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Introduktion/bakgrund: Barn kan drabbas av olika sjukdomstillstånd vilket påverkar såväl deras allmänna hälsa som orala hälsa. Diabetes typ 1 är ett sjukdomstillstånd som kräver vård av god kvalitet. Alla barn är olika och personcentrerad vård som teoretisk bas kan bidra till att sätta det unika barnets behov i centrum. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva riskfaktorer för orala sjukdomar hos barn med diabetes typ 1. Metod: En litteraturstudie utfördes genom att systematiskt utföra sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Kvalitetsgranskning med granskningsmallar från SBU utfördes i urvalsprocessen. Av totalt 766 antal artiklar inkluderades 11 artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet baseras på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar från 9 länder och redovisas med följande underrubriker; ”Oral sjukdom och okontrollerad diabetes”, ”Oral egenvård” och ”Omgivande faktorer”. Resultatet visade att kost och okontrollerad diabetes, dålig oral egenvård och bristande samhälleliga skyddsfaktorer är riskfaktorer för orala sjukdomar hos barn med diabetes typ 1. Slutsats: Denna litteraturstudie visar att det finns flera riskfaktorer för orala sjukdomar hos barn med diabetes typ 1, både på samhällelig och individuell nivå. Samhället kan bidra till ökade resurser för att öka samverkan mellan de aktuella barnen, vårdnadshavare och hälso- sjukvård, socialtjänst, tandvård och skola. På individnivå behöver vårdprocesser vara förankrade i personcentrerad vård. / Introduction/background: Children can suffer from various medical conditions which affect both their general health and oral health. Diabetes type 1 is a medical condition that requires good quality of care. All children are different and person-centred care as theoretical foundation can contribute to put every child's needs in focus. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe risk factors for oral diseases in children with type 1 diabetes. Method: A literature study was performed by systematically searching the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Quality review with review templates from SBU were performed in the process. Out of a total of 766 articles, 11 articles were included. Results: The result is based on 11 scientific articles from 9 countries and is reported with the following subheadings; "Oral disease and uncontrolled diabetes", "Oral self-care" and "Ambient factors". The results showed that diet and uncontrolled diabetes, bad oral self- care and lack of societal preventive factors are risk factors for oral diseases. Conclusion: This literature study shows that there are many risk factors for oral diseases in children with type 1 diabetes, at both societal and individual levels. Society can contribute to increased resources to increase professional collaboration between the children, caregivers and health care, social services, dental care and school in order to offer person-centered care.

Les enfants constituent la valeur primordiale dans les mécanismes de reproduction de la société. C’est pourquoi les groupes ont cherché à s’emparer du «choix» des acteurs sociaux avant qu’ils n’accèdent à la capacité de décision. Pourtant du fait de la progression de la subjectivation et des droits individuels, les mariages d’enfants constituent de plus en plus un problème social dans les mondes sociaux à la fois traditionnels et modernes, notamment en Turquie. L’objectif de cette thèse a pour objet d’apporter un regard critique mais compréhensif sur les mariages d’enfants de sexe féminin en Turquie, d’en comprendre les causes et conséquences et de révéler les expériences des femmes s’étant mariées avant l’âge mineur (18 ans) et de voir comment elles perçoivent la question du mariage d’enfants. Deuxièmement, nous avons cherché à analyser les articles parus à ce propos, dans la presse écrite turque et les messages Twitter afin de constater comment les médias choisissent de refléter ce problème et de comprendre si le discours adopté au cours de ces articles de presse et messages Twitter correspondent au discours adopté par les femmes en question. La thèse mobilise deux types de sources : un travail sur le terrain et une analyse d’un corpus de journaux. Dans une première étape, des entretiens face-à-face, semi-structurés ont été réalisés avec des femmes s’étant mariées avant l’âge de 18 ans. Dans une seconde étape, des articles parus dans la presse écrite et les messages sur Twitter ont été étudiés. Finalement, les données obtenues lors de ces deux recherches ont été comparées. Cette thèse, inspirée par la théorie du féministe est composée de cinq chapitres principaux qui déclinent une démonstration révélant la complexité d’un phénomène où les acteurs sociaux dévoilent une multiplicité de représentations et de trajectoires. / Children are the most important value and future of a society. However, today, one of the important societal problems in Turkey as well as in the problem of marriage of underage girls. The aim of this thesis is firstly to look critically at the marriages of underage girls in Turkey to find out its reasons and results and reveal the experiences of women who married before age of 18 and how these women perceive the child marriage problem. Secondly, it is aimed to analyze related news in Turkish print media and across Twitter posts and to find out how the media reflects this problem and if these news reports and Twitter posts’ discourses correspond to the discourses of the women in question. The thesis consists of two types of field research. In the first stage of the research, a face-to-face, semi-structured interview is conducted with the women who married before their age of 18. In the second research, related news reports in Turkish print media and posts on Twitter are examined. Finally, the findings of two types of research are compared. This thesis, which is based on feminist framework theoretically, consists of five main chapters. In this study, the relation between the way that these underage married women identified themselves and statements of media are investigated. In this regard, the study aims to make a contribution to the literature in terms of discussing the problem from the sociological perspective and it is hoped to make contribution to the solution of the problem to decrease the number of underage married girls in Turkey.

