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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hållbart byggande i urbaniseringens tecken – En studie av det framtida underjordiska byggandet i Sverige / Sustainable construction in the light of urbanization – A study of the future underground space use in Sweden

Karoumi, Maria January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
2

Fire Simulation Cost Reduction for Improved Safety and Response for Underground Spaces

Haghighat, Ali 16 October 2017 (has links)
Over the past century, great strides have been made in the advancement of mine fire knowledge since the 1909 Cherry Mine Fire Disaster, one of the worst in U.S. history. However, fire hazards remain omnipresent in underground coal mines in the U.S. and around the world. A precise fire numerical analysis (simulation) before any fire events can give a broad view of the emergency scenarios, leading to improved emergency response, and better health and safety outcomes. However, the simulation cost of precise large complex dynamical systems such as fire in underground mines makes practical and even theoretical application challenging. This work details a novel methodology to reduce fire and airflow simulation costs in order to make simulation of complex systems around fire and mine ventilation systems viable. This study will examine the development of a Reduced Order Model (ROM) to predict the flow field of an underground mine geometry using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to reduce the airflow simulation cost in a nonlinear model. ROM proves to be an effective tool for approximating several possible solutions near a known solution, resulting in significant time savings over calculating full solutions and suitable for ensemble calculations. In addition, a novel iterative methodology was developed based on the physics of the fluid structure, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of the dynamical system, and the vortex dynamics to determine the interface boundary in multiscale (3D-1D) fire simulations of underground space environments. The proposed methodology was demonstrated to be a useful technique for the determination of near and far fire fields, and could be applied across a broad range of flow simulations and mine geometries. Moreover, this research develops a methodology to analyze the tenable limits in a methane fire event in an underground coal mine for bare-faced miners, mine rescue teams, and fire brigade teams in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. The outcomes of this research are specific to mining although the methods outlined might have broader impacts on the other fields such as tunneling and underground spaces technology, HVAC, and fire protection engineering industries. / Ph. D. / With the rapid advancement of technology, the mine fire knowledge has progressed significantly. Atmospheric monitoring and early sensing of heating has improved; the numerical analysis has been expedited with the usage of supercomputers, and more regulations and standards have been set to increase health and safety of miners. In spite of advancements in these areas, fire hazards remain a critical hazard in underground mines. Developing an emergency plan for the safe escape and for fighting the fire is one of the most important issues during a fire event in underground space environments such as mines. A precise fire numerical analysis (simulation) before any fire events can give a broad view of the emergency situation that leads to improving the health and safety issues in the mining industry. Unfortunately, the precise simulation of the large complex dynamical system such as a fire in underground spaces is costly. This work details a cutting edge approach to reduce the fire and airflow simulation costs in order to make simulation of complex systems around fire and mine ventilation systems viable. The main focus of this proposal is to develop novel methodologies to decrease the time of the fire and airflow simulations. The developed methodologies prove to be useful techniques for the reduction of fire simulation and airflow simulation costs. In addition, this study will examine the development of a comprehensive methodology to analyze the tenable limits in a fire event in an underground coal mine in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. These simulations, applied to training, will result in more efficient evacuations (e.g., the decision to leave can be made quickly and with less delay), as well as safe and effective firefighting under certain situations. The target of this research is specific to mining industry although the methods outlined might have broader impacts on the other fields such as tunneling and underground spaces technology, HVAC, and fire protection engineering industries. Therefore, this research may have an immense contribution on the improvement of health and safety associated with firefighting.
3

Comportamento dependente do tempo de rochas sulfáticas de anidrita e gipso / Time-dependent behavior of sulphatic rocks of the anhydrite and gypsum

