Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz Justi.pdf: 417849 bytes, checksum: 8c0574623c4c093e98515ba5e1e5e5c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-10 / The contribution of irrigation in the alimentary supply, is due to the fact of more and more to look for more efficient systems, monitoring the indexes of uniformity of distribution of the water. The application of fertilizers through irrigation water took very big pulse in the last times, mainly due to the emergence of pressurized systems, of the tunnels of plastic, of the increment of the located irrigation and of the researches proving that the application of liquid fertilizers becomes more appropriate to the plants, to the soil and, besides under the analysis of the involved economical aspects. Being necessary tests to verify the system this operating appropriately in field in order to avoid losses so much in productivity as maintenance of systems. It was aimed at with this work to evaluate an overhead irrigation for aspersion, so much in the application of water as in the fertilizer application, and to submit him/it to quality control techniques to evaluate the capacity of the process. The experiment was driven in the Experimental Nucleus of Engineering Agricultural, belonging the State University of the West of Paraná, located in the km 95 of the highway BR 467. They were appraised 25 irrigations and 25 fertigations, following the established methodology for NBR 7749 (ABNT, 1999). For the irrigation, they were obtained values of Coefficient of Uniformity of Christiansen (CUC) of 72,25 and 89,45% as values minimum and maximum, and a medium CUC of 79,72%, considered value below the minimum of 80% for irrigation for aspersion, and the system operated in wind conditions with speeds of up to 2,97 m.s-1. For fertigation, the values of found CUC were 70,91 and 81,04% as minimum and maximum, and a medium CUC of 77,14%, under maximum wind of 2,18 m.s-1.Aplicando the quality control tests, for the irrigation with water, it was obtained a correlation index between CUC and the speed of the wind of 83,6% and 68,4% for the irrigation and fertigation, respectively and a correlation among CUC and to the index of capacity of process (CP) of 63,3 and 20,9% for the irrigation and fertigation, respectively. / A contribuição da irrigação no suprimento alimentar, se deve ao fato de cada vez mais buscar-se sistemas mais eficientes, monitorando os índices de uniformidade de distribuição da água. A aplicação de fertilizantes via água de irrigação tomou impulso muito grande nos últimos tempos, principalmente devido ao aparecimento de sistemas pressurizados, dos túneis de plástico, do incremento da irrigação localizada e das pesquisas comprovando que a aplicação de adubos líquidos torna-se mais adequada às plantas, ao solo e, inclusive sob a análise dos aspectos econômicos envolvidos. Sendo necessários testes para verificar se o sistema esta operando adequadamente em campo a fim de evitar perdas tanto em produtividade quanto manutenção dos sistemas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, tanto na aplicação de água como na aplicação de fertilizante, e submetê-lo a técnicas de controle de qualidade para avaliar a capacidade do processo. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola, pertencente à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, localizado no km 95 da rodovia BR 467. Foram avaliadas 25 irrigações e 25 fertirrigações, seguindo a metodologia estabelecida pela NBR 7749 (ABNT, 1999). Para a irrigação, foram obtidos valores de Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) de 72,25 e 89,45% como valores mínimo e máximo, e um CUC médio de 79,72%, considerado valor abaixo do mínimo de 80% para irrigação por aspersão, sendo que o sistema operou em condições de vento com velocidades de até 2,97 m.s-1. Para fertirrigação, os valores de CUC encontrados foram 70,91 e 81,04% como mínimo e máximo, e um CUC médio de 77,14%, sob vento máximo de 2,18 m.s-1. Aplicando os testes de controle de qualidade, para a irrigação com água, foi obtido um índice de correlação entre o CUC e a velocidade do vento de 83,6% e 68,4% para a irrigação e fertirrigação, respectivamente e uma correlação entre o CUC e a o índice de capacidade do processo (CP) de 63,3 e 20,9% para a irrigação e fertirrigação, respectivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evandro.pdf: 1956361 bytes, checksum: a80d7f03a4cd80d12cd55bd613863544 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / The irrigation tracked by gravity is a technique applied by the family farming that has been spread in Brazil and is used in social programs of some States or directly traded to producers. Irrigation systems have simplified management and let it cheaper. They intensify agricultural yield, increase the prospects of life in the countryside and, therefore, settle the small producers down in their properties. There has been a long time that fertirrigation is being used, but it has several types. The statistical control of quality is a tool used to evaluate the quality of a product and present their negative changes in order to get information that improves the quality of such product. Thus, this trial aims at studying the effect of hydraulic load on the uniformity of water and fertilizer application using dripping system. The experiment was carried out in the prototyping Laboratory at Western Paraná State University. A dripping irrigation system was evaluated to be applied in family farming. There were three pressures (1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mca) and a completely randomized design was used according to ABNT regulations (NBR ISO 9261) for runoff collection proposed by Keller & Karmeli (1975). The treatments were organized to be compared so that data were statistically processed. In addition, the irrigation system was also classified according to the ASABE regulations. The statistical control of system quality was also performed to analyze its quality. The coefficients of each treatment achieved the excellent level according to their ratings. Shawhart control charts showed significant effect for the examined factors. The system has obtained an excellent process capability according to the analyses of uniformity. There also was a significant relationship among coefficients (CUC, CUD and CV) with the capability of flow data process / A irrigação localizada por gravidade é uma técnica aplicada à agricultura familiar que está se difundindo no Brasil e é usada em programas sociais de alguns Estados ou comercializada diretamente para os produtores. Os conjuntos de irrigação apresentam manejo simplificado e de baixo custo, os quais potencializam a produção agrícola, aumentam as perspectivas da vida no campo e, por conseguinte, fixam o pequeno produtor em sua propriedade. A fertirrigação já é utilizada há tempos, porém, existem diversos tipos de fertirrigação. O controle estatístico de qualidade é uma ferramenta utilizada para avaliar a qualidade de um produto e apresentar suas variações negativas, para que seja possível gerar informações que melhorem a qualidade do produto. Logo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito da carga hidráulica na uniformidade de aplicação de água e fertilizante utilizando tubo gotejador. O experimento foi implantado no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Protótipos, localizado na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Foi avaliado um modelo de irrigação por gotejamento para a agricultura familiar, submetido a três pressões (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mca), com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, de acordo com as normas da ABNT (NBR ISO 9261), para coleta de vazões propostas por Keller & Karmeli (1975). Os tratamentos foram submetidos à comparação para que os dados fossem estatisticamente processados. Ademais, o conjunto de irrigação também foi classificado segundo a norma da ASABE. O controle estatístico de qualidade do sistema também foi realizado a fim de se avaliar a qualidade do conjunto. Os coeficientes de cada tratamento atingiram o nível excelente segundo suas classificações. Os gráficos de controle de Shawhart demonstraram efeito significativo para os fatores analisados. O sistema obteve capacidade de processo excelente de acordo com as análises das uniformidades. Houve relação significativa entre os coeficientes (CUC, CUD e CV) com a capacidade de processo dos dados de vazão

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge.pdf: 3938633 bytes, checksum: e0d602b4601ad466ce6f3a3d6f788651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-06 / Water application uniformity is an important factor to be considered in the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. The uniformity depends on the type of sprinkler and its operational conditions, the display and space among the sprinklers on the field, and also the wind speed and direction during the water applying period. This work contributes to develop appropriate techniques for results evaluation in order to improve the system. The experiment was conducted at a farm called Floricultura & Mercado de Plantas Cascavel , north region of the city of Cascavel, Paraná, at 24º 55 04 South latitude and 53º 28 31 West longitude. Two water tanks of 5m³, a bomb, valves and hydrometer were installed. Two land areas were used, S1 and S2 of 10 x 10 m. On S1 were installed manometers, 100 collectors or pluviometers, 4 Super 10 blue nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers which, after 32 trials, were replaced by 4 Super 10 blue nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers at 1.5m height, and the same on the area S2, in which the sprinklers were set at 1m height. During the sprinkler irrigation, at every 1h interval the amount of water in the collectors or pluviometers were collected and quantified by a graduated cylinder, and during this hour the wind condition, temperature and air humidity at the beginning from 10 to 10 minutes were recorded by a portable meteorological La Crosse Technology station. This study aimed to analyze by geostatistical methods if all data collected