This thesis deals with the structure of the no-wait job-shop problem as well as the derivation of fast approximation algorithms. These algorithms are based on a decomposition approach into a sequencing and a timetabling problem that was initially introduced by Macchiaroli et al. (1999). In the thesis the problems are derived from a mixed integer formulation of the original problem and proved to be NP-hard in the strong sense. After presenting a fast heuristic approach for the timetabling problem, the focus lies on the sequencing problem for which several local search algorithms are presented. The algorithms are tested on a wide variety of benchmark problems for the classical job-shop problem. Among the algorithms, the tabu search approach outperforms all other algorithms that can be found in the literature in objective value as well as computation time.

Stochastic programming offers a way to treat uncertainty in decision problems. In particular, it allows the minimization of risk. We consider mean-risk models involving deviation measures, as for instance the standard deviation and the semideviation, and discuss these risk measures in the framework of stochastic dominance as well as in the framework of coherent risk measures. We derive statements concerning the structure and the stability of the resulting optimization problems whereby we emphasize on models including integrality requirements on some decision variables. Then we propose decomposition algorithms for the mean-risk models under consideration and present numerical results for two stochastic programming applications.

Als Schlüsselreaktion zum Aufbau von para-chinoiden Triphenylenfarbstoffen mit komplexierungsfähigen Funktionalitäten für Metallionen sowie von Methylen- und Methin-verbrückten Oligopyridinen eignet sich hervorragend die nukleophile aromatische Substitution. Für die Synthese der funktionalisierten para-chinoiden pi-Systeme diente dabei ein Triarylmethylkation mit einem sterisch abgeschirmten zentralen Kohlenstoffatom und zweier peripherer Fluorsubstituenten an aromatischen Ringen, die bei der Umsetzung mit Nukleophilen als elektrophilen Bausteinen 2-Fluor- und 2,6-Difluorpyridin mit 2-Methyllithiumpyridin eröffnete den effizienten Zugang zur Familie der Methylen- und Methin-verbrückten mehrzähnigen Oligopyridin-Liganden in sehr guten Ausbeuten von meistens 90% und mehr. Die hieraus resultierenden Methylen-verbrückten Pyridin-Liganden konnten ihrerseits wieder als nukleophile Bausteine erfolgreich mit 2-Fluor- und 2,6-Difluorpyridin umgesetzt werden. Mit den hergestellten Pentakispyridinen wurden mehrere Kupfer(II)-Komplexe hergestellt. Der zweite Abschnitt der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung von geordneten FePt-Nanopartikeln. Dabei wurde eine literaturbekannte Herstellungsmethode ausgehend von Pt(acac)2, 1,2-Hexadecandiol...

In this thesis new methods for the automatic recognition of the content of image sequences are presented. Solutions to the following video sequences analysis tasks are developed: temporal decomposition of an image sequence into scenes and classification of the scenes, and the recognition of people and their movements in the image sequence. The temporal segmentation of a image sequence and the classification of the segments can be used for image sequences with a given content structure, like broadcast news. The image sequences have a defined chronology of scenes, which belong to certain content classes. The content classes and their chronology are represented by nested Hidden Markov models during the recognition. Another application of the Hidden Markov Modells are the classification of movements of objects in the image sequence. The recognition of human gestures for the application of human-computer-interaction is investigated. The recognition system is capable of recognizing a set of pre-defined gestures that are performed in the viewing area of a camera. The system is able to identify undefined movements and can distinguish them from the gestures. The final task is recognizing people visible in image sequences. The recognition of the people is done by recognizing their faces. The indexing of the faces is composed of the two sub-tasks: detection of the faces and recognition of the faces. It is shown that the face-based video indexing can be used to find known persons in the image sequence as well as to group the people in the sequence unsupervised.

The Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy was uesd to determine, via the diffusion coefficient, the molecular weights and the molecular weight distributions for sampels of poly(etylene glycol) (PEG) in D2O. Additional it was investigated, whether the components of mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weights could be quantitatively determined by the differences in diffusion coefficient. The results of this study are compared with the result of the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique, the standard methode for the determination of molecular weights. The PFG NMR findings shows that the the molecular weights and the molecular weight distributions agreed well with values provided by the manufacturer. The mixtures could not be determined quantitativley, because of considerable overlaps in the molecular weight distributions. But it could be shown that the PFG NMR spectroscopy and the DLS technique complement one another.