Giambastiani, Mauricio 07 June 2005 (has links)
A presente tese tem por objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento do comportamento dependente do tempo das rochas de anidrita e gipso. O maior interesse é fornecer argumentos convincentes sobre os mecanismos físicos responsáveis pelas deformações lentas observadas em algumas escavações subterrâneas realizadas em maciços dessas rochas na Europa, aspecto este que hoje está bastante confuso e escassamente estudado. A hipótese central desta pesquisa é que o comportamento dependente do tempo das rochas de anidrita e gipso deve-se parcial e/ou totalmente às propriedades reológicas (fluência) e não exclusivamente a expansão decorrente da transformação anidrita – gipso como a maioria dos autores sustenta. Este problema será analisado a partir de uma perspectiva experimental através de ensaios específicos. Os ensaios de expansão axial livre em rochas de anidrita permitiram concluir que quando submersas em água destilada, experimentam diminuição de volume por dissolução. Já as amostras de anidrita em contato com solução saturada em 'CA'SO IND.4' mostram uma relação não linear entre deformação axial e o tempo indicando uma taxa de expansão que decresce com o tempo. As taxas de expansão axial variam entre 0,3 e 2,4%/ano. A novidade é que esta expansão se deve à deposição de uma camada contínua formada por neocristais de gipso e não a expansão por hidratação da anidrita como acontece com os argilominerais. O mecanismo de transformação consiste na dissolução da anidrita e posterior precipitação do gipso em condições de sobre-saturação da solução. A transformação mineralógica acontece, na natureza, em condições propícias de temperatura e saturação da solução com íons 'CA POT.2+' e 'SO IND.4'POT.2-'. Propõe-se uma teoria alternativa sobre deformações lentas de maciços sulfáticos baseada na força de cristalização decorrente da deposição de cristais de gipso nas juntas do maciço rochoso. Propõe-se utilizar as formulações termodinâmicas propostas para expansão de concretos por crescimento de etringita e gipso. Os ensaios de fluência uniaxial sob compressão axial constante mostram que ambos os tipos de rochas sulfáticas apresentam comportamentos elasto-visco-plásticos e taxas de deformação axial e lateral da ordem de '10 POT.-12' a '10 POT.-10' 'S POT.-1'. A deflagração da fluência secundária acontece sob tensões de 4 – 6 MPa para gipsitas e de 25 – 40 MPa para anidritas. As análises sobre os possíveis mecanismos de deformação por fluência foram inconsistentes e nenhuma conclusão definitiva foi atingida. Aparentemente a baixas tensões atuariam mecanismos de difusão e dissolução por pressão. A tensões intermediárias dominariam mecanismos de deslocamentos intra e intercristalinos e a altas tensões as rochas deformariam por propagação de microfissuramento. Ensaios de fluência acoplados a sensores de emissão acústica mostram a manifestação de eventos microssísmicos que usualmente se atribuem à propagação de microfraturas mas que podem dever-se a outros mecanismos. Tanto as taxas de expansão axial como de fluência são compatíveis com as taxas de convergência medidas em algumas obras subterrâneas escavadas em maciços sulfáticos, verificando a hipótese central da pesquisa / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute for the knowledge of time-dependent behavior of sulfatic rocks of anhydrite and gypsum. Emphasis is given to provide straightforward arguments about physical mechanisms responsible for creep observed in some underground excavations in those rocks in Europe. Explanation for this phenomena is not clear yet and studies about them are still scarce. The backbone idea behind this research is that the time-dependent behavior of anhydrite and gypsum is totally or at least partially due to rheological properties, and not exclusively due to swelling resulting from the anhydritegypsum transformation. This problem was investigated experimentally with specific tests. Free swelling tests on anhydrite led to the conclusion that when immersed into distilled water, volume decrease due to dissolution is observed. Anhydrite samples in contact with a saturated solution of 'CA'SO IND.4' present a nonlinear relationship between axial strain and time, indicating swelling rate decreasing with time. Axial swelling rates vary between 0,3% and 2,4%/year. The new concept is that this swelling is due to the deposition of a continuous layer of gypsum composed by gypsum neo-crystals, and not due to hydration swelling of anhydrite, a usual with clay minerals. The transformation mechanism consists of anhydrite dissolution and later precipitation of gypsum under over-saturation condition of the solution. The mineralogical transformation takes place in nature under favorable conditions of temperature and solution saturation with 'CA POT.2+' and 'SO IND.4'POT.2-' ions. An alternative theory is proposed about creep of sulfatic rock masses based on crystallization forces resulting from the deposition of gypsum crystals in the rock masses joints. The use of thermodynamic formulations is proposed for concrete swelling due to the growth of ettringite and gypsum. Uniaxial compression creep tests show that both types of sulfatic rocks present elasto-visco-plastic behavior and axial and lateral strain rates of the order of '10 POT.-12' to '10 POT.-10' 'S POT.-1'. Triggering of secondary creep takes places under stresses of the order of 4 – 6 MPa for gypsum and 25 – 40 MPa for anhydrite. The analyses about the possible creep mechanisms were not consistent and no definite conclusion has been reached get. Apparently under low stresses diffusion and pressure dissolution mechanism dominate. Under intermediate stresses, intra- and inter crystalline displacement mechanisms seem to dominate, and under high stresses rock deform due to microcrack propagation. Creep tests monitored with acoustic emission devices show the occurrence of microseismic events attributed to microcrack propagation. Both axial swelling and creep rock are compatible with convergence rocks measured in some underground works excavated in sulfatic rock masses, following the central idea of this thesis
4

Comportamento dependente do tempo de rochas sulfáticas de anidrita e gipso / Time-dependent behavior of sulphatic rocks of the anhydrite and gypsum

