No setor de Vitalidade Fetal na Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foi conduzido estudo caso-controle com seguimento prospectivo com quarenta e seis pacientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar a associação dos testes de avaliação de vitalidade fetal e acidemia ao nascimento em gestações acometidas com dopplervelocimetria anormal e fluxo diastólico positivo das artérias umbilicais. Da mesma maneira, objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre os resultados antenatais, do parto, e neonatais com a ocorrência de pH fetal inferior a 7,20. A evolução para fluxo diastólico ausente ou reverso durante o seguimento foi critério de exclusão. Os casos foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com a presença (grupo 1), ou ausência (grupo 2) de acidemia ao nascimento (pH inferior a 7,20), por meio da gasometria arterial de cordão imediatamente após o parto. As seguintes variáveis foram submetidas à análise univariada, comparando-se os grupos 1 e 2: idade materna, síndrome hipertensiva, uso de corticóde antenatal para maturação pulmonar, idade gestacional no momento do parto e testes de avaliação de vitalidade fetal do dia do parto. As modalidades dopplervelocimétricas analisadas foram: índice de pulsatilidade do território arterial (representado pela artéria umbilical e artéria cerebral média) e venoso (índice de pulsatilidade para veias do ducto venoso). Os seguintes parâmetros das atividades biofísicas fetais foram estudados: cardiotocografia (normal e anormal), presença de desaceleração tardia, presença de desaceleração (desaceleração tardia, ou desaceleração variável de mau prognóstico, ou desaceleração prolongada), ausência ou não de movimentos respiratórios, presença ou não de oligoâmnio e classificação do escore do perfil biofísico fetal (normal quando maior que 6, e anormal quando menor ou igual a 6). As variáveis clinicamente relevantes e estatisticamente significativas foram analisadas pela regressão logística. A série compôs-se de 46 pacientes classificadas nos grupos 1 (24 casos) e 2 (22 casos) e as seguintes variáveis foram estatisticamente relacionadas à ocorrência de acidemia no nascimento (p0,05): idade materna, síndrome hipertensiva, cardiotocografia anormal, presença de desaceleração, e ausência de movimentos respiratórios. Na regressão logística, a presença de desaceleração foi preditora de acidemia (p=0,024; OR=8,2; IC95%=1,2-52). Os presentes achados sustentam que a presença de acidemia ao nascimento em fetos com dopplevelocimetria anormal e fluxo diastólico positivo das AU está associada principalmente à anormalidade nos parâmetros agudos da avaliação da vitalidade fetal. A presença de desaceleração no traçado cardiotocográfico foi preditora de acidemia ao nascimento. / A longitudinal prospective study was conducted on 46 pregnancies with umbilical artery abnormal pulsatility index and positive diastolic flow velocity. Patients were evaluated at the Fetal Surveillance Unit/ Obstetrics Clinics of the University of São Paulo Medical School General Hospital (HCFMUSP) between February 2007 and March 2009. The objective of this study was to identify a potential association between fetal antenatal surveillance tests and acidemia at birth, in pregnancies with umbilical artery abnormal Doppler velocimetry and positive diastolic flow. In the same context, this research aimed to establish the correlation of data of birth, and neonatal outcome with umbilical cord pH below 7,20. The development of reversed or absent end- diastolic flow velovity in the umbilical artery was an excluision criteria. The cases were divided in two groups, according to the presence (Group 1) or absence (Group 2) of acidemia at birth (pH below 7.20), based on umbilical cord blood gas measurement immediately after birth. The following variables were submitted to univariate analysis comparing Groups 1 and 2: maternal age, hypertensive syndrome, corticosteroid use (for lung maturation), gestational age at birth, and fetal vitality assessments on the day of delivery. The Doppler parameters analysed were: pulsatility index of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and the pulsatility index for veins for the ductus venosus. The following variables of the fetal biophysical profile were obtained: cardiotocography or nonstress test ( normal/ abnormal), presence of late deceleration, presence of deceleration (late or severe variable decelerations, or prolonged bradycardia), absence of fetal breathing movements, presence of oligohydramnios and biophysical profile score (considered normal when the score was higher than 6). Clinically relevant and statistically significant variables were analyzed by logistic regression. The series included 46 patients divided in Group 1 (n=24 with acidosis) and Group 2 (n=22 without acidosis), and the following variables were statistically correlated to acidemia at birth (p0.05): maternal age, hypertensive syndrome, abnormal cardiotocographic findings, deceleration (late deceleration, or variable deceleration with poor prognosis, or prolonged deceleration), and absence of respiratory movements. On logistic regression, the presence of deceleration was predictive of acidemia (p=0,024; OR=8,2; CI95%=1,2-52). In conclusion, we believe that the presence of acidemia at birth in fetuses with umbilical artery positive diastolic flow and abnormal Doppler velocimetry is mainly associated with abnormality of acute parameters of fetal well-being. The finding of deceleration on cardiotocographic assessments was predictive of acidemia at birth. ____________________

