This dissertation consists of three essays studying the determination and evolution of labor supply in China. The analysis especially focuses on the labor market behavior of the wage workers with urban registration (Hukou). The first chapter outlines the dissertation by briefly discussing the motivations, methods, and main findings in each of the following chapters. Chapter two examines the evolution of female labor supply in urban China. Female labor force participation rate in China has been declining rapidly over the last three decades. Using a time series of cross-sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIPS), this chapter attempts to systematically relate the decrease in female labor force participation to the socio-economic changes happening in China during the same period, and assess their respective contributions. Adopting both linear and non-linear decomposition techniques, the results show that during 1988-1995, changes in population age distribution and family size both contribute, during 1995-2002, age effect dominates, and during 2002-2007, non-labor income effect dominates in explaining the decreasing trend in female labor force participation. Chapter three investigates the impact of social norms on married women's labor supply decision in China. Using data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), we find a strong and robust positive correlation between the labor supply behavior of a married woman and the former work experience of her mother-in-law. Our estimation results indicate that being raised by a working mother influences both a man's attitude toward gender roles and his household productivity, and therefore married women whose mothers-in-law were not working are themselves significantly less likely to participate in the labor force. The last chapter evaluates the labor market consequence of rural-to-urban migration in China. Starting from the mid-1990s, there is a remarkable increase in the number of migrant workers in cities, from around 39 million in 1997 to 145 million by 2009 (Meng et al. 2013). Chapter four intends to explore how does this important economic event affect the labor market conditions of urban residents. Specifically, we estimate the possible employment and earnings displacement effects of rural-to-urban migration on urban residents by exploiting regional variation in the rural migrant share of education-experience cells. We use multiple sets of instrumental variable to address the potential endogeneity problems associated with the rural migrant ratio in a city. The estimation results are consistent with the predictions of the textbook model of a competitive labor market, indicating the inflow of rural migrants reduces the wage and labor supply of competing urban residents. / Ph. D.

Research has shown that more people are migrating to rural areas from urban ones. Rural areas are now composed of a variety of residents from different social and economic backgrounds. Because of this variety of residents, potential for social conflicts exists. One area of possible conflict is the difference in attitudes regarding land use and objectives for the rural landscape. Some planners and sociologists believe a better understanding of the impact of urban migration on the rural landscape is needed. The future character of the rural landscape is uncertain. This research will concentrate on the potential conflicts in attitudes toward the rural landscape among the different groups of residents who now live there. From the possible research questions raised in this area of study, the following hypothesis is suggested: Rural natives and nonnatives have a shared interest in preserving the character of the rural landscape.in which they reside. Testing this hypothesis should provide the land use planner and the landscape architect with a framework with which to evaluate plans and decisions for rural areas. The study area for this research will be Grayson County, Virginia. / M. Arch.

Sponsorship is widely recognized as a major factor in migration decisions. However, the extent to which it encourages potential migrants to move has been little documented. This study documents the role of urban sponsorship in rural to urban migration decisions, specifically sponsorship in Northeast Thailand, using data originally gathered to redirect rural to urban movement in the area, and utilizing multiple analysis of variance and multiple regression to account for the effect of sponsorship on potential migration decisions among other competing explanations. The characteristics of urban sponsors were also considered in examining the variations in sponsorship. / Master of Science