A quantitative study of the aggregation behaviour of the cationic cyanine dye pinacyanol chloride in aqueous solution and in the presence of various organic matrices (anionic alginates, anionic Aerosol-OT and g-cyclodextrin) is presented based on UV/Visible absorption and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The spectral data have been analysed using derivative spectra and a program (PeakFit) to model the mixtures of different absorbing species with strongly overlapping absorption bands. The structures of the aggregates have been analysed and discussed in terms of qualitative (H- vs. J-type aggregation) and quantitative arguments based on a program (OSCI) for the calculation of oscillator and rotatory strengths assuming an exciton-like delocalisation of molecular excitations through the entire aggregate. Models for the various complexes of the dye in the presence of various organic matrices have been proposed

Latest since the early eighties destandardisation of employment became a term of wide comprehension. Especially in Germany the once predictable employment biography would have been dissolving for an occupational career with phases of unemployment and many job changes. Employment careers are seen to be more heterogeneous, former guaranteed securities would have been broken and working future would be no more predictable. By means of a longitudinal dataset on the basis of the German Socio-economic panel covering the years 1985 to 2000 this dissertation is showing that the destandardisation of work in West Germany is first beginning in the middle of the nineties. This is reflected in the increase of flexibilisation, the reduction of job stability (quantitative dimension) and the decrease of job security (qualitative dimension). These developments do not affect the collectivity of the work force. In the course of time a polarisation of social unemployment is arised along occupational classes and levels of education.

In this thesis, a 3D CMOS imager based on time-of-flight (TOF) has been developed and successfully tested. It uses an active pulsed class 1 laser operating at 910nm to illuminate a 3D scene. The scene depth is determined by measurement of the travel time of reflected pulses by employing a fast on-chip synchronous shutter. A so-called Multiple Double Short Time Integration (MDSI) enables suppression of the background illumination and correction for reflectivity variations in the scene objects. The sensor chip contains two pixel lines with each pixel containing twin photodiodes, thus the chip contains 4´64 sensors. The chip allows tow operating modes; the first is the binning mode, where the twin pixels are short-circuited (tow lines on the die) and the average signal is measured. The second mode is the high-resolution mode. In this mode the pixels operate separately (four lines on the die). The chip has been realized in 0.5mm n-well standard CMOS process. The pixel pitch is 130mm. To get a good fill factor, the readout circuitry is located at the sides of the chip.

The dissertation describes the effects of operating frequency reduction on the transmission behaviour of power cables. Strongly reduced current losses, lowered induced voltages in the sheaths and lower charging currents offer new solutions for the transmission of energy by cables. The following facts can be obtained by reduction of the operating frequency: an increase of the current carrying capacity, an enlargement of the transmission distance, lower thermal stress of the cable and better efficiency of the power transmission. The above mentioned advantages are typical for direct current transmission systems, but can now also be achieved for usual alternating current cables by reduction of the operating frequency. The positive effects of frequency reduction are represented for different types of power cables. The second part of the thesis describes the transmission behaviour for high frequencies. Travelling electromagnetic waves in power cables are strongly influenced by the frequency- dependent attenuation. For many applications in overvoltage protection the knowledge of the attenuation is very important. Especially in long cable systems the attenuation can be so high that lightning or switching voltages will be reduced to an innocuous level. Another area is the Power Line Communication (PLC) which uses the energy power grid for signal transmission in a frequency range up to 30 MHz. Here an in-depth analysis of the attenuation of the transmission line is very important. Particularly the admittance of the cable, composed of insulating and semiconducting materials, is very important for the attenuation of high frequencies. Simulation results agree well with measurements at a 20-kV-XLPE cable, if the semiconducting layers between conductor and screen are thoroughly modeled. For the calculations, the material parameters of the commonly used carbon-polyethylene-compound and conductive paper layers were measured. Measurements at a test setup show the attenuation for several plies of conducting paper layers on the inner conductor of a coaxial pipe system. The effect of different numbers of plies on the impulse rise time were investigated.

This work describes the fabrication and usability of organic polymeric layers as gate insulators of field effect transistors (reference field effect transistors, REFET) that are dedicated to the determination of pH-reference potentials in electrolytic solutions. Based on the site binding model hydrophobe CF-polymers were investigated. Various techniques are able to generate polymeric layers that are characterized by low selective hydrogen ion sensitivity. Additional results indicate the necessity of reexamination the site binding model´s usability for polymers with low amount of dissociating sites. This work suggests a model assuming ion adsorption onto polymeric surfaces. This model describes results from CV-measurements as well as measurements on REFETs in a qualitative and quantitative way