Global amphibian declines have been attributed to numerous and often synergistic causes, such as invasive species, pathogens, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. The effects of these stressors are context dependent and can vary with location, species, and populations. As sensitivity to UV-B has shown inconsistencies across amphibian taxa, it can be expected that variation also occurs between populations of a single species. High elevation populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) face exponentially higher UV-B radiation levels relative to low elevation populations and these levels are predicted to increase in conjunction with continued ozone depletion. We hypothesized that breeding long-toed salamander females at high elevations have modified oviposition behavior to better protect embryos from UV-B induced damage. In addition, we hypothesized that long-toed salamander embryos at high elevation would exhibit elevated photolyase activity, a photo-reactivating enzyme that repairs UV-B radiation-induced damage to DNA. We predicted that this behavioral defense strategy would be employed together with an elevated physiological response as a correlated defense response to increased levels of UV-B radiation in high elevation populations. We surveyed high and low elevation long-toed salamander breeding sites throughout Oregon to quantify oviposition site characteristics and associated UV-B profiles. We simultaneously collected embryos for quantification of photolyase activity in a bacterial transformation assay. We found significant differences in oviposition behavior across elevations, with high elevation breeding females ovipositing in deeper water and using UV-B protective refugia. Oviposition sites at low elevations, however, were most often found in UV-B exposed microhabitats located at the surface of the water. This population difference in oviposition behavior resulted in a standardization of UV-B and temperature conditions for long-toed salamander embryos across elevation. In contrast, we found no population differentiation in photolyase activity between high and low elevation breeding sites. This indicates that behavioral selection for UV-B protected oviposition substrates may either be negating the need for increased photolyase activity in long-toed salamander embryos, or that populations lack the capacity to adapt a heightened physiological response to UV-B at high elevations. Together, these results show how trade-offs in physiology and behavior are a unique adaptation to a significant environmental stressor. Further research into the susceptibility of amphibian species to changing environmental conditions may help to demonstrate the effectiveness of correlated trait responses and plasticity in behavior, and species persistence under changing climate regimes. / Graduation date: 2012

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During the chicken slaughter line, some steps are considered critical, due to the possibility of cross-contamination among carcasses, which directly influence in the shelf-life of the carcasses. New technologies that reduce the microbial counts, leading to an increase of the quality and shelf-life are very welcome. The ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation appears as an alternative, because is a non-thermal method, of low cost and of easy implementation, which has already proved to be lethal to many microorganisms in food surfaces. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the use of doses of UV-C radiation of 5,4 and 9,46 kJ/m2, applied at two temperatures near the slaughter steps (5 and 25 °C), on the physicochemical parameters (color, pH, conjugated dienes content, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fatty acid profile) and microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic, yeasts and molds) of chicken drumsticks. The analyses were performed immediately after the doses were applied (zero day) and every 3 days, during 12 days of storage at 5 °C, but the fatty acid profile was analyzed after the doses were applied, and on sixth and twelfth days. The number of colonies of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria had significant reductions (p < 0,05) on the third, sixth and ninth days of storage, at both temperatures of application and after the doses were applied (zero day) for the application at 25 °C. Regarding the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, application of UV-C radiation at 5 °C, provided shelf-life of carcasses of 9 days of storage, whereas at 25 °C, the shelf-life was 6 days. The number of colonies of psychrotrophic bacteria had significant decreases (p < 0,05) in all days of storage when applied the dose of 9,46 kJ/m2 at 5 °C, and only on the third and on the twelfth days when applied at 25 °C. At the sixth day, the number of colonies of psychrotrophic bacteria was characteristic of deterioration, regardless the treatment applied. The molds and yeasts were not affected by UV-C radiation. Generally, in a same temperature of application, the UV-C radiation doses didn t cause significant changes (p > 0,05) compared to the samples from the control group (without irradiation) in any of the physicochemical parameters, independent of the day of storage. The application of UV-C radiation at 25 °C compared to 5 °C, promoted higher formation of conjugated dienes and lower amount of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the UV-C radiation could be applied in industry after the step of cooling carcass (at 5 °C) due to the non-acceleration of initiation of lipid oxidation, the non-diminishing of essential fatty acids and being effective on the reduction of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria. / Durante a linha de abate de frangos, algumas etapas são consideradas críticas, devido à possibilidade de contaminação cruzada entre as carcaças, o que influencia diretamente na vida útil das mesmas. Novas tecnologias que venham a reduzir as contagens microbianas, levando ao aumento da qualidade e vida útil das carcaças são muito bem-vindas. A radiação ultravioleta-C (UV-C) aparece como uma alternativa, pois é um método não térmico, de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação, que já se mostrou letal para vários micro-organismos em superfícies de alimentos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de doses de radiação UV-C de 5,4 e 9,46 kJ/m2, aplicadas em duas temperaturas próximas as de etapas do abate (5 e 25 °C), sobre os parâmetros físico-químicos (cor, pH, teor de dienos conjugados, índice de peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e perfil de ácidos graxos) e microbiológicos (bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais, psicrotróficas e bolores e leveduras) em sobrecoxas de frangos. As análises foram realizadas logo depois de aplicadas as doses (zero dia) e de 3 em 3 dias, durante 12 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C, sendo que o perfil de ácidos graxos foi analisado logo depois de aplicadas as doses e no 6º e 12º dias. O número de colônias das bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais teve reduções significativas (p < 0,05) no 3º, 6º e 9º dias de armazenamento, em ambas as temperaturas de aplicação e logo depois de aplicadas as doses (zero dia) para a aplicação a 25 °C. Em relação às bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais, a aplicação da radiação UV-C a 5 °C proporcionou tempo de vida útil das carcaças de 9 dias de armazenamento, enquanto que na aplicação a 25 °C, o tempo de vida útil foi de 6 dias. O número de colônias de bactérias psicrotróficas teve reduções significativas (p < 0,05) em todos os dias de armazenamento quando aplicada a dose de 9,46 kJ/m2 a 5 °C, e somente no 3° e 12° dias, quando aplicada a 25 °C. A partir do 6° dia de armazenamento, o número de colônias de bactérias psicrotróficas foi característico de deterioração, independente do tratamento aplicado. Os bolores e leveduras não foram afetados pela radiação UV-C. De maneira geral, em uma mesma temperatura de aplicação, as doses de radiação UV-C não causaram modificações significativas (p > 0,05) em relação às amostras pertencentes ao grupo controle (sem irradiação) em nenhum dos parâmetros físico-químicos, independente do dia de armazenamento. A aplicação da radiação UV-C a 25 °C em relação a 5 °C, promoveu maior formação de dienos conjugados e um menor teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-6 e ômega-3. Dessa forma, a radiação UV-C poderia ser aplicada na indústria após a etapa de resfriamento das carcaças (a 5 °C), devido a não acelerar o início da oxidação lipídica, não diminuir os teores dos ácidos graxos essenciais, e sim apresentar eficiência na redução de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas.