This Master's degree thesis addresses the issue of "The custody of underage children and the right to be in contact with them." The main attention is paid to the Czech legal instruments concerning the protection of underage children whose parents are getting divorced or do not live together. The thesis deals with the historical Czech legal development as well as the relevant legislation in force, different types of post-divorce care of children, their contact with both parents and other family members. A special emphasis is placed on the established practice of courts as well as relevant key judgments of the Czech Supreme Court and the Czech Constitutional Court. In comparison to the Czech legislation is described also the Slovak divorce regulation. Furthermore, relevant alterations introduced by the new Civil Code coming into effect on 1 January 2014 are considered. Due to the personal and emotional nature of family law relationships, the thesis discusses also the psychological impact of divorce on children and their parent's behavior. These are important especially for judges, social workers, mediators and family law lawyers. The thesis is composed of the following eight chapters: Introduction; Dissolution of Marriage; Award of Custody of Children; Contact with Children; Slovak legal regulation of...

This Master's degree thesis addresses the issue of the decision making process about settlement of the relationship between parents and their underage children after their divorce or separation. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse current regulation of this field in the Czech Republic and evaluate changes brought about by new Civil Code Act No. 89/2012 Coll., which is coming into force on 1st January 2014. The thesis is composed of nine chapters. The chapter one starts with a description of the historical development of family law since the Austrian Civil Code of 1811 up to now with emphasis on situation of the minor child after parental divorce or separation. Its second part deals with new Civil code which includes the family law and government bill of civil procedure code with procedure concern the minor child. Chapter Two focuses on minor child and legal instruments concerning his protection when parents are getting divorce or do not live together. The chapter consists of three parts. Part one describes who are parents and who is child in the Czech civil law. Part two refers to the role of the court in protection of child's best interests. The third part seek to draw attention to participatory rights of the child. The following chapter, divided into four section, looks at the procedure in...

Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Refer to the document

The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the public relations elements of Mothers Against Drunk Driving’s campaign to prevent underage drinking. The focus will be Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and its current communication strategies and possible future initiatives. An analysis of underage drinking in the United States provides the necessary background for MADD’s change in its prior mission statement and goals. The public relations strategies of MADD will be analyzed through the characteristics of organizational excellence, models of public relations and focus principally on the factors for self-directed change. After discussing the basic foundations of MADD’s current campaign, an analysis of underage drinking on college campuses explains the need for a separate campaign for the college community. The results of MADD’s public relations and campaign will be discussed in closing. / text

FILIPOVÁ, P. Abortion for underage people ? ethical context. České Budějovice, 2013. A diploma thesis written under Faculty of Health and Social Studies, the thesis advisor Mgr. et Mgr. Ondřej Doskočil, Th.D. The diploma thesis tries to describe the issue of abortion for underage applicants and related context. This sensitive issue is regulated by the Law no 66/1986, of abortion. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The first part deals with contemporary condition of abortion for underage people in general context. The following topics are analysed in the next step: historical context of abortion in the Czech Republic, relation of abortion and medicine, justificatory reasons of abortion and ethical context of this sensitive issue. Methods of abortion are described in the following section. One of the most crucial chapters is the consent and the steps which are taken in connection with underage patients. In the research part of the thesis, the strategy of qualitative research was used, which was performed by the method of interrogation. The semistructured interview was chosen as a technique for the interrogation. The research file consisted of 5 male and 3 female doctors from gynaecological surgeries and from the women department of hospitals from different parts of the Czech Republic. The aim of the diploma thesis was to describe the recent situation of providing consent about performing abortion of underage applicants for this medical intervention; to find out and describe how male and female doctors of gynaecological surgeries and women departments of hospitals deals with the whole abortion of underage people issue as professionals but also personally. The last of the generated aims was to point out ethical context connected with the issue on the basis of new-found information. In order to reach the aims mentioned above, we used a set of questions which were focused on the abortion for underage applicants procedure and on the issue of the consent about performing this medical intervention. In the discussion chapter, the answers from the interviews are summarized and those answers are compared with available literature and they are supported with arguments. In the end, thesis which can serve as hypothesis for possible quantitative research were defined. From the research, it came out that questioned male and female doctors prefer legal aspect of medical care when deciding at the expense of ethical aspects and they also notice a conflict between legal adjustment of abortion for underage people and legal adjustment of other medical interventions connected with this age group. It also came out that laws should origin from the deep conviction of the whole society because nobody cannot be sure how he or she would act in this situation. Interviewees emphasise that an underage girl should learn how to act with responsibility. If she feels mature enough for sexual life, she should also bear all the consequences of her decision. The thesis also refers to the question of the genesis of life as modern biology proves uniqueness of an individual from the moment of conception. Outcomes of the research could be used for description of the whole situation connected with abortion for underage people, for discovering this issue and extension of laymen and professional community awareness. The research could be also useful for helping professions.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett vanligt folkhälsoproblem i Sverige. Psykisk sjukdom innebär inte bara lidande för patienten utan även för dess anhöriga, och särskilt för patientens minderåriga barn. Det kan vara svårt att kombinera psykisk sjukdom och föräldraskap då det minderåriga barnets grundläggande behov riskerar att försummas. Detta kan skapa en ohälsa och ett onödigt lidande som finns kvar hos individen även i vuxen ålder enligt stress- sårbarhetsmodellen. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att även se till patientens familjemedlemmars hälsa. Syfte: Att få kunskap om vuxna barns upplevelser av att ha haft en förälder med psykisk sjukdom under sin uppväxt samt hur de upplevt och upplever hälsa. Metod: Litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs metod. Denna litteraturöversikt innehåller tio studier som är hämtade från Cinahl Complete, Medline with full text och Pubmed. Abstrakt lästes med helikopterperspektiv och både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier valdes av relevans för studiens syfte. Författarna diskuterade likheter och skillnader i studiernas resultat. Teman och subteman definierades. Resultat: Tre teman definierades; upplevelser av ombytta roller, känslomässiga upplevelser samt upplevd hälsa som vuxen. Diskussion: Studiernas tre mest utmärkande resultat diskuteras i relation till Travelbees omvårdnadsteori om mellanmänskliga relationer, vad information till det minderåriga barnet har för betydelse och hur man kan arbeta preventivt för att främja upplevelsen av hälsa hos barn med en psykiskt sjuk förälder. / Background: Mental illness is a common health problem in Sweden, and may not only cause patient suffering, but also his or the patient`s family, particularly under aged children. Parents with mental illness may neglect or be less attentive to the children`s basic needs, and according to the stress-vulnerable model this may cause poor health under unnecessary life-long suffering for the child. It is the nurse`s responsibility to also ensure the patient`s family members´ health. Aim: To gain knowledge of adult children’s experiences of having a parent with mental illness during his or her childhood, as well as how they experience their own health. Method: Literature review by Friberg´s method. This literature review includes ten studies, which are taken from Cinahl complete, Medline with full text and Pubmed. Abstract was read by helicopter perspective and both qualitative and quantitative studies were selected. The authors discussed the similarities and differences in the results of the studies. Themes and subthemes were defined. Results: Three themes were defined; experiences of role change, the emotional experiences and experiences of health of an adult. Discussion: The three most characteristic themes of the study are discussed in relation to Travelbee's nursing theory of interpersonal relationships, the importance of information given to the underaged child, and how to work preventive in order to promote the experience of health in children with mentally ill parents.

Despite the minimum legal drinking age of 21, many underage persons regularly purchase alcohol from licensed alcohol establishments. The purpose of this study was to determine the establishment, geographic, and community economic and demographic characteristics that are associated with illegal sales of alcohol to underage persons in Georgia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors that were associated with illegal sales of alcohol to underage persons of Georgia. Statistical adjustments were made for ownership type (e.g., corporate owned), region (e.g., southeast Georgia, metro-Atlanta), rural vs. urban area, and many community economic and demographic variables (e.g., unemployment rate, minority populations). Overall, underage subjects attempted to purchase alcohol in 2949 off-premise establishments from July of 2007 to June of 2008. Compared to corporate-owned establishments, institutions not owned by corporations were associated with increased odds of alcohol sale to underage persons, adjusting for other independent variables. Establishments that are located in counties with a high density of alcohol outlets were much more likely to sell alcohol to underage persons. To reduce underage drinking in Georgia, beverage law enforcement should increase monitoring of non-corporate owned establishments and areas with a high density of alcohol outlets. Overall, responsible beverage service training of both corporate and non-corporate employees may help in reducing alcohol sales to underage persons in Georgia.