from water levels and irrigation uniformity by sprinkler irrigation have structures of spatial dependence. Results show that there is spatial variability for the average water depths in irrigation by aspersion with compensating sprinklers at 1.0 m height and average water depths in sprinkler irrigation with non-compensating sprinklers at 1.5m height. The existence of the special variability for the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (CUE) was also verified. The best irrigation by aspersion was observed in the thematic maps produced for the Christiansen uniformity, coefficient of distribution and statistical uniformity coefficient with compensating sprinklers at 1,0 m high. It was observed that the wind speed affects the Christiansen coefficient of uniformity in an inverse ratio / A uniformidade de aplicação de água é um importante fator a ser considerado na avaliação dos sistemas de irrigação por aspersão. A uniformidade depende do tipo de aspersor e suas condições operacionais: a disposição e o espaçamento entre os aspersores no campo, a velocidade e a direção do vento durante o período de aplicação de água. Este trabalho contribui para desenvolver técnicas adequadas de avaliação de resultados para a melhoria do sistema. O experimento foi conduzido na chácara denominada Floricultura & Mercado de Plantas Cascavel, região norte da cidade de Cascavel-PR, a 24º 55 04 Sul e 53º 28 31 Oeste. Foram instalados uma caixa de água de 5 m3, uma bomba, válvulas e hidrômetro. Foram utilizadas duas parcelas S1 e S2 de 10 x 10 m; na S1 foram instalado manômetros, 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensantes e, após 32 ensaios, foram substituidos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, não compensantes a 1,5 m de altura; o mesmo foi aplicado na parcela S2, onde somente a altura dos aspersores mudou para 1,0 m de altura. Durante a irrigação por aspersão, a cada 1 hora, foi coletada e quantificada a quantidade de água nos coletores por meio de uma proveta graduada; foram anotados as condições de vento, temperatura e umidade do ar no início e em intervalos de 10 minutos, por meio de uma estação metereológica portátil La Crosse Technology. Este estudo teve como propósito verificar, por meio de modelos geoestatísticos, se os dados coletados das lâminas de água e uniformidade de irrigação por aspersão possuem estruturas de dependência espacial. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que existe variabilidade espacial para as lâminas médias de água na irrigação por aspersão com aspersores compensantes a 1,0 m de altura e para as lâminas médias de água na irrigação por aspersão com aspersores não compensantes a 1,5 m de altura. Verificou-se também a existência de variabilidade espacial para o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) e Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatístico (CUE). Nos mapas temáticos, construídos para o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen, Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição e Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatístico com aspersores compensantes a 1,0 m de altura, observou-se uma melhor uniformidade da irrigação por aspersão. Verificou-se que a velocidade do vento afeta de forma inversamente proporcional o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz Justi.pdf: 417849 bytes, checksum: 8c0574623c4c093e98515ba5e1e5e5c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-10 / The contribution of irrigation in the alimentary supply, is due to the fact of more and more to look for more efficient systems, monitoring the indexes of uniformity of distribution of the water. The application of fertilizers through irrigation water took very big pulse in the last times, mainly due to the emergence of pressurized systems, of the tunnels of plastic, of the increment of the located irrigation and of the researches proving that the application of liquid fertilizers becomes more appropriate to the plants, to the soil and, besides under the analysis of the involved economical aspects. Being necessary tests to verify the system this operating appropriately in field in order to avoid losses so much in productivity as maintenance of systems. It was aimed at with this work to evaluate an overhead irrigation for aspersion, so much in the application of water as in the fertilizer application, and to submit him/it to quality control techniques to evaluate the capacity of the process. The experiment was driven in the Experimental Nucleus of Engineering Agricultural, belonging the State University of the West of Paraná, located in the km 95 of the highway BR 467. They were appraised 25 irrigations and 25 fertigations, following the established methodology for NBR 7749 (ABNT, 1999). For the irrigation, they were obtained values of Coefficient of Uniformity of Christiansen (CUC) of 72,25 and 89,45% as values minimum and maximum, and a medium CUC of 79,72%, considered value below the minimum of 80% for irrigation for aspersion, and the system operated in wind conditions with speeds of up to 2,97 