Underage drinking is common among Swedish adolescents and is related to problems for individuals, families, and society. From a public health perspective, it is of great importance that knowledge be gained about alcohol prevention. The overall aim of this thesis is, within the context of a national support program for NGOs, to study parents, a parental support program, and adolescents with regard to preventing underage drinking.  The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) has a government commission to distribute funds to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for alcohol and drug prevention efforts. Study I of the thesis describes and analyses this program with a special emphasis on research and development for an evidence-based practice. It is a research strategy case study with 135 projects and 14 embedded in-depth studies. The results reveal that this program to support NGOs has been successful in engaging a wide range of NGOs in prevention efforts. A trustful partnership between practitioners, national agencies, and researchers has also been developed, which has improved the quality and results of the different projects. Studies II, III, IV, and V all used data from a longitudinal questionnaire study with parents and adolescents within one of the 14 in-depth studies: the study of IOGT-NTO’s parental program Strong and Clear. Additional data, such as telephone interviews and other parental questionnaires, are also used.  Study II aims to analyse the significance of socio-demographic factors for parental attitudes and behaviour regarding adolescent alcohol consumption to see if any group of parents is especially important for intervention efforts. The results showed that fathers were more likely than mothers to have non-restrictive attitudes towards underage drinking and to have children who had drunk or tasted alcohol at home. Study III examines reasons for non-participation in the program. Parents with a low educational level were found more likely to be non-participants than highly educated parents. When parents stated their reasons for non-participation it emerged that they did not perceive a need for the intervention and that there were practical obstacles to their participation. Study IV is an effect study of Strong and Clear and showed that the program contributed to maintaining parents’ restrictive attitude toward underage drinking, postponing alcohol debut, and preventing drunkenness among the adolescents. Study V, only presented in the thesis, examined parents’ perceptions about Strong and Clear. Parents primarily thought it had led to their speaking more often about alcohol with their children, and had been a help in this conversation. Many also stated that the program had influenced their ability to set limits for their children. The school and IOGT-NTO were considered as suitable providers of Strong and Clear. This thesis showed that a national support program for NGOs including research and development contributes to a more evidence-based public health practice.