by Ip Iam Chong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-160). / LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.i / ACKNOWLEGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii-v / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FAMILY CHANGE1 --- p.1-15 / Chapter 1.1. --- JOIN THE WORLD OF CAPITALIST ECONOMY --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- DIVERSIFICATION OF PEASANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- COASTAL CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4. --- WORKERS' STORIES --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FAMILY DYNAMICS --- p.16-35 / Chapter 2.1. --- TWO ARGUMENTS OF FAMILY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- """Breakdown"" Argument" --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- """Family Strategy"" Argument" --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2. --- FAMILY AS COHERENT UNIT: A CRITIQUE --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Un-examined Assumption --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Individual Autonomy in Family --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- A Site of Conflicts --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3. --- "GENDER, FAMILY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION" --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4. --- FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTUALIZATION --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- INFLUXES OF LABOUR AND CAPITAL --- p.36-51 / Chapter 3.1. --- EXPORT INDUSTRIALIZATION --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2. --- OPEN ECONOMIC POLICY --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3. --- INFLUXES OF CAPITAL THROUGH HONG KONG --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4. --- PEARL RIVER DELTA ZONE: REGAINS ITS LINKEAGES WITH CAPITALIST WORLD --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5. --- TAKEOFF OF DONGGUAN --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6. --- NEWLY DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL TOWN: TOWN C --- p.45 / Chapter 3.7. --- "POOR MOUNTAINOUS REGION: DAWU COUNTY, YANGGANG VILLAGE" --- p.46 / Chapter 3.8. --- REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN EXPERIENCING ECONOMIC REFORM --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DECLINE OF PARENTAL CONTROL ON LABOUR ALLOCATION --- p.52-73 / Chapter 4.1. --- DIFFERENT POINTS OF DEPARTURE --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Male: Extension of Original Autonomy --- p.52 / Chapter - --- Independent Working Experience --- p.54 / Chapter - --- Decision-making Process --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Females: From Dependent to independent --- p.60 / Chapter - --- Autonomy and Peer Group --- p.62 / Chapter - --- Serious Disagreement --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2. --- INDIVIDUALS INTERESTS DOMINATED HOUSEHOLD --- p.69 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- REINFORCEMENT OF PARENTAL CONTROL ON WAGE FUND --- p.74-94 / Chapter 5.1. --- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LABOUR MARKET --- p.74 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Women: Steady Wage and Steady Remittances --- p.78 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Men: Irregular Income --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2. --- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RIGHTS TO HOUSEHOLD FUND --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Unequal Distribution of Rights --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Transfer Females' wages to Males --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Wage Contributions for Social Reproduction of Family --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3. --- HOUSEHOLD INTERESTS DOMINATED INDIVIDUALS --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- BARGAIN AND COMPROMISE ON HOUSEHOLD REPRODUCTION --- p.95-122 / Chapter 6.1. --- HOUSEHOLD REPRODUCTION --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2. --- FAILURE OF ASSIMILATION --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- """My home is not here!""" --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Split Labour Market --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Harsh Work and Danger --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.4. --- Localistic Antagonism --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2.5. --- Distrust in Urban Facilities and Institutions --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3. --- LOCALISTIC CONNECTIONS --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Supportive Networks --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Temporary Work and Residence --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4. --- WITHOUT OPTION --- p.113 / Chapter 6.4.1. --- "Women: ""Decide after return home.""" --- p.114 / Chapter 6.4.2. --- "Men: ""Working near home is easier.""" --- p.118 / Chapter 6.5. --- NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN HOUSEHOLD --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION: HOUSEHOLD STRATEGIES VS INDIVIDUAL STRATEGIES --- p.123-144 / Chapter 7.1. --- REORGANIZATION AND DISORGANIZATION OF FAMILY --- p.123 / Chapter 7.2. --- THREE DIMENSIONS OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Individual Strategy Dominated Family Strategy --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Family Strategy Dominated Individual Strategy --- p.126 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Balance Between Family and Individual Strategy --- p.127 / Chapter 7.3. --- THE INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINS ON FAMILY STRATEGY --- p.129 / Chapter 7.4. --- "STRUCTURATION AS ""ENABLE AND CONSTRAIN""" --- p.130 / Chapter 7.4.1. --- Industrial Employment --- p.130 / Chapter 7.4.2. --- Household --- p.131 / Chapter 7.5. --- "RETHINKING ""HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY""" --- p.132 / Chapter 7.5.1. --- "Whose Strategies were ""Family Strategies""?" --- p.135 / Chapter 7.5.2. --- Family as Intersecting Point between Individual and Industrialization? --- p.138 / Chapter 7.6. --- CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY CHANGE --- p.139 / Chapter 7.7. --- LIMITATION --- p.145 / APPENDIX: Name List of Informants --- p.147 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.148-160

by So Chin-hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-132). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER I --- The PROBLEM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Review of Population Mobility Research in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Population Mobility --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Urbanisation and Economic Development --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Secondary Sources of Population Mobility Data --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Aims and Propositions --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Statement of Research Problems --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- The Concept of Population Mobility --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Background to Rural-Urban Migration in China --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Rural-Urban Migration Controls --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Rural-Urban Migration Since 1979 --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical Background --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Field Research Design and Sampling --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Site --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Questionnaire --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Sample --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- The Sampling Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fieldwork in Shunde City --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Pilot Study --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Field Research in Shunde --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- The PEARL RIVER DELTA AND SHUNDE CITY --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Pearl River Delta --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Shunde City --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- The DECISION TO MOVE --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Characteristics of Migrants --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Age and Sex --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Marital Status and Number of Children --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Education Level Attained --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Place of Origin --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Dialects Used in Place of Origin --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Length of Residence in Shunde --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Perceived Life in Village and City --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Life in the Village --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Life in the City --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3 --- Reasons for Migration --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Stated Reasons for Leaving the Village --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stated Reasons for Moving to Shunde --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Decision Making --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Person Making the Decision to Move --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Decision to Move to Shunde --- p.74 / Chapter 4.5 --- Information of Opportunities --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- The MIGRANTS IN THE CITY --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1 --- Adjustment to the Urban Environment --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experiences in Shunde --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3 --- Urban-Rural Linkage --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Urban-Rural Visits --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Remittance --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Permanent Residence --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.100 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Implications --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for Further Research --- p.106 / APPENDIX --- p.108 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.112

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1962.

Überarb. Diss. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2007. / Originaltitel: Patterns of migration and adaptation in the urban transition: newcomers to Antwerp, c. 1760-1860.

This thesis explores why shaʿbī (roughly, ‘ordinary’) Moroccans so often talk about their domestic workers as daughters, what this means for workers and employers, and how this is changing as community gives way to market. It brings together ethnographic study of urban shaʿbī society, of unmarried rural women who work as domestics, and of the communities from which the latter migrate. Drawing on anthropological discussions of kinship and fosterage, the thesis examines the fading tradition of ‘bringing up’ in which, according to a moral economy, a ‘known’ rural girl could properly be placed in the homes of wealthier Moroccans until marriage. This is giving way to new arrangements in which ‘unknown’ workers are paid a wage and may not stay long, but in which the ethics of charity, religious reward and gratitude still inform expectations from both sides. Geared to play out among neighbours, or at least well-known clients, over a lifetime, these ethics are being disrupted by the easy-come-easy-go of strangers. The thesis contributes to some fundamental concerns of economic anthropology: the atomisation of market exchange, the growing importance of physical marketplaces, and the meanings encoded in a monetary wage versus payment in kind. By putting together perspectives from domestics’ leisure time and life back home, it also questions the relationship between the commodification of labour and individualism. Finally, the thesis discusses a draft law which, if enforced, would mean employing domestics no longer made sense for shaʿbī Moroccans, state intervention respresenting a move away from local forms of empowerment and community. At a broader level, the thesis is concerned with households as internally hierarchical units linked together through exchange to make up society and explores the gendered dimension of household economy in a wider world. This, of course, reaches beyond Morocco, and parallels are suggested with English domestic service.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / The thesis attempts to illuminate the process through which identitities, apparently strongly "ethnic", are constructed by migrant women, and to examine how these differ from the equivalent identities constructed by men. The focus is upon northern Transvaal migrancy, and special emphasis is given to the central role played by musical performance - particularly that of the style called kiba - in constituting migrant associations. Men and women form separate dance associations: the thesis is concerned particularly with migrant women, and sets the dance groups in the broader setting of female migrancy in southern Africa. This is a phenomenon which has been neglected in the literature. The thesis criticises the adaptive emphasis of earlier Writings on migrant association, and the lack of "local knowledge" in Marxist accounts, Performers of the genre emphasise that the music is "traditional",and their lyrics legitimate the present experiences of contemporary composers by juxtaposing them with the past experiences of older ones. They view the roles they play in relation to their family members both living dependents and deceased forebears - in terms of stereotypes laid down by Sotho custom. But these independent migrant female performers of the genre, in contrast to their rurally-domiciled and. dependent counterparts, are women whose disrupted and geographically mobile upbringing has led them to seek out modernity and progress rather than an adherence to the ways of "traditionalists". They are primary breadwinners for their natal families. Custom and tradition provide an idiom in terms of which, while retaining affiliations to men's kiba sufficient to ensure their continued access to a performance space and an audience, they enunciate an identity as relatively autonomous and emancipated migrants in an urban context. / Andrew Chakane 2018