Mauricio Giambastiani 07 June 2005 (has links)
A presente tese tem por objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento do comportamento dependente do tempo das rochas de anidrita e gipso. O maior interesse é fornecer argumentos convincentes sobre os mecanismos físicos responsáveis pelas deformações lentas observadas em algumas escavações subterrâneas realizadas em maciços dessas rochas na Europa, aspecto este que hoje está bastante confuso e escassamente estudado. A hipótese central desta pesquisa é que o comportamento dependente do tempo das rochas de anidrita e gipso deve-se parcial e/ou totalmente às propriedades reológicas (fluência) e não exclusivamente a expansão decorrente da transformação anidrita – gipso como a maioria dos autores sustenta. Este problema será analisado a partir de uma perspectiva experimental através de ensaios específicos. Os ensaios de expansão axial livre em rochas de anidrita permitiram concluir que quando submersas em água destilada, experimentam diminuição de volume por dissolução. Já as amostras de anidrita em contato com solução saturada em 'CA'SO IND.4' mostram uma relação não linear entre deformação axial e o tempo indicando uma taxa de expansão que decresce com o tempo. As taxas de expansão axial variam entre 0,3 e 2,4%/ano. A novidade é que esta expansão se deve à deposição de uma camada contínua formada por neocristais de gipso e não a expansão por hidratação da anidrita como acontece com os argilominerais. O mecanismo de transformação consiste na dissolução da anidrita e posterior precipitação do gipso em condições de sobre-saturação da solução. A transformação mineralógica acontece, na natureza, em condições propícias de temperatura e saturação da solução com íons 'CA POT.2+' e 'SO IND.4'POT.2-'. Propõe-se uma teoria alternativa sobre deformações lentas de maciços sulfáticos baseada na força de cristalização decorrente da deposição de cristais de gipso nas juntas do maciço rochoso. Propõe-se utilizar as formulações termodinâmicas propostas para expansão de concretos por crescimento de etringita e gipso. Os ensaios de fluência uniaxial sob compressão axial constante mostram que ambos os tipos de rochas sulfáticas apresentam comportamentos elasto-visco-plásticos e taxas de deformação axial e lateral da ordem de '10 POT.-12' a '10 POT.-10' 'S POT.-1'. A deflagração da fluência secundária acontece sob tensões de 4 – 6 MPa para gipsitas e de 25 – 40 MPa para anidritas. As análises sobre os possíveis mecanismos de deformação por fluência foram inconsistentes e nenhuma conclusão definitiva foi atingida. Aparentemente a baixas tensões atuariam mecanismos de difusão e dissolução por pressão. A tensões intermediárias dominariam mecanismos de deslocamentos intra e intercristalinos e a altas tensões as rochas deformariam por propagação de microfissuramento. Ensaios de fluência acoplados a sensores de emissão acústica mostram a manifestação de eventos microssísmicos que usualmente se atribuem à propagação de microfraturas mas que podem dever-se a outros mecanismos. Tanto as taxas de expansão axial como de fluência são compatíveis com as taxas de convergência medidas em algumas obras subterrâneas escavadas em maciços sulfáticos, verificando a hipótese central da pesquisa / The purpose of this thesis is to contribute for the knowledge of time-dependent behavior of sulfatic rocks of anhydrite and gypsum. Emphasis is given to provide straightforward arguments about physical mechanisms responsible for creep observed in some underground excavations in those rocks in Europe. Explanation for this phenomena is not clear yet and studies about them are still scarce. The backbone idea behind this research is that the time-dependent behavior of anhydrite and gypsum is totally or at least partially due to rheological properties, and not exclusively due to swelling resulting from the anhydritegypsum transformation. This problem was investigated experimentally with specific tests. Free swelling tests on anhydrite led to the conclusion that when immersed into distilled water, volume decrease due to dissolution is observed. Anhydrite samples in contact with a saturated solution of 'CA'SO IND.4' present a nonlinear relationship between axial strain and time, indicating swelling rate decreasing with time. Axial swelling rates vary between 0,3% and 2,4%/year. The new concept is that this swelling is due to the deposition of a continuous layer of gypsum composed by gypsum neo-crystals, and not due to hydration swelling of anhydrite, a usual with clay minerals. The transformation mechanism consists of anhydrite dissolution and later precipitation of gypsum under over-saturation condition of the solution. The mineralogical transformation takes place in nature under favorable conditions of temperature and solution saturation with 'CA POT.2+' and 'SO IND.4'POT.2-' ions. An alternative theory is proposed about creep of sulfatic rock masses based on crystallization forces resulting from the deposition of gypsum crystals in the rock masses joints. The use of thermodynamic formulations is proposed for concrete swelling due to the growth of ettringite and gypsum. Uniaxial compression creep tests show that both types of sulfatic rocks present elasto-visco-plastic behavior and axial and lateral strain rates of the order of '10 POT.-12' to '10 POT.-10' 'S POT.-1'. Triggering of secondary creep takes places under stresses of the order of 4 – 6 MPa for gypsum and 25 – 40 MPa for anhydrite. The analyses about the possible creep mechanisms were not consistent and no definite conclusion has been reached get. Apparently under low stresses diffusion and pressure dissolution mechanism dominate. Under intermediate stresses, intra- and inter crystalline displacement mechanisms seem to dominate, and under high stresses rock deform due to microcrack propagation. Creep tests monitored with acoustic emission devices show the occurrence of microseismic events attributed to microcrack propagation. Both axial swelling and creep rock are compatible with convergence rocks measured in some underground works excavated in sulfatic rock masses, following the central idea of this thesis

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