m.s-1. For fertigation, the values of found CUC were 70,91 and 81,04% as minimum and maximum, and a medium CUC of 77,14%, under maximum wind of 2,18 m.s-1.Aplicando the quality control tests, for the irrigation with water, it was obtained a correlation index between CUC and the speed of the wind of 83,6% and 68,4% for the irrigation and fertigation, respectively and a correlation among CUC and to the index of capacity of process (CP) of 63,3 and 20,9% for the irrigation and fertigation, respectively. / A contribuição da irrigação no suprimento alimentar, se deve ao fato de cada vez mais buscar-se sistemas mais eficientes, monitorando os índices de uniformidade de distribuição da água. A aplicação de fertilizantes via água de irrigação tomou impulso muito grande nos últimos tempos, principalmente devido ao aparecimento de sistemas pressurizados, dos túneis de plástico, do incremento da irrigação localizada e das pesquisas comprovando que a aplicação de adubos líquidos torna-se mais adequada às plantas, ao solo e, inclusive sob a análise dos aspectos econômicos envolvidos. Sendo necessários testes para verificar se o sistema esta operando adequadamente em campo a fim de evitar perdas tanto em produtividade quanto manutenção dos sistemas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar um sistema de irrigação por aspersão, tanto na aplicação de água como na aplicação de fertilizante, e submetê-lo a técnicas de controle de qualidade para avaliar a capacidade do processo. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola, pertencente à Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, localizado no km 95 da rodovia BR 467. Foram avaliadas 25 irrigações e 25 fertirrigações, seguindo a metodologia estabelecida pela NBR 7749 (ABNT, 1999). Para a irrigação, foram obtidos valores de Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) de 72,25 e 89,45% como valores mínimo e máximo, e um CUC médio de 79,72%, considerado valor abaixo do mínimo de 80% para irrigação por aspersão, sendo que o sistema operou em condições de vento com velocidades de até 2,97 m.s-1. Para fertirrigação, os valores de CUC encontrados foram 70,91 e 81,04% como mínimo e máximo, e um CUC médio de 77,14%, sob vento máximo de 2,18 m.s-1. Aplicando os testes de controle de qualidade, para a irrigação com água, foi obtido um índice de correlação entre o CUC e a velocidade do vento de 83,6% e 68,4% para a irrigação e fertirrigação, respectivamente e uma correlação entre o CUC e a o índice de capacidade do processo (CP) de 63,3 e 20,9% para a irrigação e fertirrigação, respectivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evandro.pdf: 1956361 bytes, checksum: a80d7f03a4cd80d12cd55bd613863544 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / The irrigation tracked by gravity is a technique applied by the family farming that has been spread in Brazil and is used in social programs of some States or directly traded to producers. Irrigation systems have simplified management and let it cheaper. They intensify agricultural yield, increase the prospects of life in the countryside and, therefore, settle the small producers down in their properties. There has been a long time that fertirrigation is being used, but it has several types. The statistical control of quality is a tool used to evaluate the quality of a product and present their negative changes in order to get information that improves the quality of such product. Thus, this trial aims at studying the effect of hydraulic load on the uniformity of water and fertilizer application using dripping system. The experiment was carried out in the prototyping Laboratory at Western Paraná State University. A dripping irrigation system was evaluated to be applied in family farming. There were three pressures (1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mca) and a completely randomized design was used according to ABNT regulations (NBR ISO 9261) for runoff collection proposed by Keller & Karmeli (1975). The treatments were organized to be compared so that data were statistically processed. In addition, the irrigation system was also classified according to the ASABE regulations. The statistical control of system quality was also performed to analyze its quality. The coefficients of each treatment achieved the excellent level according to their ratings. Shawhart control charts showed significant effect for the examined factors. The system has obtained an excellent process capability according to the analyses of uniformity. There also was a significant relationship among coefficients (CUC, CUD and CV) with the capability of flow data process / A irrigação localizada por gravidade é uma técnica aplicada à agricultura familiar que está se difundindo no Brasil e é usada em programas sociais de alguns Estados ou comercializada diretamente para os produtores. Os conjuntos de irrigação apresentam manejo simplificado e de baixo custo, os quais potencializam a produção agrícola, aumentam as perspectivas da vida no campo e, por conseguinte, fixam o pequeno produtor em sua propriedade. A fertirrigação já