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo, realizado em gestantes de alto risco com diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária, tem como objetivo avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo fetal na veia portal esquerda (VPE), veia umbilical (VU) e ducto venoso (DV), e estabelecer quais parâmetros associam-se com a acidemia fetal no nascimento. MÉTODO: Pesquisa prospectiva envolvendo 58 gestantes, classificadas segundo a presença ou ausência do diagnóstico de acidemia no nascimento, de acordo com o pH no sangue da artéria umbilical, constituindo-se de: Grupo I: 26 casos (acidemia pH<7,20) e Grupo II: 32 casos (pH normal pH7,20). Foram excluídos da pesquisa os casos com diagnóstico pós-natal de anomalia do RN e aqueles em que não se obteve a mensuração do pH no nascimento. As seguintes variáveis dopplervelocimétricas da VPE e VU foram comparadas entre os grupos: escore-zeta da TAMxV (time averaged maximum velocity) (cm/s), Q/Kg (fluxo sanguíneo por Kg de peso fetal) (ml/min/kg) e presença de pulsatilidade; e o escore-zeta do índice de pulsatilidade para veias (IPV) do DV. RESULTADOS: O escore-zeta da TAMxV (rho=0,392, P=0,002) e o Q/Kg da VPE (rho=0,274, P=0,037), o escore-zeta do IPV do DV (rho=-0,377, P=0,004) e o Q/Kg da VU (rho=0,261, P=0,048) apresentaram correlação significativa com o pH no nascimento. Realizando-se a análise de regressão logística multivariada, as variáveis independentes que restaram no modelo final para a ocorrência de acidemia no nascimento (pH<7,20) foram: escore-zeta da TAMxV da VPE (OR=0,41; IC95% 0,25 a 0,71; P=0,001) e fluxo reverso na VPE (OR=0,004; IC95% 0,00 a 0,15; P=0,003), ambas demonstrando efeito protetor para acidemia. Com o presente modelo, constatou-se que 74,1% dos casos são corretamente classificados para acidemia no nascimento. CONCLUSÕES: pela análise do Doppler venoso fetal na insuficiência placentária constatou-se que a acidemia no nascimento (pH<7,20) está associada de forma independente com o fluxo reverso na VPE e com o escore-zeta da TAMxV da VPE, ambos demonstrando efeito protetor com redução do risco para a acidemia / OBJECTIVE: This study, conducted in high-risk pregnancies with placental insufficiency, aims to avaliate blood flow in the fetal left portal vein (LPV), umbilical vein (UV) and ductus venosus (DV), and establish which parameters are associated with acidemia at birth. METHOD: A prospective research involving 58 pregnant women, classified according to the presence or absence of the diagnosis of fetal acidosis at birth, according to pH in the blood of the umbilical artery, consisting of: Group I: 26 cases (acidemia, pH <7,20) and Group II: 32 cases (normal pH, pH 7,20). Exclusion criteria were patients who had postnatal diagnosis of abnormality of the newborn and those in which the pH measurement was not obtained at birth. The following Doppler variables of LPV and UV were compared between the groups: TAMxV (Time Averaged Maximum Velocity) (cm/s) zeta-score, Q/kg (blood flow per kg of fetal weight) (ml/min/kg) and presence of pulsatility; and DV pulsality index for veins (PIV) zetascore. RESULTS: LPV TAMxV zeta-score (rho=0.392, P=0.002) and Q/kg (rho=0.274, P=0.037), DV PIV zeta-score (rho=-0.377, P=0.004) and UV Q/kg (rho=0.261, P=0.048) showed significant correlation with pH at birth. Performing the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the independent variables that remained in the final model were: TAMxV of LPV zeta-score (OR=0.41; IC95% 0.25 a 0.71; P=0.001) and reverse flow in LPV (OR=0.004; IC95% 0.00 a 0.15; P=0.003), both showing a protective effect to reduce the risk of acidemia. With this model, it was found that 74,1% of cases are correctly classified to birth acidemia. CONCLUSION: by analysis of fetal venous Doppler in placental insufficiency we found that acidemia at birth (pH <7.20) is independently associated with reverse flow in the LPV and LPV TAMxV z-score, both showing a protective effect with reduced risk for the event

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a classificação do fluxo na onda a do ducto venoso no dia do parto e os resultados pós-natais em gestações com diástole zero ou reversa nas artérias umbilicais. Métodos: Analisou-se retrospectivamente a evolução pós-natal de 103 recém-nascidos de gestações com diagnóstico de diástole zero ou reversa à dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2004. Foram incluídas gestações únicas e fetos sem malformações. Nenhum caso recebeu corticoterapia antenatal. Os casos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a classificação do fluxo na onda a do ducto venoso no dia do parto. Grupo A: 20 casos com fluxo ausente ou reverso e Grupo B: 83 casos com fluxo positivo. Foram avaliados os seguintes resultados pós-natais: idade gestacional no dia do parto, peso de nascimento, Apgar de primeiro e quinto minutos, pH e BE do sangue da artéria umbilical ao nascimento, necessidade de intubação orotraqueal e encaminhamento à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, além de: ocorrência de restrição de crescimento fetal, doença das membranas hialinas, pneumotórax, hemorragia pulmonar, displasia broncopulmonar, persistência do canal arterial, sepse, enterocolite necrosante, retinopatia da prematuridade, plaquetopenia, hipoglicemia, hiperglicemia, convulsão, exame neurológico anormal em 24 horas de vida, hemorragia intracraniana, os recém-nascidos foram avaliados durante toda a internação no berçário, sendo registrado o tempo de internação, ocorrência de óbito e causas do óbito. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de Qui-Quadrado, exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney U, adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Todos os partos foram cesareanos. A idade gestacional foi semelhante nos dois grupos, 30 semanas no grupo A e 30,9 semanas no B (P=0,23). Observou-se no grupo com fluxo ausente ou reverso da onda a do ducto venoso maior freqüência dos seguintes resultados pós-natais adversos: menor peso ao nascimento (831g vs 1.105g, P<0,001), menores índices de Apgar de primeiro minuto (85% vs 20%, P=0,001) e de quinto minuto (45% vs 10,7%, P =0,001), maior necessidade de intubação orotraqueal (100% vs 48,1%, P=0,001), maior ocorrência de acidose ao nascimento (93% vs 36%, P<0,001), hemorragia pulmonar (40% vs 16,8%, P=0,03), plaquetopenia (65% vs 37,3%, P=0,02), hipoglicemia (85% vs 56,6%, P=0,01), hemorragia intracraniana (52,6% vs 26,3%, P=0,02) e