This work deals with the application of leisure education graduates on the labor market in the Czech Republic. It introduces the concept of leisure, its origins and historical development of educational activities. It deals with the pedagogy of leisure as a science, pedagogy discipline and the field of study. It introduces the pedagogue of leisure, his vocational training, profile and application. Last but not least, closer to the ties of labor market, it covers the unemployment and status of university graduates on the labor market. The last chapter presents the results of the performed research. The research focused on finding employment of graduates of leisure education from Faculty of Theology of University of South Bohemia on the czech labor market in relation to this field, their preparation for practice and obtaining their opinions about that field of study.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique générale de la transformation du marché du travail en Chine durant les deux dernières décennies et de la place des jeunes migrants dans ce processus. Dans un contexte de transition économique, nous assistons en Chine à des phénomènes de segmentation des marchés du travail, à la montée du taux de chômage, et à la création massive d'emplois informels, le tout se traduisant par une mise en mobilité généralisée du monde du travail, notamment à travers un phénomène massif de migration interne. Les jeunes en mobilité - notamment les jeunes diplômés « nomades » dans les grandes villes - se voient de plus en plus relégués dans les zones urbaines de vulnérabilité (Robert Castel) où différentes formes de précarités (notamment du travail et de logement) s’enchevêtrent et s’accumulent. Dans une société de croissance, les inégalités se multiplient et se creusent de manière vertigineuse. La mobilité sociale semble en panne et le sentiment d’injustice augmente. C’est donc à ce phénomène de migration dans un double mouvement de transformation du marché du travail et de recomposition urbaine que nous consacrons nos réflexions dans ce travail. Nous sommes en présence de jeunes migrants qualifiés vivant dans les villages-Urbains à Pékin, figures analytiques des métamorphoses en cours. Cette recherche a été menée durant l’année 2011 – 2012 à Pékin. Ces individus ont de 2 à 8 ans d’expérience professionnelle et résident dans les villages urbains à Pékin au moment de l’enquête. Cette recherche s’appuie sur des matériaux empiriques collectés et analysés selon des méthodes variées. Le travail de terrain a permit de réaliser 180 questionnaires (données quantitatives), 60 entretiens biographiques (matériau qualitatif), ainsi qu’une observation ethnographique dans un village-Urbain.Cette étude a pour but d'appréhender, en termes de carrières, le parcours d’insertion ainsi que l’expérience migratoire des jeunes diplômés, à partir des processus structurels (politiques d'emploi, politique migratoire, réseaux, etc.), et de la mise en récit, par les jeunes, de leur parcours, afin de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de production des inégalités et la construction d’identités sociales derrière les changements observés en Chine. Notre étude poursuit trois objectifs. Le premier consisterait à saisir objectivement les différentes positions et statuts occupés et d'autre part, à saisir la manière dont les jeunes interprètent leur parcours selon la perspective dans laquelle ils se trouvent, les positions qu'ils occupent et les stratégies qu'ils mettent en place. Le deuxième objectif serait de démontrer d'une part, comment les identités objectives et subjectives interagissent et se redéfinissent et d'autre part, comment le rapport au travail des jeunes se construit. En troisième lieu, le but consiste à articuler la question de l’insertion professionnelle et du rapport à l’espace, alors que la mobilité tend à devenir une norme sociale tant dans le monde du travail que dans la gestion migratoire (Hélène Pellerin, 2011). / This thesis is part of the broader issue of the transformation of the labor market in China over the past two decades and the place of young migrant workers in this process. In the context of economic transition, Chine has witnessed many important changes such as the phenomenon of urban labor market segmentation, the rise in unemployment and the massive creation of informal jobs, all leading to increased mobility in the working world, as seen particularly in the phenomenon of mass domestic migration. Migrant working youth – especially university graduates from a rural background (or smaller cities) who move to large cities - are being increasingly relegated to the urban areas of vulnerability (Robert Castel,1995) where different forms of precariousness (especially in terms of employment and housing) overlap and accumulate. China’s strong economic growth has given rise to inequalities that are multiplying and deepening at a dizzying rate. Upward mobility seems broken as feeling of injustice is rising. This migration phenomenon, a simultaneous transformation of the labor market and urban restructuring, is the focus of our study. We shall examine the case of young skilled migrants living in urban villages in Beijing, analytical