é utilizada há tempos, porém, existem diversos tipos de fertirrigação. O controle estatístico de qualidade é uma ferramenta utilizada para avaliar a qualidade de um produto e apresentar suas variações negativas, para que seja possível gerar informações que melhorem a qualidade do produto. Logo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito da carga hidráulica na uniformidade de aplicação de água e fertilizante utilizando tubo gotejador. O experimento foi implantado no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Protótipos, localizado na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Foi avaliado um modelo de irrigação por gotejamento para a agricultura familiar, submetido a três pressões (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mca), com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, de acordo com as normas da ABNT (NBR ISO 9261), para coleta de vazões propostas por Keller & Karmeli (1975). Os tratamentos foram submetidos à comparação para que os dados fossem estatisticamente processados. Ademais, o conjunto de irrigação também foi classificado segundo a norma da ASABE. O controle estatístico de qualidade do sistema também foi realizado a fim de se avaliar a qualidade do conjunto. Os coeficientes de cada tratamento atingiram o nível excelente segundo suas classificações. Os gráficos de controle de Shawhart demonstraram efeito significativo para os fatores analisados. O sistema obteve capacidade de processo excelente de acordo com as análises das uniformidades. Houve relação significativa entre os coeficientes (CUC, CUD e CV) com a capacidade de processo dos dados de vazão

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge.pdf: 3938633 bytes, checksum: e0d602b4601ad466ce6f3a3d6f788651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-06 / Water application uniformity is an important factor to be considered in the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. The uniformity depends on the type of sprinkler and its operational conditions, the display and space among the sprinklers on the field, and also the wind speed and direction during the water applying period. This work contributes to develop appropriate techniques for results evaluation in order to improve the system. The experiment was conducted at a farm called Floricultura & Mercado de Plantas Cascavel , north region of the city of Cascavel, Paraná, at 24º 55 04 South latitude and 53º 28 31 West longitude. Two water tanks of 5m³, a bomb, valves and hydrometer were installed. Two land areas were used, S1 and S2 of 10 x 10 m. On S1 were installed manometers, 100 collectors or pluviometers, 4 Super 10 blue nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers which, after 32 trials, were replaced by 4 Super 10 blue nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers at 1.5m height, and the same on the area S2, in which the sprinklers were set at 1m height. During the sprinkler irrigation, at every 1h interval the amount of water in the collectors or pluviometers were collected and quantified by a graduated cylinder, and during this hour the wind condition, temperature and air humidity at the beginning from 10 to 10 minutes were recorded by a portable meteorological La Crosse Technology station. This study aimed to analyze by geostatistical methods if all data collected from water levels and irrigation uniformity by sprinkler irrigation have structures of spatial dependence. Results show that there is spatial variability for the average water depths in irrigation by aspersion with compensating sprinklers at 1.0 m height and average water depths in sprinkler irrigation with non-compensating sprinklers at 1.5m height. The existence of the special variability for the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (CUE) was also verified. The best irrigation by aspersion was observed in the thematic maps produced for the Christiansen uniformity, coefficient of distribution and statistical uniformity coefficient with compensating sprinklers at 1,0 m high. It was observed that the wind speed affects the Christiansen coefficient of uniformity in an inverse ratio / A uniformidade de aplicação de água é um importante fator a ser considerado na avaliação dos sistemas de irrigação por aspersão. A uniformidade depende do tipo de aspersor e suas condições operacionais: a disposição e o espaçamento entre os aspersores no campo, a velocidade e a direção do vento durante o período de aplicação de água. Este trabalho contribui para desenvolver técnicas adequadas de avaliação de resultados para a melhoria do sistema. O experimento foi conduzido na chácara denominada Floricultura & Mercado de Plantas Cascavel, região norte da cidade de Cascavel-PR, a 24º 55 04 Sul e 53º 28 31 Oeste. Foram instalados uma caixa de água de 5 m3, uma bomba, válvulas e hidrômetro. Foram utilizadas duas parcelas S1 e S2 de 10 x 10 m; na S1 foram instalado manômetros, 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensantes e, após 32 ensaios, foram substituidos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, não compensantes a 1,5 m de altura; o mesmo foi aplicado na parcela S2, onde somente a altura dos aspersores mudou para 1,0 m de altura. Durante a irrigação por aspersão, a cada 1 hora, foi coletada e quantificada a quantidade de água nos coletores por meio de uma proveta graduada; foram anotados as condições de vento, temperatura e umidade do ar no início e em intervalos de 10 minutos, por meio de uma estação metereológica portátil La Crosse Technology. Este estudo teve como propósito verificar, por meio de modelos geoestatísticos, se os dados coletados das lâminas de água e uniformidade de irrigação por aspersão possuem estruturas de dependência espacial. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que existe variabilidade espacial para as lâminas médias de água na irrigação por aspersão com aspersores compensantes a 1,0 m de altura e para as lâminas médias de água na irrigação por aspersão com aspersores não compensantes a 1,5 m de altura. Verificou-se também a existência de variabilidade espacial para o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC), Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição (CUD) e Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatístico (CUE). Nos mapas temáticos, construídos para o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen, Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Distribuição e Coeficiente de Uniformidade Estatístico com aspersores compensantes a 1,0 m de altura, observou-se uma melhor uniformidade da irrigação por aspersão. Verificou-se que a velocidade do vento afeta de forma inversamente proporcional o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen.

The environment is made up of composition of small particles. Hence, particle simulation is an important tool in many scientific and engineering research fields to simulate the real life processes of the environment. Because of the enormous amount of data in such simulations, data management, storage and processing are very challenging tasks. Spatial Distance Histogram (SDH) is one of the most popular queries being used in this field. In this thesis, we are interested in investigating the performance of improvement of an existing algorithm for computing SDH. The algorithm already being used is using a conceptual data structure called density map which is implemented via a quad tree index. An algorithm having density maps implemented via binary tree is proposed in this thesis. After carrying out many experiments and analysis of the data, we figure out that although the binary tree approach seems efficient in earlier stage, it is same as the quad tree approach in terms of time complexity. However, it provides an improvement in computing time by a constant factor for some data inputs. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to an approach that can potentially reduce the computational time to a great extent by taking advantage of regions where data points are uniformly distributed.

The goal of this research was to evaluate the application uniformity of subsurface drip distribution systems and the recovery of emitter flow rates. Emission volume in the field, and laboratory measured flow rates were determined for emitters from three locations. Additionally, the effects of lateral orientation with respect to slope on emitter plugging was evaluated. Two different emitters were tested to evaluate slope effects on emitter plugging (type Y and Z). The emitters were alternately spliced together and installed in an up and down orientation on slopes of 0, 1, 2 and 4% and along the contour on slopes of 1 and 2%. The emitters were covered with soil and underwent a simulated year of dosing cycles, and then flushed with a flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s. Initial flow rates for the two emitter types were 2.38 L/hr with a C.V. of 0.07. There was no significant difference in flow rates among slopes for type Y emitters, but there was a significant difference between the 1% and 2 % contour slopes for type Z emitters. Application uniformity of three different laterals at each site was evaluated. Sections of the lateral from the beginning, middle and end were excavated and emission volumes were recorded for each emitter. Application uniformity of laterals ranged from 48.69 to 9.49%, 83.55 to 72.60%, and 44.41 to 0% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. Mean emitter flow rate was 2.21, 2.24, and 2.56 L/hr for sites A, B, and C, respectively under laboratory conditions. Application uniformity under laboratory conditions ranged from 70.97 to 14.91%, 86.67 to 79.99%, and 85.04 to 0.00% for sites A, B, and C, respectively. A flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s with no chlorination, shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.15 m/s, and shock chlorination of 3400 mg/L and flushing velocity of 0.6 m/s treatment regiments were applied to all laterals collected to assess emitter flow rate recovery to the nominal flow rate published by the manufacturer. All laterals showed an increase in the number of emitters within 10% of the published nominal flow rate.