óbito pós natal (65% vs 26,5%, P=0,007). Conclusão: O estudo do fluxo no ducto venoso pode fornecer informações adicionais na programação do momento mais adequado para a interrupção de gestações que cursam com diástole zero ou reversa nas artérias umbilicais em gestações com prematuridade extrema. / Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze the relation between absent or reverse flow during atrial contraction in the ductus venosus on the day of delivery in pregnancies complicated by absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery and postnatal outcome. Methods: Postnatal outcome of 103 pregnant women with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (ARED flow) in the umbilical arteries was retrospectively analyzed from January 1997 to December 2004. In this study, only singleton pregnancies that did not take prenatal steroids and with no fetal anomalies were included. The outcome was analyzed in two groups: Group A (n=20), fetuses with absent or reversed ductus venosus flow during the A-wave and group B (n=83) fetuses with a positive flow. After delivery, the following immediate neonatal outcomes of interest were obtained: gestational age at the time of delivery, 1-and 5-minute Apgar scores, umbilical artery pH and base excess, birth weight, need of orotraqueal intubation, and referral to the neonatal intensive care unit. We have also analyzed the incidence of fetal growth restriction, hyaline membrane disease, pneumotorax, lung hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary displasia, persistence of the arterial channel, sepses, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, fetal plaquetopenia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, abnormal neurological exam within 24 hours of life, intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, length of hospitalization, postnatal deaths and its causes. Data were compared by chi-square, Fisher\'s exact test and a Mann-Whitney U test, and the level of significance adopted was of 5%. Results: All newborns were delivered by cesarean section. The average gestational age at birth was 30 weeks in group A and 30,9 in group B (P= 0.23). Fetuses of the group A presented lower birth weight (831g vs 1105g, P< 0.001), lower Apgar score at first (85% vs 20%, P= 0.001), and at fifth minutes (45% vs 10.7%, P =0.001), higher incidence of orotraqueal intubation (100% vs 48.1%, P= 0.001) than fetuses of group B. Group A had also more cases of acidosis (93% vs 36%, P<0.001), lung hemorrhage (40% vs 16,8%, P=0,03), plaquetopenia (65% vs 37.3%, P=0.02), hypoglycemia (85% vs 56.6%, P=0.01), intracranial hemorrhage (52.6% vs 26.3%, P=0.02) and postnatal death (65% vs 26.5%, P=0.007). Conclusion: Ductus venous Doppler can supply additional information regarding the better time to deliver pregnant women with earlier gestational age and with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (ARED flow) in the umbilical artery.

Early deterioration and long-term recurrence were common after stroke or transient ischemic attach (TIA), however, it is unclear whether they were correlated with active embolization and the consequent new cerebral infarct in acute phase. By employing TCD and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), we studied the significance of the progression of MES and infarcts during acute phase on the clinical outcomes. We found that the disappearance of MES was correlated with better improvement on day 7 of recruitment; for the long-term outcome, occurrence of exacerbating infarct tended to predict recurrent stroke. Treatment aiming to reduce MES and prevent infarct exacerbation in acute phase may improve the prognosis after stroke. / Finally, one study was performed to assess the changes of hemodynamic parameters after stenting of severe stenosis in the MCA. We aimed to investigate whether TCD can reflect the lumen changes after revascularization and detect hyperperfusion. The findings showed that the velocity of stented MCA in most patients normalized within 24 hours after procedure, but the role of TCD in detecting restenosis in long run needed to be verified; no one suffered from hyperperfusion during the period of our study. The long-term outcomes of patients with normalized velocity versus those with persistently high velocity needed to be further studied. Apart from the velocity changes, changes of the collateral flow after intervention may also be an important part of hemodynamic changes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / It was suggested that anti-platelet therapy can reduce the MES, but little was known about the efficacy of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) although in theory LMWH can reduce the red fibrin-dependent thromboemboli. As a sub-analysis of Fraxiparine in Ischemic Stroke (FISS)-tris study, our study did not show advantages of LMWH in eliminating MES compared with aspirin. / Previous studies showed the accuracy of TCD in diagnosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis was variable and the positive predictive value (PPV) was less than 50% in a recent report. One of the important reasons was that most criteria were based on the velocity-only method, ignoring other non-velocity information. Thus, we tried to establish new diagnostic criteria by means of designing an assessment form which integrated more characteristics apart from the velocity acceleration. A composite score for each MCA was calculated according to following parameters in the form: Velocity Scale (score 0-6 for peak systolic velocities&lt;140 to &ge;300cm/s), Hemodynamic Scale (score 0-5 for focal or diffuse velocity increase; score 0-6 for differences between bilateral MCA; score 17 for damping velocity), Spectrum Scale (score 0-2 for normal spectrum, turbulence and musical murmurs). Our results showed that compared with the previously reported criteria, the score calculated from the assessment form yielded much more balanced accuracy against magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). However, the composition of the assessment form was only based on personal experience and need to be further modified. Multicenter studies with large sample size are also needed to confirm the advantages of this new method. / Second, we performed three studies to investigate the relationship between the progression of MES and the short or long-term outcome and the relationship between MES and different treatments. / Hao, Qing. / Adviser: Ka Sing Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3419. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-181). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Objetivo: Confeccionar curvas de normalidade do volume e dos índices de vascularização placentária segundo a idade gestacional (IG) e o peso fetal estimado (PFE). Métodos: Durante o período compreendido entre março e novembro de 2007 foi realizado estudo observacional transversal envolvendo 280 gestantes com idades gestacionais compreendidas entre 12 a 38 semanas. As gestantes foram submetidas à ultra-sonografia para avaliação do volume placentário tridimensional calculado pelo método VOCAL com quantificação da vascularização placentária por meio dos índices vasculares: índice de vascularização (IV), índice de vascularização e fluxo (IVF) e índice de fluxo (IF), usando-se o power Doppler. Os critérios de inclusão foram gestações únicas com idade gestacional confirmada à ultra-sonografia, sem doenças maternas e/ou malformações fetais. Foram derivadas equações matemáticas para as curvas do volume placentário e dos índices vasculares (IF, IV e IFV) por meio de modelo de regressão linear, assim como os percentis 10, 50 e 90 para volume placentário em relação à idade gestacional e o peso fetal estimado. Resultados: Foram incluídas no estudo 280 gestantes, das quais 14 (5%) foram excluídas por apresentarem intercorrências maternas, abortamento tardio e impossibilidade de obtenção dos dados no pósparto. Houve correlação significativa do volume placentário com a idade gestacional (r =0,572; p<0,001) e com o peso fetal estimado (r=0,505; p<0,001). O volume placentário médio variou de 83,0 cm3 para 12 semanas a 403,1 cm3 para 38 semanas. Os índices vasculares placentários não se correlacionaram com a idade gestacional, mantendo-se constante seus valores (IV vs. IG r=0,03, p=0,61; IF vs. IG r=0,03, p=0,58; VFI vs. IG r=0,06, p=0,27). Conclusão: Foram confeccionadas curvas de volume placentário segundo a idade gestacional e o peso fetal estimado, obtendo-se valores de referência. Diferentemente dos relatos prévios, os presentes resultados mostraram distribuição constante dos índices de vascularização em diferentes idades gestacionais. / Objectives: The purpose of this study was to construct normograms of placental volume and placental vascular indices in normal gestations according to gestational age and fetal weight by three dimensional ultrasound power Doppler. Methods: A study was performed with 280 normal pregnant women presenting 12 to 38 weeks of pregnancy, during the period between March and November 2007. Study patients were submitted to ultrasound examination and placental volume was obtained through VOCAL method. Placental perfusion was evaluated through three-dimensional power Doppler indices: (VI) vascularization index, (FI) flow index and (VFI) vascularization and flow index. The inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancies without known clinical complications or fetal abnormalities. Equations and regression coefficients for placental volume and vascular indices were calculated according to gestational age and fetal weight. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of volumes by gestational age and estimated fetal weight were calculated. Results: The sample studied consisted of 280 pregnant women, 14 (5%) of whom were excluded from the final analysis due to some presented problems, such as maternal clinical complications, late abortion or impossibility to obtain childbirth data. There was a statistically significant correlation between placental volumes, gestational age (r=0.572; p<0.001) and estimated fetal weight (r= 0.505; p< 0.001). Mean placental volume ranged from 83,0cm3 at 12 weeks to 403,1cm3 at 38. All placental vascular indices showed a constant distribution throughout gestational age. (VI vs. GA r=0, 03, p=0, 61; FI vs. GA r=0, 03, p=0, 58; VFI vs. GA r=0, 06, p=0,27). Conclusion: Normograms of placental volumes according to gestational age and estimated fetal weight were described, generating references values. Differently from previous reports, our results showed constant distributions of all 3D-power Doppler placental volumes according to gestational age.

Introdução: A poluição do ar é resultado de complexas interações que envolvem emissões de poluentes atmosféricos e que sabidamente causam consequências negativas para a saúde humana. De acordo com alguns estudos, a exposição à poluição, durante a gestação, pode afetar o peso ao nascimento, contudo, não há ainda conhecimento sedimentado sobre as janelas críticas de exposição à poluição durante a gestação e quais os efeitos no crescimento fetal e no fluxo placentário. Objetivos: Visando investigar, mais profundamente, o impacto da poluição na vida intrauterina, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da exposição à poluição, nos três trimestres da gestação, no crescimento fetal e na hemodinâmica feto-placentária avaliados no terceiro trimestre da gestação. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com 386 gestantes, na cidade de São Paulo, intitulado ProcriAR. Os poluentes dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2) e ozônio (O3) foram medidos durante cada trimestre da gestação por meio da utilização de amostradores passivos individuais. No terceiro trimestre, foi realizada ultrassonografia fetal na qual foram avaliados: o diâmetro biparietal, a circunferência craniana, a circunferência abdominal, o comprimento do fêmur, o peso fetal, o índice de líquido amniótico e os índices de pulsatilidade (IP) de sonograma das artérias umbilical, cerebral média e uterinas. Foi realizada análise multivariada, controlada por idade materna, no momento da concepção, índice de massa corporal (IMC), paridade, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, cor, nível de escolaridade, estado civil, idade gestacional no momento do exame e sexo fetal. Resultados: Menor circunferência cefálica foi associada com a exposição ao O3 no primeiro trimestre (p = 0,012; beta = -0,005; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), - 0,008, -0,001), e maior circunferência cefálica foi associada com a exposição ao NO2 no primeiro trimestre (p = 0,033; beta = 2,5 x 10-4; IC 95%, 2 x 10-5, 4,8 x 10-4). A exposição ao O3 no segundo trimestre foi associada a maiores valores de IP da artéria umbilical (p = 0,006; beta = 0,018; IC 95%, 0,005, 0,030), porém a exposição ao O3 no terceiro trimestre foi associada a menores valores de IP da umbilical (p = 0,004; beta = - 0,022; IC 95%, -0,037, - 0,007). Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que, no ambiente de São Paulo, o O3 pode interferir no crescimento do polo cefálico e na resistência vascular placentária / Background: Air pollution may influence fetal growth and placental flow according to trimester-specific exposure. Objectives: To determine the influence of maternal air pollution exposure during each trimester of pregnancy on fetal growth and fetoplacental hemodynamics. Methods: ProcriAR, a prospective cohort study of 386 pregnant women, was conducted in the city of São Paulo. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) were measured during each trimester using passive personal monitors. In trimester 3, we evaluated the biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, fetal weight, amniotic fluid index and Doppler velocimetry data of the umbilical, middle cerebral and uterine arteries. Multivariate analysis was performed, controlling for maternal age at conception, body mass index, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption, race, highest education level completed, and marital status and the fetus\'s gestational age and sex. Results: Reduced head circumference was associated with O3 exposure in trimester 1 (p = 0.012; beta = -0.005; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.008, -0.001), and increased head circumference was associated with NO2 exposure in trimester 1 (p = 0.033; beta = 2.5 x 10-4; 95% CI, 2 x 10-5, 4.8 x 10-4). Exposure to O3 during the second and third trimesters was associated with higher (p = 0.006; beta = 0.018; 95% CI, 0.005, 0.030) and lower (p = 0.004; beta = -0.022; 95% CI, -0.037, -0.007) umbilical artery pulsatility values, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that in the environment of São Paulo, O3 may interfere with fetal growth and vascular resistance

<p>Otkrivanje embolusa u cerebralnoj cirkulaciji na egzaktan način moguće je samo upotrebom transkranijalnog doplera. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 150 ispitanika, obolelih od akutnog ishemijskog cerebrovaskularnog događaja (ishemijskog moždanog udara i tranzitornog ishemijskog ataka) u zoni vaskularizacije a. cerebri medie (ACM), a lečenih na Klinici za neurologiju, Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Ciljevi istraživanja su obuhvatili određivanje prevalence i frekvence MES kod bolesnika sa akutnim ishemijskim cerebrovaskularnim događajem (TIA, IMU) tokom serijskog monitoringa, utvrđivanje povezanost pojave MES u odnosu na etiologiju ishemijske epizode, procenjivanje efekata terapije (antiagregacione i antikoagulantne) na pojavu MES tokom serijskog monitoringa, i utvrđivanje prediktivnog značaja MES na dalji tok bolesti tj, rani povratni embolizam unutra tri meseca. Utvrdili smo da se mikroembolusi kao markeri aktivne embolizacije mogu registrovati primenom transkranijalnog doplera u akutnoj fazi moždanog udara u određenoj meri. U ispitivanom uzorku metodom transkranijalne detekcije kod 52 (34,7%) bolesnika je registrovana pojava cerebralnih mikroembolusa. Ovi ispitanici su činili MES (+) grupu pacijenata. Kod 98 (65,3%) bolesnika nisu registrovani ES, oni su činili MES (-) grupu pacijenata. Detekcija je vr&scaron;ena u prvih 72h od vremena nastanka IMU ili TIA. Zaključili smo da se serijskim monitoringom registruje smanjenje prevalence i frekvence embolijskih signala. Utvrdili smo da su starija životna dob, hipertenzija i dijabetes statistički značajno povezani sa pojavom mikroembolusnih signala. Najveća zastupljenost mikroembolusa registrovana je u aterotrombotičnom podtipu ishemijskog moždanog udara. Utvrđen je prediktivni značaj aterosklerotske bolesti velikih krvnih sudova na pojavu MES. Registrovana je statistički značajno če&scaron;ća pojava MES kod simptomatske karotidne stenoze, visokog stepena (70-90%), neravne i ulcerisane povr&scaron;ine plaka. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost pojave MES, kliničkih manifestacija bolesti i neuroradiolo&scaron;kog nalaza. Nije registrovan uticaj antitrombotičke terapije na pojavu mikroembolusnih signala. Zabeležena je veća stopa recidiva IMU i TIA kod bolesnika sa registrovanim cerebralnim mikroembolusima. Utvrđen je prediktivni značaj MES na pojavu recidiva IMU ali ne i prediktivni značaj na pojavu letalnog ishoda.