Under the atmosphere of civilization and knowledge, wealthy women from Sergipe Del Rey Captaincy didn´t live recluse. After their husbands deaths, they took charge of the responsibilities and got involved with tasks related to the men´s world and, therefore, surrounded by a hale of a patriarchal power, acted out activities that were beyond their houses. Therefore, they administrated mills, stills, sites, plantations, commanded slaves and traded goods. Some of those women had someone else signing for them, others wrote down their own names on their husbands inventories and some others were the tutors of their own children, considered orphans, who were under twenty five years old. Under the 18th Law, the female tutors raised and educated their children, underage orphans, with love and care. This way, the woman guaranteed a family heritage and the Portuguese Crown, together with Justice, put all sergipanos under the new modern nation project. Consequently, all (family and the power of the Portuguese Crown) were on the same wavelength to keep up with this new established order. In Sergipe Del Rey there were four elementary school models, that went on in the 18th century, from 1575 to 1799, period in which the documents that based this research were analyzed. The first model was called indoctrination or instruction through spoken language , taught by the Franciscan and Carmelites to the Indian and sergipanos settlers´ children. The second one that was found was the women´s enclosure , in 1743, that was one of the education options given to the women of possessions at that time. These two models were used in the period when the Jesuits were in charge of the education and ruled it. The third model, called primary school classes or primary school teaching worked from the time the Jesuits were expelled in 1759 to 1792. The fourth model highlighted was the teaching to its own gender , indicated to the underage orphan girls, registered from 1752 to 1792. These two last models are related to Pombal s administration and go on until the Marian one. I point out that it was during Pombal s administration that meaningful changes happened in the educational process in the Portuguese kingdom, from 1759 on. Pombal did not break up with the Church established order. He substituted the Jesuits educational action for a new rational dynamic that still respects the Church hierarchy, but subordinates it to the State. Those educational practices went on until the adult life and could be related to school or not and had as their objective to reach especially the ones who were wealthy. / Sob a atmosfera da circulação do saber e da civilização, as mulheres de posses da Capitania de Sergipe Del Rey não viveram reclusas. Com a morte de seus maridos, assumiram o lugar simbólico de pai e se envolveram em tarefas próprias do mundo masculino e, assim, envoltas na aura do poder patriarcal, vivenciaram atividades que estavam além do ambiente doméstico. Desse modo, administraram engenhos, alambiques, sítios, plantações, comandaram escravos e negociaram produtos. Algumas dessas mulheres assinaram a rogo, outras grafaram os seus próprios nomes nos inventários de seus maridos, e algumas delas exerceram a tutoria de seus órfãos menores de vinte e cinco anos de idade. Sob a ordem jurídica setecentista, as tutoras criaram e educaram os seus filhos órfãos menores, com amor e zelo de mãe, na forma da lei. Assim, a mulher garantiu o patrimônio da família e a Coroa Portuguesa, aliada à Justiça, enquadrou todos os sergipanos no novo projeto de nação moderna. Portanto, todos (família e poder da Coroa) estavam afinados para a manutenção dessa nova ordem estabelecida. Em Sergipe Del Rey, existiram quatros modelos de instrução elementar, que vigoraram no século XVIII, no período de 1575 a 1799, o qual abrange a documentação analisada. O primeiro modelo, denominado Doutrinação, Catequese ou Instrução de viva de voz , foi ministrado pelos Franciscanos e Carmelitas para os filhos dos índios e dos colonos sergipanos. O segundo modelo encontrado foi a clausura feminina , em 1743, considerado como uma das opções de educação estabelecida para as mulheres de posses à época. Esses dois modelos inseriram-se no período em que os jesuítas tinham o controle e ditavam as regras da educação. O terceiro modelo, designado aulas de primeiras letras ou ensino de primeiras letras , vigorou a partir da expulsão dos jesuítas, de 1759 a 1792. O quarto modelo evidenciado foi a instrução própria do seu sexo , destinado às órfãs menores, registrado de 1752 a 1792. Esses dois últimos modelos foram implantados no período pombalino e adentraram ao período Mariano. Ressalto que foi no período pombalino que aconteceram modificações significativas no processo educacional de todo o reino português, a partir de 1759. Pombal não rompeu com a ordem eclesial estabelecida. Ele substituiu a ação educativa dos jesuítas por uma nova dinâmica racionalista, que ainda respeitava a hierarquia eclesial, mas a subordinava ao Estado. Essas práticas educativas estendiam-se até a idade adulta e podiam ser escolares, ou não escolares e visavam atingir preferencialmente aqueles indivíduos dotados de posses.

The dissertation thesis "The role of mediation in pre-divorce and post-divorce care in the Czech Republic" is about identification possibilities that the mediation brings to families, husbands and wives, and partners with solving difficult life situations like a divorce or a break up between partners. After it describes the impact of these interpersonal conflicts. Theoretical base of this thesis is: family crisis theory, individualized society theory, theory of gender inequality, but for all concept of harmonizing working and family life and changes on labor market. Main source of information was qualitative research of mediation clients and interviews with experts. In my thesis I analyze causes and consequences of conflicts in a partner life and through mediation I suggest a solution of consequences in the incurred situation, which seems like desired in wide society context.

This thesis captures and describes the stereotypes of teenage and underage mothers regularly represented in British and American reality shows, broadcasted in the United Kingdom. The task of this paper is to explore and define the most frequent stereotypes presented by these TV shows on randomly selected samples. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the phenomenon of teenage and underage mothers in the UK as a result of underclass demonisation, poverty shaming and social stigma in the context of British culture and society. The second part of this thesis applies the theoretical findings and analyses the common stereotypes represented and displayed in particular reality shows broadcasted in the UK using qualitative content analysis.