AbstractThe Iosipescu shear test, also known as asymmetric four point bending of a V-notched beam,is frequently used for measuring in-plane shear properties of composites. The ASTM standard(ASTM D-5379-05) regulates how the test is to be performed. It prescribes a notch openingangle of 90° independently of the material tested, although this has proven to produceinhomogenous strain distributions in the test region (between the notches) for orthotropicmaterials. Commonly, strain gauges are attached in the center of the test region where thedeviation from average strain is high. Thus, systematic errors in the measurement in the rangeof 10% or more may be introduced. The modified Iosipescu shear test, presented in this thesis, uses a variable notch opening angledepending on the material orthotropy and orientation to accomplish even stress- and strainfields in the test region. The variable notch opening angle accommodates both anisotropicmaterials and their orientation. Based on an elastic rescaling theory for orthotropic materials,the geometry was rescaled to recreate the same stress distribution in the test region as forisotropic materials. Specifically the notch opening angle was rescaled depending on theorthotropic ratio, the ratio of the two in-plane principal stiffnesses (Ex/Ey), to obtain theoptimal notch geometry. The rescaling procedure has been verified numerically with FEsimulationsand experimentally for several materials of different orthotropic ratio showingthat this was a very feasible method. Using a whole field optical measurement system duringtesting, significantly more homogenous strain fields were observed than for the standardspecimen geometry. Thus, there is no longer any need for correction factors, relying on FEsimulation,to obtain correct shear moduli. Constitutive shear properties and strength can thusbe more accurately measured, more completely and with fewer sources of error. Notablyhigher shear strengths at larger strains were also recorded compared to standard testing.The function of the new fixture was evaluated and compared with the standard Wyomingfixture. Combined in-situ 3D deformation measurements of both the new fixture and thespecimen showed that out of plane specimen deformation was very low and substantiallylower than the Wyoming fixture. Thus considerably lower parasitic stresses are introducedwith the new fixture. Recommendations regarding fastening of the specimen were determined based on simpleanalysis combined with FE-calculations and experiments. For both isotropic and orthotropic itwas found favorable if the clamp load used to hold the specimen and the expected net peakload and were set about equal. This reduces the risk of failure outside the test region bycrushing, brushing, splitting and etc. The same effects as shown in the FE-simulations werealso observed experimentally and of similar relative magnitude.Problems with differences in strains arising on the front and back face of the specimen duringtesting have been frequently reported in the literature. This is believed to stem from deviationsfrom nominal specimen geometry such as non-parallel and/or non-perpendicular boundingsurfaces. Three types of these combinations were evaluated numerically and the two mostsignificant were confirmed experimentally. The most critical geometrical deviation assessedwas a specimen with slightly conical cross section in the gripping region. For both isotropicand orthotropic materials, very small deviations from nominal geometry, caused unacceptablylarge errors in measurements of constitutive behavior / QC 20100827

This thesis focuses on the numerical and theoretical studies of gas quenching in industrial furnaces. Gas quenching is the rapid cooling of metal pieces, aiming at forcing a phase transformation of the metal structure to improve its mechanical properties. The numerical methodology has been evaluated with respect to the desired accuracy and different aspects of the flow with importance for achieving an optimized process have been investigated. Initially, attention was paid to the flow and heat transfer fields both in an empty furnace and in a furnace loaded with different charges with the objective to study the influence of the charge configuration on the flow and heat transfer uniformity. This study led to the identification of several possible improvements, which are currently being implemented by the industrial partners of this project. As earlier studies had shown the importance of flow uniformity on the quality of the heat treatment, the subsequent work focused substantially on the flow uniformity upstream of the quenching zone resulting in design recommendations for the particular type of furnace under consideration. The dependence of the performance of the coolant medium on its composition was investigated theoretically and an analysis of most important parameters was carried out. Improved knowledge of the effect of gas mixture composition on heat transfer was added to the body of knowledge already available. / QC 20101019