</p> / <p>Detection of emboli in the cerebral circulation to the exact way it is possible only by using transcranial doppler. The study included 150 patients of acute ischemic cerebrovascular events (ischemic stroke and TIA) in a zone of vascularization a. cerebri media (ACM), and treated at the Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina Research objectives included the determination of the prevalence and frequency of MES in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident (TIA, IMU) during serial monitoring, establishing the link between the appearance MES in relation to the etiology of ischemic episodes, assessing the effects of therapy<br />(antiplatelet and anticoagulant) on the occurrence of MES during serial monitoring and determine the predictive value MES in the further course of the disease, ie. return early embolism within three months. We have found that microemboli as markers of active embolization can register by using transcranial Doppler in the acute phase of stroke in certain extent. In the examined sample using transcranial detection with 52 (34.7%) patients the occurrence of cerebral microemboli is registered. These respondents are accounted for MES (+) group of patients. With 98 patients (65.3%) is not registered EC, they account for MES (-) group of patients. Detection was performed during 72 hours from the time of occurrence of ischemic stroke or TIA. We concluded that serial monitoring registers decrease in prevalence and frequency of embolic signals. We found that older age, hypertension, and diabetes are significantly associated with the appearance of microembolic signals. The highest incidence of microemboli was registered in atherothrombotic ischemic stroke subtype. It is determined the predictive significance of atherosclerotic disease of large blood vessels on the occurrence of MES. More common MES is significantly registered with symptomatic carotid stenosis, greater degree (70-90%), uneven surfaces and ulcerated plaque. There was no statistically significant correlation between the occurrence of MES, clinical manifestations and neuroradiological findings. It is not registered impact of antithrombotic therapy on the incidence of microembolic signals. We are noticed thet the higher rate of recurrence of ischemic stroke and TIA patients with cerebral microemboli is registered. The predictive significance of MES in recurrence of ischemic stroke is determined, but not predictive significance of the occurrence of a lethal outcome.</p>

<p>TCD apnea test kao neinvazivna i bezbedna neuroultrasonografska metoda pruža korisne informacije o vazomotornoj reaktivnosti (VMR) u procesu indirektnog sagledavanja funkcionisanja moždane autoregulacije. Vazomotorna reaktivnosti podrazumeva sposobnost dilatacije ili konstrikcije moždanih arteriola nastale kao odgovor na određeni vazoaktivni stimulus, najče&scaron;će ugljen dioksid. Cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio je ispitivanje i analiziranje promene karotidne hemodinamike kod bolesnika sa ishemijskim moždanim udarom (IMU) ili tranzitornim ishemijskim atakom (TIA) i simptomatskom karotidnom stenozom u preoperativnom i tromesečnom postoperativnom periodu, kao i procena revaskularizacionog efekta karotidne endarterektomije (KEA).U istraživanje je uključeno 60 hospitalizovanih bolesnika koji su doživeli prvi IMU i TIA u zoni vaskularizacije arterije cerebri anterior (ACA) i arterije cerebri medije (ACM), svi sa karotidnom stenozom, ACI &ge;70%. Bolesnici su bili hospitalizovani na Klinici za neurologiju, Kliničkog Centra Vojvodine, Klinici za kardiovaskularnu hirurgiju, Instituta za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine i Klinici za vaskularnu hirurgiju, u Novom Sadu. U odnosu na kliničke manifestacije bolesni i su podeljeni u tri grupe: bolesnici sa TIA i amaurosis fugax, sa parcijalnim infarktom u zoni ACA ili ACM i sa lakunarnim infarktom. Istraživanje je analiziralo uticaj promenljivih i nepromenljivih vaskularnih faktora rizika na pojavu IMU i TIA, ali i na VMR, procenjivanu kroz indeks zadržavanja daha (Breath Holding Index, BHI) ipsilateralno i kontralateralno u odnosu na karotidnu stenozu. Analizirana je povezanost stepena karotidne stenoze sa vrednostima BHI preoperativno, povezanost BHI sa težinom kliničke slike, uticaj kolateralnog krvotoka na VMR, distribucija BHI u pojedinim tipovima IMU i TIA kao i komparacija BHI u pre i u postoperativnom periodu od 30 i 90 dana. Na osnovu sprovedenog istraživanja, do&scaron;lo se do zaključaka da je redukovana VMR preoperativna karakteristika karotidne stenoze ipsilateralno kao i karakteristika različitih tipova IMU i TIA ipsilateralno; postoji negativna korela ija izmeĐu stepena karotidne stenoze i BHI vrednosti. Nije potvrđena hipoteza da veći roj razvijenih kolateralnih puteva uslovljava očuvanu VMR; utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između BHI vrednosti u preoperativnom i postoperativnom periodu; redukovana VMR ima negativan uticaj na težinu kliničke slike. Prepoznavanje vrednosti TCD apnea testa, koji se može koristiti kao komplementarna metoda drugim vazoaktivnim testovima u praćenju karotidne hemodinamike, od posebne je važnosti neurologu i vaskularnom hirurgu. Time bi se doprinelo daljoj evaluaciji mehanizma nastanka IMU, planiranju terapijskog pristupa i determinisanju prognoze operisanih bolesnika. Činjenica da većina neurolo&scaron;kih odeljenja poseduje TCD aparat, apnea test postaje dostupan svakom neurologu u kliničkom radu, posebno u na&scaron;im uslovima, kada se do drugih drugih, skupljih metoda, te&scaron;ko stiže ili nam ostaju nedostižne.</p> / <p>TCD apnea test, as a noninvasive and safe neuroultrasonographic method, provides useful information about vasomotor reactivity (VMR) in the indirect evaluation of cerebral autoregulation. Vasomotor reactivity is the ability of cerebral arterioles to constrict or to dilate in response to a vasoactive stimulus, mainly carbon dioxide. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate and analyze changes in carotid hemodynamics in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and symptomatic carotid stenosis in the preoperative and three-month postoperative period as well as the assessment of revascularisation effect of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The study included 60 hospitalized patients who experienced a first ischemic stroke or TIA in the vasularisation area of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA), all with carotid stenosis &ge;70% ACI. Patients were hospitalized at the Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and the Department of Vascular Surgery in Novi Sad. Considering clinical manifestations of stroke, the patients were divided into three groups: patients with TIA and amaurosis fugax, with partial infarction in area ACA or ACM and with lacunar infarct. The study analyzed the impact of variabile and unvariable vascular risk factors on the incidence of ischemic stroke and TIA, but also on VMR, evaluated through Breath Holding Index (Breath Holding Index, BHI) on the ipsilateral and contralateral side from carotid stenosis. We analysed the correlation between the degree of carotid stenosis with preoperative values of BHI, BHI correlation to the severity of clinical findings, the impact of collateral circulation to the VMR, distribution of BHI in certain types of ischemic stroke and TIA as well as comparison of BHI in the pre and postoperative period of 30 and 90 days. On the basis of this research came the conclusion that reduced VMR is characteristic of ipsilateral carotid stenosis in preoperative period as well as number of developed collateral characteristics of different types of ipsilateral ischemic stroke and TIA; there is a negative correlation between the degree of carotid stenosis and BHI values. The hypothesis that the greater pathways causes preservation of VMR was not confirmed, while the positive correlation between BHI values in the preoperative and postoperative period was established. Reduced VMR has a negative impact on the degree of clinical picture severity. Recognizing the importance of TCD apnea test method, that can be used as a complementary method to other vasoactive tests in monitoring of carotid hemodynamics, is of special importance to the neurologists and vascular surgeons. This would contribute to the further evaluation of mechanism of ischemic stroke, planning of therapeutic approach and determining the prognosis of treated patients. The fact that most of neurological department has TCD device, apnea test becomes available to every neurologist in clinical work, specially in our conditions, when other methods remain unattainable.</p>

<p>Uvod: Karcinom jajnika predstavlja značajan zdravstveni problem.Karakteri&scaron;e ga najveća smrtnost od svih ginekolo&scaron;kih maligniteta. Najveći broj slučajeva karcinoma jajnika dijagostikuje se u uznapredovalim stadijumima bolesti (FIGO st. III i IV), kod kojih petogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje iznosi ispod 30%, dok se svega 25% slučajeva otkrije u prvom stadijumu gde petogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje iznosi preko 90%. Do danas nije otkrivena dijagnostička metoda za rano otkrivanje početnog karcinoma jajnika u op&scaron;toj populaciji koja je dovoljno osetljiva i specifična da bi se koristila kao &bdquo;screening&ldquo; metoda. Uspeh u lečenju karcinoma jajnika direktno zavisi od rano postavljene dijagnoze. Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi značaj tumorskih markera Ca125, HE4, Roma indexa, konvencionalne i dopler transvaginalne sonografije u dijagnostici karcinoma jajnika. Metodologija: Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao prospektivna klinička studija, na Klinici za ginekologiju i aku&scaron;erstvo u Novom Sadu. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 238 pacijenktinja sa adneksalnim tumorom za operativno lečenje. Preoperativno svim pacijentkinjama je uzeta detaljna anamneza, urađen konvencionalni i dopler transvaginalni ultrazvučni pregled i uzeta krv za određivanje tumorskih markera CA125, HE4, Roma indexa. U zavisnosti od definitivnog patohistolo&scaron;kog nalaza pacijentkinje su podeljene u dve grupe. Grupu A ili ispitivanu grupu su činile ispitanice sa karcinomom i border line tumorima,a grupu B ili kontrolnu grupu,pacijentkinje sa benignim tumorima jajnika. Rezultati: Prosečna starost pacijentkinja je 53 godine. U ukupnom ispitivanom uzorku bilo je statistički značajno vi&scaron;e pacijentkinja u premenopauzi(59,2%) u odnosu na postmenopauzalne pacijentkinje. U ispitivanoj grupi najče&scaron;će zastupljen patohistolo&scaron;ki tip karcinoma je high-grade serozni cistadenokarcinom. Kod najvećeg broja pacijentkinja(49,4%) karcinom je dijagnostikovan u I stadijumu bolesti. U diferencijaciji karcinoma jajnika i benignih tumora jajnika, AUC vrednosti za HE4,Ca125 i Roma index su 0.933, 0.831 i 0.932. Senzitivnost HE4,Ca125,Roma indexa iznosi 0.797/ 0.734 / 0.823. Specifičnost HE4,Ca125, Roma indexa je 0.881 / 0.838 / 0.774. Senzitivnost konvencionalne i dopler transvaginalne sonografije je 0,937/ 0,750, a specifičnost je 0,736/ 0,931 respektivno.Kod pacijentkinja sa endometriozom, vrednost tumorskog markera HE4 je povi&scaron;ena samo kod 6% pacijentkinja, za razliku od vrednosti Ca125 koje su povi&scaron;ene kod 76% pacijentkinja sa endometriozom. Zaključak: Najsnažniji prediktori u diferencijaciji karcinoma od benignih tumora jajnika su: tumorski marker HE4, Roma index, indeks otpora protoku krvi kroz tumorsko tkivo (RI), neravan unutra&scaron;nji zid tumora i ekrescencije unutar tumora. Najbolju senzitivnost u detekciji karcinoma jajnika pokazala je konvencionalna transvaginalna sonografija u odnosu na druge dve ispitivane metode, dok najbolju specifičnost u odvajanju benignih tumora od karcinoma jajnika pokazuje dopler transvaginalna sonografija.</p> / <p>Background: Ovarian cancer represents very important world health issue. It is characterized by the highest mortality rate of all gynecological malignancies. The majority of ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed in advanced stages (FIGO III and IV) in which 5 year survival rate is less than 30%, and only 25% of cases are diagnosed in stage I with survival rate of 90%. So far no diagnostic method has been discovered that is specific and accurate enough to diagnose ovarian cancer in early stage in general population, so that it can be used as screening method. Success rate of treatment of ovarian cancer is dependent on the stage in which the diagnosis has been made. Objective: to determine the importance of tumor markers CA 125, HE4, Roma index, conventional and Doppler transvaginal ultrasound in diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Method: Research was undertaken as prospective study at Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad. The analysis included 238 women with adnexal tumors indicated for surgery. Preoperatively detailed medical history, blood analysis (CA125,HE4,ROMA index), conventional and Doppler transvaginal ultrasound were done for all patients. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their definite pathohistological finding. Group A included patients with carcinoma and border line tumors. Group B (control group) included patients with benign ovarian tumors. Results: Average age of patient was 53 years. More patients were premenopausal (59.2%). The most frequent pathohistological type of carcinoma was high grade serous cystadenocarcinoma. In most cases diagnosis was made in stage I (49.4%). In differentiation between ovarian carcinoma and benign ovarian tumors AUC for HE4, Ca125and Roma index were 0.933,0.831,0.932. Sensitivity of HE4,Ca125 and Roma index is 0.797,0.734,0.832. Specificity of HE4,Ca125 and Roma index is 0.881,0.838,0.774. Sensitivity of conventional and transvaginal ultrasound is 0.937, 0.750, and specificity is 0.736 and 0.931 respectively. In patients with endometriosis tumor marker HE4 levels were elevated in only 6% of cases, while Ca125 levels were elevated in 76% of cases. Conclusion: The most important predictors in carcinoma/benign tumor differentiation are tumor markers HE4, Roma index, RI, uneven inner walls of tumor and ekrescency inside tumor. The highest sensitivity in ovarian cancer detection showed conventional transvaginal ultrasound when compared to two other used methods. The highest specificity in carcinoma/bening tumor differentiation showed doppler transvaginal ultrasound.</p>

O adenocarcinoma prostático (CaP) é o tumor que ocupa a segunda posição em incidência e em mortalidade dentre as neoplasias malignas masculinas, tendo aumentado a detecção de tumores em estágios precoces da sua história natural nas últimas décadas, frequentemente pequenos e pouco agressivos. A definição clínica mais aceita de tumor de baixo risco foi proposta por DAmico e consiste em PSA 10 ng/ml, Gleason 6 e não ser palpável ou não acometer mais de um lobo prostático no toque retal. A localização do tumor na próstata, bem como o seu estadiamento local através da detecção de extensão extracapsular (EEC) e/ou invasão de vesículas seminais (IVS) têm importância fundamental na opção e adequação terapêuticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ultrassonografia transretal (USTR), a ultrassonografia com Doppler de amplitude (USDA), a ressonância magnética (RM), a espectroscopia de prótons por RM (RMS) e a RM dinâmica com contraste endovenoso (RMD) na localização tumoral e estadiamento local do CaP de baixo risco, em comparação com resultados anatomopatológicos. Este foi um estudo prospectivo realizado entre os anos de 2005 e 2009, que avaliou 35 pacientes por RM, RMS e RMD, dos quais 26 foram também submetidos a USTR e USDA. Após a prostatectomia radical, 16 (45,7%) destes pacientes apresentaram doença confinada à próstata, em 11 (31,4%) detectou-se margem cirúrgica positiva e 8 (28,9%) exibiram doença extraprostática. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo (VPP e VPN) e acurácia na localização do CaP foram de 53,1%; 48,3%; 63,4%; 37,8% e 51,3% para USTR; 70,4%; 36,2%; 65,1%; 42,0% e 57,7% para USDA; 71,5%; 58,9%; 76,6%; 52,4% e 67,1% para RM; 70,4%; 58,7%; 78,4%; 48,2% e 66,7% para RMS; 67,2%; 65,7%; 79,3%; 50.6% e 66,7% para RMD, respectivamente. Sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e acurácia na detecção de EEC foram de 33,3%; 92,0%; 14,3%; 97,2% e 89,7% para USTR e 50,0%; 77,6%; 13,7%; 95,6% e 75,7% para RM, respectivamente. Para detecção de IVS esses valores foram de 66,7%; 85,7%; 22,2%; 97,7% e 84,6% para USTR e 40,0%; 83,1%; 15,4%; 94,7% e 80,0% para RM. Embora preliminares, estes resultados sugerem que os métodos avaliados apresentam baixa concordância na localização e estadiamento local do CaP de baixo risco / Prostate cancer is the second most common tumor and cause of deaths among men neoplasms, with increased detection of tumors at earlier stages in its natural history in the recent decades, often of small size and low agressiveness. The most accepted classification for low-risk prostate cancer was proposed by DAmico and is defined as PSA 10 ng/ml, Gleason score 6 and being undetected or limited to one lobe on digital rectal exam. Tumor location within the prostate as well as its local staging, which consists in extracapsular extension (ECE) and seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) detection, are of extreme importance in treatment choice and planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), amplitude Doppler ultrasound (ADUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DMRI) in localizing and locally staging low-risk prostate cancer, in comparison with surgical histopathology. This was a prospective study realized from the year of 2005 to 2009, which evaluated 35 patients by MRI, MRS and DMRI, 26 of whom were also submitted to TRUS and ADUS. After radical prostatectomy, 16 (45.7%) of these patients had pathologically proved organ confined disease, 11 (31.4%) had positive surgical margin and 8 (28.9%) had extraprostatic disease. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) and accuracy values for localizing low risk prostate cancer were: 53.1%, 48.3%, 63.4%, 37.8% and 51.3% for TRUS; 70.4%, 36.2%, 65.1%, 42.0% and 57.7% for ADUS; 71.5%, 58.9%, 76.6%, 52.4% and 67.1% for MRI; 70.4%, 58.7%, 78.4%, 48.2% and 66.7% for MRS; 67.2%, 65.7%, 79.3%, 50.6% and 66.7% for DMRI, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy values for detecting ECE were: 33.3%, 92%, 14.3%, 97.2% and 89.7% for TRUS and 50.0%, 77.6%, 13.7%, 95.6% and 75.7% for MRI, respectively. For detecting SVI, these values were of 66.7%, 85.7%, 22.2%, 97.7% and 84.6% for TRUS and 40.0%, 83.1%, 15.4%, 94.7% and 80.0% for MRI. Although preliminary, our results suggest that imaging modalities have low agreement in localizing and locally staging low-risk prostate cancer