literature study of different weldingtechniques for welding batteries. The compared techniques are resistance spot welding, laser beamwelding and ultrasonic welding. The performance was evaluated in terms of numerous factors such asproduction cost, degree of automation and weld quality. All three methods are tried and proven to function in the production of battery applications. Eachmethod has separate strengths and limitations which makes them complement each other. Thus, it isimportant to look at several factors when deciding which welding technique is the most suitable forthe desired application. The scale of production, economical aspects as well as battery cell geometrywere concluded to be the most important in making this decision.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de transdutores piezelétricos de potência usados em máquinas de estampagem e soldagem de tecidos sintéticos por ultra-som, através de modelos de elementos finitos implementados no software ANSYS e verificações experimentais. O transdutor é do tipo sanduíche e está acoplado a um amplificador mecânico e a um sonotrodo. Os comportamentos elétrico e vibracional do transdutor tipo sanduíche foram analisados em relação à quantidade de discos de piezocerâmicas em modelos axi-simétricos com quatro e oito discos. Comparam-se os resultados numéricos da resposta em frequência da impedância elétrica e do coeficiente de acoplamento eletromecânico com resultados experimentais de protótipos. Apresentam-se também análises numéricas do comportamento vibracional do amplificador mecânico e de dois tipos de sonotrodos, um cilíndrico e outro com o formato de uma lâmina larga, usados no processo de corte e soldagem de tecidos por ultra-som. É feita uma análise da distribuição de amplitude de vibração ao longo da face de trabalho dos dois sonotrodos. Os resultados simulados são comparados com os resultados experimentais de uma varredura feita na superfície de trabalho de cada protótipo usando-se um vibrômetro laser Doppler. Mostra-se que a vibração na face do sonotrodo cilíndrico ocorre com maior amplitude em uma região na sua borda. Considerando que para o processamento adequado do tecido é necessário que todos os pontos ao longo da face de trabalho do sonotrodo vibrem com a mesma amplitude, verifica-se a necessidade de modificar a forma do sonotrodo visando obter uma distribuição uniforme de deslocamentos em sua face. Para isso utiliza-se a modelagem do sonotrodo com a técnica de otimização paramétrica disponível no ANSYS, com o objetivo de se obter uma distribuição de vibração uniforme ao longo de sua face de trabalho. Os resultados experimentais do protótipo do sonotrodo cilíndrico otimizado são comparados com os resultados numéricos da distribuição de vibração ao longo de sua face de trabalho mostrando uma boa concordância e, portanto, validando o modelo numérico. / This work presents a study of high power piezoelectric sandwich transducers used in ultrasonic cutting and welding of thermoplastic textiles using finite element models with ANSYS and experimental verifications. The electrical/vibrational behaviour of transducers with four and eight piezoceramics is analysed using axisymetric models. The numerical results of electrical impedance frequency response and electromechanical coupling factor are compared with experimental results of prototypes. There are presented the numerical analysis of the vibrational behaviour of an acoustical amplifier and two types of sonotrodes, a cylindrical and an wide blade shape, used in the ultrasonic cutting and welding of thermoplastic textiles. It is performed an analysis of the distribution of vibration amplitude along the work surface of both sonotrodes and the simulated results are compared with esperimental measurements of the prototypes using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The results show that the amplitude of vibration of the cylindrical sonotrode is not uniform on its working surface. A maximum of amplitude occurs in its border. In order to guarantee the process quality it is necessary that all points along the working surface vibrate with the same amplitude. It is used the parametric optimization technic of ANSYS in order to obtain an uniform amplitude of displacement on the working surface of the cylindric sonotrode. The simulated and experimental results optimized prototype of the cylindric sonotrode are compared showing good agreement and therfore validating the numerical model.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de transdutores piezelétricos de potência usados em máquinas de estampagem e soldagem de tecidos sintéticos por ultra-som, através de modelos de elementos finitos implementados no software ANSYS e verificações experimentais. O transdutor é do tipo sanduíche e está acoplado a um amplificador mecânico e a um sonotrodo. Os comportamentos elétrico e vibracional do transdutor tipo sanduíche foram analisados em relação à quantidade de discos de piezocerâmicas em modelos axi-simétricos com quatro e oito discos. Comparam-se os resultados numéricos da resposta em frequência da impedância elétrica e do coeficiente de acoplamento eletromecânico com resultados experimentais de protótipos. Apresentam-se também análises numéricas do comportamento vibracional do amplificador mecânico e de dois tipos de sonotrodos, um cilíndrico e outro com o formato de uma lâmina larga, usados no processo de corte e soldagem de tecidos por ultra-som. É feita uma análise da distribuição de amplitude de vibração ao longo da face de trabalho dos dois sonotrodos. Os resultados simulados são comparados com os resultados experimentais de uma varredura feita na superfície de trabalho de cada protótipo usando-se um vibrômetro laser Doppler. Mostra-se que a vibração na face do sonotrodo cilíndrico ocorre com maior amplitude em uma região na sua borda. Considerando que para o processamento adequado do tecido é necessário que todos os pontos ao longo da face de trabalho do sonotrodo vibrem com a mesma amplitude, verifica-se a necessidade de modificar a forma do sonotrodo visando obter uma distribuição uniforme de deslocamentos em sua face. Para isso utiliza-se a modelagem do sonotrodo com a técnica de otimização paramétrica disponível no ANSYS, com o objetivo de se obter uma distribuição de vibração uniforme ao longo de sua face de trabalho. Os resultados experimentais do protótipo do sonotrodo cilíndrico otimizado são comparados com os resultados numéricos da distribuição de vibração ao longo de sua face de trabalho mostrando uma boa concordância e, portanto, validando o modelo numérico. / This work presents a study of high power piezoelectric sandwich transducers used in ultrasonic cutting and welding of thermoplastic textiles using finite element models with ANSYS and experimental verifications. The electrical/vibrational behaviour of transducers with four and eight piezoceramics is analysed using axisymetric models. The numerical results of electrical impedance frequency response and electromechanical coupling factor are compared with experimental results of prototypes. There are presented the numerical analysis of the vibrational behaviour of an acoustical amplifier and two types of sonotrodes, a cylindrical and an wide blade shape, used in the ultrasonic cutting and welding of thermoplastic textiles. It is performed an analysis of the distribution of vibration amplitude along the work surface of both sonotrodes and the simulated results are compared with esperimental measurements of the prototypes using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The results show that the amplitude of vibration of the cylindrical sonotrode is not uniform on its working surface. A maximum of amplitude occurs in its border. In order to guarantee the process quality it is necessary that all points along the working surface vibrate with the same amplitude. It is used the parametric optimization technic of ANSYS in order to obtain an uniform amplitude of displacement on the working surface of the cylindric sonotrode. The simulated and experimental results optimized prototype of the cylindric sonotrode are compared showing good agreement and therfore validating the numerical model.