Urbanisation and the associated nutrition transition have been linked with the recent rise in osteoporotic fragility fracture incidence in many countries. Predictions indicate that hip fracture incidence will increase 6-fold in Africa and Asia by 2050, partially attributed to demographic transition and population ageing. Differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) between rural and urban locations indicate that urban regions of high-income countries (HIC) have lower aBMD and a higher incidence of hip fracture. The few studies conducted in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) provide inconsistent results; in contrast to HIC, most have found higher aBMD in urban populations. To investigate the impact of migrating to an urban environment, detailed studies of bone phenotype and factors affecting bone health have been conducted in two groups of pre-menopausal Gambian women: urban migrant (n=58) and rural (n=81). Both groups spent their formative years in the same rural setting of Kiang West, urban women were known to have migrated to coastal districts, concentrated in Brikama and Kanifing, when aged ≥16 years. Bone phenotype (bone mineral content (BMC); bone area (BA); aBMD, and size-adjusted BMC (adjusted for height, weight and BA) of the whole-body, lumbar spine and hip) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with further characterisation by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Data were also collected on anthropometry, body composition, food and nutrient intakes, physical activity, socio-demographic characteristics, vitamin D status, and 24hr urinary mineral outputs (Na, K, P, and Ca). Mean age and height of rural and urban migrant groups were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Urban migrant women were significantly heavier (p < 0.01). Significant differences in BMC and aBMD were found between groups at all skeletal sites, with urban women having higher BMC and aBMD; BA was not significantly different. The greatest difference in BMC was found at the lumbar spine (8.5% ± SE 3.0, p < 0.01), a meaningful difference, equivalent to 0.76 of rural SD. T- Scores were also calculated using a young adult (white, female) reference population, mean T- scores were -1.03 and -0.22, for rural and urban groups respectively. After adjusting for size, differences in whole-body and hip BMC were mostly attenuated (p > 0.05), but difference in spine BMC remained significant (6.2% ± SE 2.1, p < 0.01). These results indicate that rural-to-urban migration is associated with higher BMC; BA and height were similar, and difference in body weight could not fully account for higher BMC at the lumbar spine. Calcium intakes were low in both groups, urban migrant 294mg/d (IQR: 235 to 385) and rural 305mg/d (IQR: 222 to 420). Urban women had significantly lower intakes of potassium, magnesium and dietary fibre (p < 0.01), related to lower consumption of fruit, green leafy vegetables and groundnuts. 25-hydroxy vitamin D status was good in both groups, urban migrant 64.0 ± 14.2nmol/L and rural 68.3 ± 15.7nmol/L (M ± SD, p > 0.05). Implications for bone health of the nutrition and demographic transition, principally future fracture risk and other non-communicable diseases require further research in LMICs. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE To my knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of rural-to-urban migration on bone health to be conducted in sub Saharan Africa. It is the first study of bone health and determinants of bone health in an urban population in The Gambia.