Introduction: Adolescents in the United States use alcohol more than any other substance, including tobacco and marijuana. Continuing alcohol misuse has numerous adverse health effects and is linked to liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological damage. Furthermore, alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for unsafe sexual behaviors, unintentional injuries, physical and sexual assaults, various types of illegal activities, and suicide (USDHHS, 2007). Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the individual social indicators from 4 categories that have been identified within the literature as being particularly associated with alcohol consumption in general, and underage alcohol consumption in particular. The categories used were: drinking consequences, urbanicity, poverty, and alcohol outlet density. The social indicators in these categories will be compared in the 10 most-at-risk counties (MAR) and the 10 least-at-risk counties (LAR), and the 20 MAR counties and the 20 LAR counties, as they relate to underage alcohol consumption. Methods: The counties were identified in and data was obtained from Governor’s Cooperative Agreement State Incentive Planning and Development Grant: Social Indicator Study to Assess Substance Use Prevention Needs at the State and County Levels in Georgia. An independent 2-tailed t-test was conducted to compare the means of groups in both the 10 MAR/LAR counties and the 20 MAR/LAR counties. Results: Significant differences were observed in all of the individual indicators in the poverty and alcohol outlet density categories for both the 10 MAR/LAR counties and the 20 MAR/LAR counties. Discussion: There needs to be a more accurate, specific and efficient methods of data surveillance concerning underage drinking behavior. Further research should focus on urbanicity, poverty, and alcohol outlet density as they relate to underage alcohol consumption. There were differences observed between the MAR and LAR counties in all of the poverty alcohol outlet density indicators, and researchers and policy makers should pay special attention to these two areas when designing further research and prevention policies.

Research has consistently demonstrated a negative association between religiosity and college students’ alcohol consumption. However, few studies have explored the unique roles religious beliefs and behaviors might play in this relationship. Using 283 underage college students, we investigated the influence of internal and external factors on drinking behaviors for students with differing combinations of religious beliefs and religious behaviors. Tests of mediation and mediated-moderation were used to help explain the unique influences beliefs and behaviors have on alcohol consumption. Results indicated that religious beliefs only functioned as a protective-factor against underage drinking when accompanied by religious behaviors; students with high religious beliefs but low religious behaviors exhibited the highest rates of alcohol consumption. Positive affect experienced during alcohol consumption mediated the relationship between religious beliefs and alcohol consumption. Drinking norms and social availability of alcohol mediated the association between religious behaviors and alcohol consumption. Both positive affect and negative affect were found to partially mediate the interaction between religious beliefs and behaviors on student alcohol consumption. Findings from this study may aid in the formulation of a more comprehensive model for the relationship between religiosity and alcohol consumption in young college students.

Underage drinking is a serious problem worldwide. In the case of Peru, 50% of those who have ever used alcohol started doing so before the age of 13, and 90% before 16. In this study, we examine the correlations of frequency and intensity of underage drinking in Peru. We find that individual characteristics (smoking and carrying guns), exposure to traumatic events (sexual abuse and domestic violence), peer effects, and access to information are significantly correlated with drinking. This highlights the importance of addressing the problem in a comprehensive manner that includes students, parents, schools, and the government, especially considering that policies targeted at adolescents may have multiplier effects. / El consumo de alcohol por menores de edad es un problema grave que afecta a todo el mundo. En el Perú, 50% de aquellos que consumieron alcohol alguna vez comenzó antes de los 13 años; y el 90%, antes de los 16. Examinamos las variables correlacionadas con la frecuencia e intensidad de consumo de menores de edad en el Perú. Encontramos que las características individuales (fumar y portar armas), la exposición a eventos traumáticos (como abuso sexual y violencia doméstica), los efectos de pares, y el acceso a la información, se correlacionaron significativamente con dichas decisiones. Este resultado subraya la importancia de abordar el problema de manera integral, incluyendo a los estudiantes escolares, los padres, las escuelas y el gobierno; en especial, si consideramos que las políticas dirigidas a los adolescentes pueden tener efectos multiplicadores.