figures of metamorphosis in progress. This research was conducted between 2011 and 2012 in an urban village in Beijing. The subjects had between 2 and 8 years of professional experience and lived in urban villages in Beijing at the time of the survey. This research is based on empirical data collected and analyzed using various methods. Our fieldwork in China enabled us to distribute180 questionnaires (quantitative data), 60 biographical interviews (qualitative material) as well as an ethnographic observation in an urban village. This study aims to investigate, in terms of careers, the process of professional integration and the experience of migration of graduates by looking at structural factors (employment policy, migration policy, networks, etc.), and the narrative pattern used by young people to relate their journey, in order to highlight the mechanisms that produce inequalities and construct social identities underlying the changes being observed in China. Our study has three objectives. The first is to understand both the different positions and statuses held and the way in which young people interpret their journey from their perspective, the positions they hold and the strategies they adapt. The second objective is to demonstrate how their objective and subjective identities interact and are redefined, as well as how their relationships toward work are formed. Thirdly, the goal is to articulate the issue of professional integration and its relationship to physical space, in a context where mobility is becoming a social norm in both the working world and the management of migration (Hélène Pellerin 2011).

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE in Quality Faculty of Engineering CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012 / Post apartheid South Africa experienced major economic turbulence with poverty, unemployment and skills shortage, with most manufacturing and other key economic sectors affected by poor productivity and a subsequent downsizing of their labour work force. At the same time, many economic opportunities arose, including the full impact of globalisation, the emergence of China and Africa as economic partners and becoming a full member of the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) economic development group by the year 2010. The government and business communities at large realised the necessity for skills augmentation in order to expedite economic development and alleviate the scarcity of employment opportunities and growth across the major economic sectors. The backdrop of the economic upheaval of 2008 and 2009 placed manufacturing firms under pressure to reconsider their current operational strategies by streamlining their organisations and adopting aggressive lean and cost saving approaches in order to remain competitive. There is a perceived lack of alignment between industry and institutions alike, sometimes resulting in a perception that graduating industrial engineers do not entirely match industry expectations. Thus, it is imperative to explore the articulation and relationship between those industries that rely on the skills of industrial engineering technologists and the graduate industrial engineers with emphasis on the skills expectations as stressed by the national priorities and the academic capacity to meet these skills expectation in today’s competitive professional arena. This perceived lack of alignment between end user requirements and the service provided falls within the ambit of the field of quality management. This study focuses on two main sample groups within two areas of interest: • The industrial engineering student community and their respective academic environments; and • the relevant industrial engineering industry and its working environment. A self-administered questionnaire coupled with a number of interviews is employed in order to gather the required data. Grouped samples, involve the relevant industry employers, students and academic institutions. The research explores the pertinent roles and responsibilities expected of industrial engineers and industrial engineering technologists on entry into the working environment, as compared to the current level of training offered by various institutional bodies as expressed by the South African qualifications authority (SAQA) and the national qualifications framework (NQF). The validation of the analysis and outcomes of the study culminates through the exploration of the following: • The influence of skills levels on productivity within the relevant industrial engineering industries. • The demand and supply of industrial engineering skills. • Skilling industrial engineering graduates for their required roles and responsibilities. • Governing bodies responsible for the curriculation of industrial engineering programmes, offered by institutions of higher learning. The study aims to proffer valuable knowledge by identifying better opportunities for employment in the industrial engineering field, the addition of value towards better industrial engineering schooling and output quality of students emerging from institutions, and lastly superseding earlier misconceived perceptions of industrial engineering.