<p>The removal of vegetation and overburden changes the naturalwater purifying processes and thus decreases the groundwaterprotection in gravel pit areas. The sand and gravel depositsusedfor aggregate extraction in Sweden are also often valuablefor extraction of groundwater as a drinking water resource. TheSwedish legislation requires that gravel pits be restored afterthe cessation of extraction, the aim being to reestablishvegetation and to reinstate groundwater purifyingprocesses.</p><p>The objective of this study was to improve our understandingof the processes governing groundwater protection andvegetation establishment so that these could be applied toimproving restoration methods for reestablishing naturalgroundwater protection. The focus was on the importance of soilphysical properties of the topsoil for vegetation establishmentand groundwater recharge.</p><p>Actual field methods for restoration were reviewed.Conflicts between aggregate extraction and groundwaterinterests were common. In many cases the actual restorationcarried out differed from pre-planned specifications in permitdocumentation.</p><p>Commonly available substrates that might be used forrestoration of gravel pits were investigated. The soils weredescribed as regards texture, organic content, porosity, waterretention and hydraulic conductivity. The way in which acombination of the water retention characteristic and theunsaturated conductivity influenced the behaviour of thesoil-plant-atmosphere system was demonstrated using aprocess-orientated simulation model. Plants with well-developedaboveground characteristics and shallow roots in particularexerted the highest requirements on the soil physicalproperties.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>groundwater protection, soil physicalproperties, CoupModel, unsaturated conductivity, waterretention, transpiration, soil evaporation</p>

The removal of vegetation and overburden changes the naturalwater purifying processes and thus decreases the groundwaterprotection in gravel pit areas. The sand and gravel depositsusedfor aggregate extraction in Sweden are also often valuablefor extraction of groundwater as a drinking water resource. TheSwedish legislation requires that gravel pits be restored afterthe cessation of extraction, the aim being to reestablishvegetation and to reinstate groundwater purifyingprocesses. The objective of this study was to improve our understandingof the processes governing groundwater protection andvegetation establishment so that these could be applied toimproving restoration methods for reestablishing naturalgroundwater protection. The focus was on the importance of soilphysical properties of the topsoil for vegetation establishmentand groundwater recharge. Actual field methods for restoration were reviewed.Conflicts between aggregate extraction and groundwaterinterests were common. In many cases the actual restorationcarried out differed from pre-planned specifications in permitdocumentation. Commonly available substrates that might be used forrestoration of gravel pits were investigated. The soils weredescribed as regards texture, organic content, porosity, waterretention and hydraulic conductivity. The way in which acombination of the water retention characteristic and theunsaturated conductivity influenced the behaviour of thesoil-plant-atmosphere system was demonstrated using aprocess-orientated simulation model. Plants with well-developedaboveground characteristics and shallow roots in particularexerted the highest requirements on the soil physicalproperties. Key words:groundwater protection, soil physicalproperties, CoupModel, unsaturated conductivity, waterretention, transpiration, soil evaporation